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Step pools are micro-geomorphology hosted in gullies which are closely related to the channel erosion rate and hydraulic characteristics of runoff. These features are widely developed in the Yuanmou dry-hot Valley area of the Central Yunnan Plateau, China. In this paper, the morphological characteristics of different types of step pools in the Yuanmou dry-hot Valley were analyzed using analysis of variance and cluster analyses. The results show that: (1) step pools can be divided into differential, bedrock, barrier, and sub-erosion step pools based on the environment of development; the bedrock and differential step pools develop on a large scale, while barrier and sub-erosion step pools develop on a small scale; (2) the width and depth of the step, the height of the step, the width of the pool, and the depth of the step of the differential type, bedrock type, and sub-erosion type step pools exhibited a significant positive correlation (P < 0.01); the height of the step and the depth of the pool of the barrier type step pools were significantly negatively correlated with the height of the step and the concave hole depth of the sub-erosion type (P < 0.01); (3) the differential type and undercurrent type step pools were seriously eroded. The study of the types and morphologies of gully step pools in the Yuanmou dry-hot Valley helps understand the formation and evolution mechanisms of erosion gullies and provides a scientific basis for monitoring and controlling soil erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The evaluation of patients with fatty liver as defined by metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in the real world remains poorly researched. This study aimed to analyse the clinical and histological features of patients with MAFLD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to characterize each metabolic subgroup of MAFLD. Methods A total of 2563 patients with fatty liver confirmed by ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance tomography and/or liver biopsy-proven from three hospitals in China were included in the study. Patients were divided into different groups according to diagnostic criteria for MAFLD and NAFLD, and MAFLD into different subgroups. Results There were 2337 (91.2%) patients fitting the MAFLD criteria, and 2095 (81.7%) fitting the NAFLD criteria. Compared to patients with NAFLD, those with MAFLD were more likely to be male, had more metabolic traits, higher liver enzyme levels, and noninvasive fibrosis scores. Among the patients with liver biopsy, the extent of advanced fibrosis in cases with MAFLD was significantly higher than those with NAFLD, 31.8% versus 5.2% (P  < .001); there was no significant difference in advanced fibrosis between obese cases and lean individuals in MAFLD (P  > .05); MAFLD complicated with diabetes had significantly higher advanced fibrosis than those without diabetes (43.3% and 17.2%, respectively; P  < .001). Conclusions Patients with MAFLD have a higher degree of liver fibrosis than NAFLD patients. In addition, diabetic patients should be screened for fatty liver and liver fibrosis degree. Key message What is already known on this topic   Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a novel diagnostic criterion proposed in 2020. Based on the opportunities and challenges brought by the renaming of NAFLD to MAFLD, it is necessary to further describe the clinical and pathological features of the population with criteria for the diagnosis of MAFLD. What this study adds   The risk of advanced fibrosis in MAFLD patients who underwent liver biopsy was significantly higher than in NAFLD patients. Lean individuals were not protected from MAFLD. The prevalence of advanced fibrosis was significantly higher in MAFLD patients with diabetes (43.3%), suggesting that patients with diabetes should be screened for fatty liver and degree of liver fibrosis. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy   Further validation of MAFLD diagnostic terminology to identify more high-risk patients in clinical practice enables clinicians to optimize the management of liver disease-related comorbidities for future treatment of fatty liver. To describe the incidence of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with MAFLD and diabetes mellitus for early management and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola is one of the most economically destructive diseases of peach (Prunus persica L.) in some orchards of China. Biocontrol is a significant strategy that exhibits strong levels of control and ecologically sound concepts in disease management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined suppressive effects of three endophytic bacterial strains (xj-14, xj-15, and xj-16) and two soil rhizosphere bacterial strains (xj-A and xj-C) that were shown to have strong inhibitory activity toward M. fructicola in our previous study. The optimal strains and the optimized combination of strains were determined. The combination of strains xj-15 and xj-C inhibited M. fructicola more intensively for a longer period of time. Following the application of 1 × 109 CFU/mL bacterial complex to the fruits, leaves, and shoots of peach trees infected with M. fructicola, the rate of inhibition reached 73.80%, 83.33%, and 90.43%, respectively. A pot experiment using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) showed that inoculation with the bacterial complex significantly increased the growth of seedlings. In this study, some compound bacteria were more effective than those in previous study in suppressing disease and promoting growth, which have the potential to be further applied in the field.

A novel drive power supply is proposed for full bridge module of IGBT，traditional drive power supply adopts flyback topology or single primary side and multiple second side of transformer.The flyback topology only transmits energy to the secondary side when the switch is off which leads to poor transient performance.For transformer,the spatial distribution of 6 groups of driving power sources is too dense, and the electrical clearance and creepage path are difficult to meet the requirements. A driving power based on infineon FS400R07A3E3 full bridge module was designed in this paper. Firstly, the working principle and parameter calculation of each module was analyzed. Then the rationality of design on the simulation software was verified. Finally, prototype testing shows that the power supply has good adjustment rate and output accuracy which can drive IGBT stably.