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Solar‐driven interfacial evaporation is a promising technology for desalination. The photothermal conversion materials are at the core and play a key role in this field. Design of photothermal conversion materials based on organic dyes for desalination is still a challenge due to lack of efficient guiding strategy. Herein, a new D (donor)‐A (acceptor) type conjugated tetraphenylpyrazine (TPP) luminophore (namely TPP‐2IND) was prepared as a photothermal conversion molecule. It exhibited a broad absorption spectrum and strong π–π stacking in the solid state, resulting in efficient sunlight harvesting and boosting nonradiative decay. TPP‐2IND powder exhibited high photothermal efficiency upon 660 nm laser irradiation (0.9 W cm−2), and the surface temperature can reach to 200°C. Then, an interfacial heating system based on TPP‐2IND is established successfully. The water evaporation rate and the solar‐driven water evaporation efficiency were evaluated up to 1.04 kg m−2 h−1 and 65.8% under 1 sunlight, respectively. Thus, this novel solar‐driven heating system shows high potential for desalination and stimulates the development of advanced photothermal conversion materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chirality is important to chemistry, biology and optoelectronic materials. The study on chirality has lasted for more than 170 years since its discovery. Recently, chiral materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) have attracted increasing interest because of their fascinating photophysical properties. In this review, we discussed the recent development of chiral materials with AIE properties, including their molecular structures, self-assembly and functions. Generally, the most effective strategy to design a chiral AIE luminogen (AIEgen) is to attach a chiral scaffold to an AIE-active fluorophore through covalent bonds. Moreover, some propeller-like or shell-like AIEgens without chiral units exhibit latent chirality upon mirror image symmetry breaking. The chirality of achiral AIEgens can also be induced by some optically active molecules through non-covalent interactions. The introduction of an AIE unit into chiral materials can enhance the efficiency of their circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the solid state and the dissymmetric factors of their helical architectures formed through self-assembly. Thus, highly efficient circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CPOLEDs) with AIE characteristics are developed and show great potential in 3D displays. Chiral AIEgens are also widely utilized as "turn on" sensors for rapid enantioselective determination of chiral reagents. It is anticipated that the present review can entice readers to realize the importance of chirality and attract much more chemists to contribute their efforts to chirality and AIE study., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The matching of root system is a key factor driving the resistance of plant community to soil erosion. In this study, Amoeba graphical method was used to establish a root framework erosion resistance index (ERI rf , %) from three dimensions of root morphology, quantity and spatial concerns to quantify the effective of root erosion resistance by plant community. We analyzed root growth characteristics of plant community from abandoned land, Caragana korshinskii and Robinia pseudoacacia communities in loess hilly area. The results showed that the parameters of constructing the root framework erosion resistance index included the acting coefficient of root framework ( α ), root density ( R b , kg·m -3 ), root framework degree ( S ), soil bulk density ( ρ , g·cm -3 ), and soil and water conservation coefficient ( φ ). The equation could be expressed as ERI rf = α×R d × S×φρ ×100%. This root framework erosion resistance index well represented the erosion resistance effects of plant root system. Logarithmic function could better fit the relationship between soil erosion resis-tance ability and root framework erosion resistance index. Our findings would provide scientific reference for the construction of anti-erosion vegetation community and assessment of ecological construction.

An efficient transition-metal free C-C bond cleavage/borylation of cycloketone oxime esters has been described. In this reaction, the B 2 (OH) 4 reagent not only served as the boron source but also acted as an electron donor source through formation of a complex with a DMAc-like Lewis base. This complex could be used as an efficient single electron reductant in other ring-opening transformations of cycloketone oxime esters. Free-radical trapping, radical-clock, and DFT calculations all suggest a radical pathway for this transformation.

A field experiment was conducted with sandy fluvo-aquic soil under wheat-maize rotation system during 2012 to 2016 in Henan Province, with four treatments: Chemical fertilizer (CK), composted sewage sludge (CS) 15 t·hm -2 (CS 1 ), 30 t·hm -2 (CS 2 ), 45 t·hm -2 (CS 3 ). We investigated the effects of CS on soil active organic nitrogen and its allocation ratio. Results showed that CS significantly enhanced soil water content, decreased soil pH, increased contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen (TN) and available nutrients. Soil TN was increased by 93.1%-284.3%. The CS 3 treatment significantly improved the content of light fraction organic nitrogen (LFON), particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). CS treatments promoted the allocation of PON/TN and MBN/TN. with an enhancement of 12.3% and 539.9% in the CS 2 treatment, respectively. The distributions of LFON/TN and DON/TN were decreased by 17.3%-40.1% and 38.5%-71.3%, respectively. The contribution of soil active organic nitrogen fractions to TN was: PON>LFON>DON>MBN. Results from the principal component analysis showed that organic nitrogen and their distribution had high load value in CS 2 and CS 3 treatments. Results from redundancy analysis showed that positive correlations existed between the soil physicochemistry, enzymatic activity and soil active organic nitrogen as well as their distribution. In summary, CS had positive impacts on soil organic matter, soil properties, and the formation of active organic nitrogen. The rates of 30 and 45 t·hm -2 CS application had significant effects on soil fertility, which could be an effective way to improve sandy fluvo-aquic soil quality.

