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In the face of increasing demands for tasks such as mountain rescue, geological exploration, and military operations in complex wilderness environments, planning an efficient walking route is crucial. To address the inefficiency of traditional two-dimensional path planning, this paper proposes a two-stage path planning algorithm. First, an improved Probabilistic Roadmap (PRM) algorithm is used to quickly and roughly determine the initial path. Then, the morphological dilation is applied to process the grid points of the initial path, retaining the surrounding area of the initial path for a precise positioning of the search range. Finally, the idea of the A∗ algorithm is applied to achieve precise path planning in the refined search range. During the process of constructing the topology map, we utilized parallelization acceleration strategies to expedite the graph construction. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, we used terrain data to construct a wilderness environment model, and tests were conducted on off-road path planning tasks with different terrains and distances. The experimental results show a substantial enhancement in the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm relative to the conventional A∗ algorithm by 30 to 60 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OpenStreetMap (OSM) as one of the most successful projects of Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) has attracted millions of contributors to work together and produces massive open geographical data. However, the co-work does not always run smoothly since mapping can involve conflicted understandings of the reality. In this paper, we investigate behaviors of mapping related to territorial disputes to reveal the characteristics of contributions and examine the contradictions between ground truth as the vision of OSM and the theory of critical cartography. We perform our experiments from the perspectives of entities, changesets, and contributors using the full history data of OSM. The experiments show that territorial-dispute-related contributions have substantially different characteristics from various aspects but they cannot be treated as outliers either, considering that most contributors do not focus on disputed boundaries. Interpreting OSM data as a converging state to ground truth or equally opinions can both be inaccurate. We also find that mapping disputes may not be absolutely negative in a VGI project. We perform quantitative, large-scale (global) analysis of dispute-related mapping. The results show that territorial-dispute-related contributions and contributors are different from contributions and contributors in general. Territorial-dispute-related mapping is not an independent phenomenon for OSM. The contributors make much more disputes-unrelated contributions. Dispute-related entities have more (divergent) versions than normal boundaries, attract more participants, and are more semantically complete, especially for names. Dispute-related changesets generally attract more discussions. The spatial distribution of the dispute-related changesets is consistent with real-world territorial disputes and very different from that of all boundary-related changesets and all changesets. Contributors who participate in dispute-related contributions are generally more active. These users tend to have a special interest in boundaries but most of them do not focus on disputed boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In efforts to improve regional ecosystem service functions, coordinate land development and ecological conservation, and establish a reference for optimizing land resource allocation and policy formulation to cope with climate change, it is critical to investigate the spatial distribution of land use/cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem services (ESs) under future climate change. This study proposes a framework based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway and Representative Concentration Pathway (SSP-RCP), integrating the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model to analyze the spatial agglomeration of ESs, to analyze the importance of each driving factors. The results of the study show as follows: (1) the combination of CMIP6 and PLUS models can effectively simulate land use with an overall accuracy of 0.9379. (2) In spatial correlation, ESs show good clustering in all three future scenarios, with similar distribution of cold hotspots in the SSP126 and SSP245 scenarios. Hotspots are more dispersed and cold spots are shifted to the west in the SSP585 scenario. (3) GDP is an important factor in carbon storage and habitat quality, and precipitation has a greater impact on soil retention and water production. Overall, ESs can be increased by appropriately controlling population and economic development, balancing economic development and ecological protection, promoting energy transition, maintaining ecological hotspot areas, and improving cold spot areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading vector data files to in‐memory data models efficiently is a crucial step to handle the ever‐growing volume of geographical data. Although advanced IO solutions like distributed file systems or Message Passing Interface parallel IO work well in some high‐end computing environments, the 20‐year‐old OGR simple features library is still the de facto tool for loading vector files when developing GIS algorithms in most scenarios, which is not very efficient when data become larger. In this article, we analyze the bottleneck of the OGR library and find that excessive small objects are the main source of slowness. We then offer advice to improve efficiency when using OGR. To further verify our findings and provide an alternative to the OGR library in performance‐sensitive scenarios, we develop a library based on continuous memory pools to avoid small objects. Experiments show that our advice is effective and our library can be several times faster than the OGR library for IO‐intensive programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]