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31. Massive lateral transfer of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes to the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma from its plant-associated hosts.

Author

Druzhinina, Irina S, Chenthamara, Komal, Zhang, Jian, Atanasova, Lea, Yang, Dongqing, Miao, Youzhi, Rahimi, Mohammad J, Grujic, Marica, Cai, Feng, Pourmehdi, Shadi, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Pretzer, Carina, Kopchinskiy, Alexey G, Henrissat, Bernard, Kuo, Alan, Hundley, Hope, Wang, Mei, Aerts, Andrea, Salamov, Asaf, Lipzen, Anna, LaButti, Kurt, Barry, Kerrie, Grigoriev, Igor V, Shen, Qirong, and Kubicek, Christian P

Subjects
Cell Wall, Hypocreales, Basidiomycota, Hyphae, Trichoderma, Plants, Glycoside Hydrolases, Fungal Proteins, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phylogeny, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Developmental Biology, Genetics
Abstract

Unlike most other fungi, molds of the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are aggressive parasites of other fungi and efficient decomposers of plant biomass. Although nutritional shifts are common among hypocrealean fungi, there are no examples of such broad substrate versatility as that observed in Trichoderma. A phylogenomic analysis of 23 hypocrealean fungi (including nine Trichoderma spp. and the related Escovopsis weberi) revealed that the genus Trichoderma has evolved from an ancestor with limited cellulolytic capability that fed on either fungi or arthropods. The evolutionary analysis of Trichoderma genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes and auxiliary proteins (pcwdCAZome, 122 gene families) based on a gene tree / species tree reconciliation demonstrated that the formation of the genus was accompanied by an unprecedented extent of lateral gene transfer (LGT). Nearly one-half of the genes in Trichoderma pcwdCAZome (41%) were obtained via LGT from plant-associated filamentous fungi belonging to different classes of Ascomycota, while no LGT was observed from other potential donors. In addition to the ability to feed on unrelated fungi (such as Basidiomycota), we also showed that Trichoderma is capable of endoparasitism on a broad range of Ascomycota, including extant LGT donors. This phenomenon was not observed in E. weberi and rarely in other mycoparasitic hypocrealean fungi. Thus, our study suggests that LGT is linked to the ability of Trichoderma to parasitize taxonomically related fungi (up to adelphoparasitism in strict sense). This may have allowed primarily mycotrophic Trichoderma fungi to evolve into decomposers of plant biomass.

Published
2018

40. Penalties in Granule Size Distribution and Viscosity Parameters of Starch Caused by Lodging in Winter Wheat.

Author

Peng, Dianliang, Zhang, Jingmin, Meng, Lingbin, Liu, Mei, Tang, Yuhai, Wang, Xingcui, Yang, Wenxia, Xu, Haicheng, and Yang, Dongqing

Subjects
WHEAT starch, GRAIN yields, PATIENT compliance, STARCH, VISCOSITY, WINTER wheat
Abstract

Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that could affect the functionality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) products. Lodging is a major limiting factor for wheat production. Few studies have been conducted to clarify how lodging influences the granule size distribution and viscosity parameters of starch in wheat grains. Two growing seasons, two high-yield winter wheat cultivars, and five artificial lodging treatments were imposed. The results indicated that lodging significantly reduced the content of starch and increased that of protein. Additionally, lodging caused a marked drop in both starch and protein yields. The relative loss of grain yield, starch yield, harvest index, and protein yield all differed remarkably among lodging treatments with a ranking of L2 > L1 > L4 > L3. Lodging also led to a reduction in the proportion (both by volume and by surface area) of B-type granules and a corresponding increase in that of A-type granules, and the more serious the lodging degree, the greater effect on the changes in these proportions. The smaller starch granules predominated in number, even though their collective contribution to the overall volume is was relatively minor. Meanwhile, it was found that the peak viscosity, hold viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and rebound value of wheat starch were significantly decreased by lodging. Correlation analysis showed that the peak and final viscosities were negatively correlated with volume percentages of A-type starch granules, but were positively correlated with B-type granules. This indicates that B-type granules have higher peak and final viscosities compared with A-type granules in wheat kernels. Lodging can reduce the proportion of B-type starch granules, and thus reduce the peak and the final viscosity in wheat grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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