An efficient visible-light-induced decarboxylative coupling between α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters has been developed. A wide range of redox-active esters derived from aliphatic carboxylic acids (1°, 2° and 3°) proved viable in this dual decarboxylation process, affording a broad scope of substituted alkenes in moderate to excellent yields with good E/Z selectivities. This redox-neutral procedure was highlighted by its mild conditions, operational simplicity, easy accessibility of carboxylic acids, and excellent functional-group tolerance., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The products of non-hazardous commercial sewage sludge were utilized in the accordance of the national standard in the experiment with sandy fluvo-aquic soil under wheat-maize rotation system during 2013 to 2015. The experiment focused on the effects of the use of non-hazardous sewage sludge on soil carbon pool and carbon pool management index to provide theoretical and technical basis for the resource utilization of non-hazardous sewage sludge. The results showed that compared with CK, soil amended sludge significantly improved soil total organic carbon (TOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), labile organic carbon (LOC),and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to 8.40-14.74 g·kg -1 , 164.45-257.45 mg·kg -1 , 3.58-4.88 g·kg -1 and 81.16-101.58 mg·kg -1 , soil amended sludge significantly enhanced SMBC, LOC and DOC by 84.00%-188.07%, 26.26%-58.03%, and 109.58%-185.39% ( P <0.05) respectively, and 45 t·hm -2 sewage sludge (W3) had the most significant impact on soil carbon pool. The soil microbial entropy (SMBC/TOC), and utilization of labile organic carbon (LOC/TOC) increased by 8.02%-2.77% and 13.75%-46.48% respectively, and the utilization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC/TOC) significantly decreased by 153.45%-195.40% ( P <0.05). SMBC/TOC, LOC/TOC, and DOC/TOC declined in treatments of soil amended sludge due to increased application of sewage sludge, which indicated that soil amended with 45 t·hm -2 of the sewage sludge improved the content of stable carbon resulting in the decease of the ratio. L and LI decreased with the increasing amount of sewage sludge indicating that soil amended with 45 t·hm -2 of the sewage sludge improved the content of stable carbon and was conducive to the accumulation of organic carbon. Soil amended with sludge significantly increased carbon pool management index (CMPI) by 153.45%-195.40% ( P <0.05), and W3 had the most significant effect on CMPI. Compared with TOC, CMPI could be more sensitive and direct to reflect the dynamic changes of soil nutrients and carbon pools through the correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. In summary, the application of 15-45 t·hm -2 sewage sludge could significantly enhance the soil carbon pool and carbon pool management index, especially 45 t·hm -2 sewage sludge (W3).

A copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of vinyl azides with benzylic C sp 3 -H bonds via a tandem dual C-H functionalization process has been developed. This procedure allows access to substituted phenanthridines containing a variety of functional groups. In addition to benzyl hydrocarbons, other substrates containing unactivated C sp 3 -H bonds, such as ethers and alkanes could also be applied successfully to this transformation.

A two-season soil culture experiment was continually conducted to study the effects of three organic materials,namely Danty, Peat and Biochar,respectively,on combined forms and bio-availability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) under Cd and Pb in single and combined pollution during 2014-2015. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for remediating greenhouse soil contaminated with heavy metals Cd and Pb using organic materials. The main results were as follows: the content of DTPA-Cd decreased significantly by 11.9%( P <0.05) in the soil of Cd and Pb combined pollution with the application of danty, the total of exchangeable Cd, carbonate-bound Cd and iron-manganese oxide bound Cd was reduced by 26.4% and 34.4% in the soil, and the accumulation of Cd in shoots was significantly cut down by 32.0% and 28.0% ( P <0.05) respectively in Cd single and Cd and Pb combined pollution after applying danty; the content of DTPA-Pb was significantly depleted by 83.5% and 83.8%( P <0.05), the total of exchangeable Pb, carbonate-bound Pb and iron-manganese oxide bound Pb was decreased by 34.5% and 13.9% in the soil and the accumulation of Pb in shoots was significantly reduced by 32.0% and 30.0% ( P <0.05) in Pb single and Cd and Pb combined pollution respectively as the use of danty. The content of DTPA-Cd was significantly decreased by 18.9% ( P <0.05) in the soil of Cd and Pb combined pollution with the use of peat, the accumulation of Cd in shoots was reduced by 38.0% and 23.4%( P <0.05) in Cd single and Cd-Pb combined pollution respectively after the application of peat; The content of DTPA-Pb was significantly decreased by 2.7% and 7.2%( P <0.05), the total of exchangeable Pb, carbonate-bound Pb and iron-manganese oxide bound Pb was decreased by 15.8% and 14.6% in the soil and the accumulation of Pb in shoots was significantly reduced by 12.7% and 23.4% ( P <0.05) respectively in Pb single and Cd and Pb combined pollution due to the application of peat. The pH value of the soil was increased by the use of biochar, the content of DTPA-Cd was reduced by 4.7% and 15.0% respectively in the soil of Cd single and Cd and Pb combined pollution, and the accumulation of Cd in shoots was significantly minified by 38.0% and 23.4% respectively in Cd single and Cd and Pb combined pollution as the application of biochar. The content of DTPA-Pb was decreased by 6.8% and 1.0% and the total of exchangeable Pb, carbonate-bound Pb and iron-manganese oxide bound Pb was cut down by 11.9% and 30.0% in the soil of Pb single and Cd and Pb combined pollution respectively by the application of biochar. The content of Cd in plant was most significantly positively correlated with the content of exchangeable Cd in soil ( P <0.01). The content of Pb in plant was most significantly positively correlated with the total of exchangeable Pb, carbonate-bound Pb and iron-manganese oxide bound Pb ( P <0.01). In summary, after the application of danty, peat and biochar, the proportion of highly active content of Cd and Pb was minified through adjusting soil pH and immobilizing Cd and Pb by means of adsorption and complexation in greenhouse soil. With the analysis of input-output, the application of danty, peat and biochar costs 4050 yuan·hm -2 , 11250 yuan·hm -2 and 22500 yuan·hm -2 , respectively. Thus danty, peat and biochar could be used as effective organic agents in the remediation of Cd and Pb contaminated greenhouse soil.