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To extract the maximum information about the object from a series of binary samples in ghost imaging applications, we propose and demonstrate a framework for optimizing the performance of ghost imaging with binary sampling to approach the results without binarization. The method is based on maximizing the information content of the signal arm detection, by formulating and solving the appropriate parameter estimation problem - finding the binarization threshold that would yield the reconstructed image with optimal Fisher information properties. Applying the 1-bit quantized Poisson statistics to a ghost-imaging model with pseudo-thermal light, we derive the fundamental limit, i.e., the Cramer-Rao lower bound, as the benchmark for the evaluation of the accuracy of the estimator. Our theoertical model and experimental results suggest that, with the optimal binarization threshold, coincident with the statistical mean of all bucket samples, and large number of measurements, the performance of binary sampling GI can approach that of the ordinary one without binarization.

When use the image mutual information to assess the quality of reconstructed image in pseudo-thermal light ghost imaging, a negative exponential behavior with respect to the measurement number is observed. Based on information theory and a few simple and verifiable assumptions, semi-quantitative model of image mutual information under varying measurement numbers is established. It is the Gaussian characteristics of the bucket detector output probability distribution that leads to this negative exponential behavior. Designed experiments verify the model., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures

When the sampling data of ghost imaging is recorded with less bits, i.e., experiencing quantization, decline of image quality is observed. The less bits used, the worse image one gets. Dithering, which adds suitable random noise to the raw data before quantization, is proved to be capable of compensating image quality decline effectively, even for the extreme binary sampling case. A brief explanation and parameter optimization of dithering are given., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

Imaging based on successive repeated snapshot measurement is modeled as a source coding process in information theory. The necessary number of measurement to maintain a certain level of error rate is depicted as the rate-distortion function of the source coding. Quantitative formula of the error rate versus measurement number relation is derived, based on the information capacity of imaging system. Second order fluctuation correlation imaging (SFCI) experiment with pseudo-thermal light verifies this formula, which paves the way for introducing information theory into the study of ghost imaging (GI), both conventional and computational., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

For imaging of static object by the means of sequential repeated independent measurements, a theoretical modeling of the behavior of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with varying number of measurement is developed, based on the information capacity of optical imaging systems. Experimental veritification of imaging using pseudo-thermal light source is implemented, for both the direct average of multiple measurements, and the image reconstructed by second order fluctuation correlation (SFC) which is closely related to ghost imaging. Successful curve fitting of data measured under different conditions verifies the model., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

In ghost imaging with narrow-band signal in thermal light background, signal arm filters bring higher value and upper limit of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and faster speed to reach that limit. The narrower bandwidth, the better., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn by the author due to the different description of second-order correlation

We report a strong thickness dependence of the complex frequency-dependent optical dielectric function in epitaxial CaMnO3(001) thin films on SrTiO3(001), LaAlO3(001), and SrLaAlO4(001) substrates. A doubling of the peak value of the imaginary part of the dielectric function and spectral shifts of 0.5 eV for a given magnitude of absorption are observed. On the basis of the experimental data and first-principles density functional theory calculations of the dielectric function, its evolution with thickness from 4 to 63 nm has several regimes. In the thinnest, strain-coherent films, the response is characterized by a significant contribution from the free surface that dominates strain effects. However, at intermediate and larger thicknesses approaching the bulk-like film, strain coherence and partial strain relaxation persist and in influence the dielectric function., Comment: 7 pages text, 16 pages total, 4 figures, 1 table

Artificially ordered Ge quantum dot (QD) arrays, where confined carriers can interact via exchange coupling, may create unique functionalities such as cluster qubits and spintronic bandgap systems. Development of such arrays for quantum computing requires fine control over QD size and spatial arrangement on the sub-35 nm length scale. We employ fine-probe electron-beam irradiation to locally decompose ambient hydrocarbons onto a bare Si (001) surface. These carbonaceous patterns are annealed in UHV, forming ordered arrays of nanoscale SiC precipitates that serve as templates for subsequent Ge quantum dot self-assembly during heteroepitaxy. This templating approach has so far produced interdot spacings down to 22.5 nm, and smaller spacings should be possible. We investigate the templated feature evolution during UHV processing to identify key mechanisms that must be controlled in order to preserve pattern fidelity and reduce broadening of the quantum dot size distribution. A key finding is that the presence of a small background of excess carbon reduces Ge surface diffusion, thereby suppressing coarsening to relatively high temperatures. In fact, coarsening of the carbonaceous nanodot template prior to conversion to SiC can be a more important contributor to size dispersion, and must be avoided through control of thermal budget., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to ACS Nano