Search

In recent years, the issue of data privacy has attracted increased attention, and how to achieve effective privacy protection in blockchain is a new research hotspot.In view of the current research status and development trend of blockchain in privacy protection, the privacy protection methods of blockchain in transaction address,prophecy machine and smart contract were explained, and the privacy strategies of blockchain in the protection of basic elements were summarized.Based on high-level literature at home and abroad, two types of blockchain cryptographic protection methods and usage scenarios were analyzed, including special cryptographic primitives and post-quantum cryptography.The advantages and disadvantages of seven cryptographic techniques applicable to current blockchain privacy protection were also reviewed, including attribute-based encryption, special data signature, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation, zero-knowledge proofs, and lattice ciphers.It was concluded that the privacy protection of blockchain applications cannot be achieved without cryptographic technology.Meanwhile, the blockchain privacy protection technologies were analyzed in terms of both basic element protection and cryptographic protection.It was concluded that it was difficult to effectively solve the privacy problem only from the application and contract layers of the blockchain, and various cryptographic technologies should be used to complement each other according to different needs and application scenarios.In addition, according to the current development status of blockchain privacy cryptography, the narrative was developed from blockchain basic element protection and cryptography-based protection.From the perspectives of both endogenous basic element security and exogenous cryptographic privacy security, basic element privacy protection should be studied first, followed by an in-depth analysis of cryptographic protection techniques for blockchain privacy.The strengths and weaknesses and the potential value of the privacy handling aspects of the corresponding safeguards should be measured in terms of the development of technology in conjunction with practical applications, while considering the timeliness of the technology.Finally, an outlook on the future direction of blockchain privacy protection technologies was provided, indicating the issues that need to be addressed in focus.

Ammonia (NH3) plays a pivotal role in industrial production and human life. The conventional method of ammonia production via the Haber–Bosch route, which operates under stringent conditions, incurs considerable energy expenditure and contributes to the release of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the development of advanced environmentally friendly methods for NH3 synthesis is of great importance. This research endeavors to produce environmentally friendly NH3 by harnessing the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction, powered by sustainable electricity sources, and investigate the efficacy of catalysts for this process. Non-noble-metal NiCu double single-atom-loaded nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NC@NiCu) was obtained by electrochemical deposition. Experimental results show that NC@NiCu has abundant dual single-atom Ni–Cu active sites, demonstrating excellent electrocatalytic N2 reduction performance, with a Faradaic efficiency of 30.0% and an ammonia yield rate of 70.78 μg·h–1·mgcat.–1, superior to many reported single-atom materials. The confirmation of uniformly dispersed Ni–Cu dual single-atom sites was achieved through the application of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. Moreover, the product of the electrochemical NRR was identified as NH3, which was detected using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, and density functional theory calculations revealed that the energy barrier for the transformation from *N2H to *NHNH on NC@NiCu is 0.72 eV, which is 0.69 eV higher than the energy barrier from *N2H to *NNH2 (0.03 eV). This significant difference in energy barriers indicates that the NRR on NC@NiCu proceeds via a distal mechanism. This research introduces an innovative method for the fabrication of nitrogen fixation materials with high catalytic activity and simultaneously establishes a fresh foundation for the development of future materials featuring dual single-atom configurations. Such advancements are pivotal for the realization of environmentally friendly and sustainable ammonia production techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital lung malformation (CLM) is usually characterized by single-lobe involvement and multilobe involvement is uncommon. There is a lack of experience in the clinical features and surgical treatment of unilateral multilobar CLM. Therefore, this study aims to summarize the clinical characteristics and evaluate the safety and feasibility of thoracoscopic lung sparing resection in the treatment of unilateral multilobar CLM. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 34 patients with unilateral multilobar CLM, and 34 unilobar patients were randomly selected as the control group in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2014.1 to 2021.1. Clinical, operation and follow-up outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: Twelve (35.2%) patients developed preoperative symptoms in the multilobar group more than 4(11.7%) the unilobar group (p = 0.02), the main preoperative symptom was infection; The multilobar group and unilobar group showed significant differences in mean intraoperative blood loss (13.3 mL vs. 7.5 mL; p = 0.02) and mean surgical time (95.6 min vs. 47.5 min; p = 0.037). The median length of postoperative hospital stay and the median chest tube placement time in the multilobar group were significantly longer (5 d vs.3 d, p = 0.045; 2 d vs.1 d, p = 0.031). There were one (2.9%) patient in unilobar group and 4(11.7%) patients in multilobar group developed complications postoperatively, which is no significant differences between the two groups(p = 0.16). No complications such as thoracic deformity, mediastinal deviation, scoliosis or recurrence were observed in either group at follow-up. Conclusions: Unilateral multilobar CLM cases are more susceptible to develop symptoms than unilobar cases. Thoracoscopic lung sparing resection in the treatment of unilateral multilobar CLM has high safety and can effectively avoid serious complications of unilateral multiple lobectomy or pneumonectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]