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The microphysical processes within the melting layer (ML) of stratiform clouds have been understudied, particularly regarding their intricate properties and behaviors. This study explores the ML's microphysical characteristics in three distinct stratiform cloud occurrences over North China from 2017 to 2019. Our findings reveal that the reflectivity factor, coupled with the volume-weighted diameter (Dm), escalates within the upper and middle sections of the ML across all cases, suggesting that aggregation, primarily in the top 40% of the ML, significantly enhances the bright band phenomenon. Notably, the 2019 case (Spiral3) displayed more vigorous aggregation activities compared to the 2017 event (Spiral1), possibly due to larger initial particle sizes, leading to a swift increase in both mean and maximum particle diameters. Conversely, in the lower 60% of the ML, ongoing melting reduces mean particle diameters and potentially decreases total number concentration (Nt) due to accelerated particle descent. However, the 2018 case (Spiral2) deviated by showing a rapid Nt increase in the lowest 20% of the ML, where breakup mechanisms counteracted melting effects. The MLs in Spiral1 and Spiral3, in which aggregates were mainly formed by plate-like ice crystals, were thicker than those in Spiral2, dominated by low-density aggregates formed by the combination of needle and columnar ice crystals. This analysis underscores how variations in particle characteristics, such as habit, density, and size, along with thermodynamic conditions, dictate the onset temperature for melting, ML thickness, and dominant microphysical processes, which differ markedly among the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter proposes an algorithm for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ground moving target imaging (GMTIm) and motion parameters estimation (MPE), which is applicable in situations whether the Doppler ambiguity occurs or not. To derive the algorithm, the general expression for the received signal after range compression is deduced first, in which the useless exponential term induced by the possible Doppler ambiguity is omitted. Then, the second-order keystone transform (SOKT) is used to correct the range curvature. After the SOKT, the Radon transform is employed to estimate the slope of the target trajectory, and the range walk correction follows. In the following, the scaled Fourier transform and the dechirp technique are utilized to estimate the azimuthal parameters. Finally, the target's motion parameters are obtained by solving equations according to the trajectory slope and the estimated azimuthal parameters, with which the target is focused through azimuth matched filtering. Both simulated and real airborne SAR data are processed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The shown ligand exhibits the best activity because of accelerating the transmetalation step in the Rh-catalyzed reaction of aldehydes with arylboronic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]