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A liquid-phase reduction method was applied to the synthesis of Cu2O microspheres as a 3D array current collector. An active silicon film with a tunable thickness was then deposited on the 3D Cu2O microspheres by magnetic sputtering as the carbon/binder free anode for lithium ion battery (LIB). As a comparison, Si-Cu2O composite electrode was also prepared via a solvothermal method. The specific capacity of Si@Cu2O-15 anode gradually decreased from 1596.8 mA h.g–1 to 1526.9 mA h▪g–1 after 100 cycles with an average loss of specific capacity at 0.24% per cycle. Moreover, the coulomb efficiency of the electrode remained at about 98%. Furthermore, the reversible capacity of the Si@Cu2O-15 anode still maintained above 709.0 mA h.g–1 after 60 cycles at a higher rate of 2 C, being ascribed to the improved diffusion rate of charge at the solid-liquid interface and to the collection efficiency of electrons in the 3D current collector, which was higher than that of Si-Cu2O composite anode (remained as 448 mA h.g–1 after 60 cycles at 2 C).

In this work, Cu-Ni nano-pillars array (CNPs) with controlled morphology and compositions was synthesized via electro-deposition method as 3D current collector. Si@CNPs electrode was then prepared by magnetic sputtering with Si film thickness of 200 nm and used as the carbon/binder free anode for lithium ion battery. The coulumbic efficiency of Si@CNPs anode was 98 %–99 % after 2 cycles. The discharge capacity of Si@CNPs anode reached to 1766.5 mA h . g−1 and the high capacity retention was 91.6 % after 60 cycles. Furthermore, the reversible capacity of Si@CNPs anode can still remain above 1090 mA h . g−1 at 2 C due to the improved diffusion rate of charge at the solid-liquid two phase interface and the collection efficiency of electrons in current collector, which was higher than that of 2D copper foil supported Si anode (Si@CF). Keywords: Lithium ion battery, Anode, 3D current collector, Nano-pillars array

Here, a simple dipping coating route was applied to synthesize a series of CoMoSx/NiMoSx chalcogel thin film which in situ grown uniformly on the 3D skeleton of Ni foam as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We attempt to understand the effect of pH on the kinetics of the HER. As expected, CoMoSx@Ni foam electrocatalyst presents a low overpotential of 118 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 85 mV dec−1 for HER in alkaline solution and an overpotential of 129 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 113 mV dec−1 for HER in acidic solution. The long-term performance of CoMoSx-3@Ni foam revealed that there was no obvious decrease in catalytic activity after 5000 cycles in alkaline medium. We are able to synthesize low-cost and pH-universal catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic production of hydrogen. A dipping coating route was applied to synthesize a series of chalcogel films in situ grown on 3D Ni foam skeleton as catalysts for HER. We attempt to understand the effect of pH on the kinetics of HER. CoMoSx as pH-universal catalyst presents a low overpotential and Tafel slope for HER.

Two shapes of Co3O4 nanoarrays (i.e., nanosheets, nanowires) with different densities of exposed catalytic active sites were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method on Ni foam substrates and tested as the binder/carbon free and free-standing cathodes for Li–O2 batteries. Particularly, the single crystalline feature of Co3O4 nanosheets with a predominant high reactivity {112} exposed crystal plane and hierarchical porous nanostructure displayed better catalytic performance for both oxygen reduction reaction (during discharge process) and oxygen evolution reaction (during charge process). Li–O2 battery with Co3O4 nanosheets cathode exhibited a higher discharge specific capacity (965 mAh g−1), lower discharge/charge over-potential and better cycling performance over 63 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with the specific capacity limited at 300 mAh g−1. The superior catalytic performance of Co3O4 nanosheets cathode is ascribed to the enlarging specific area and increasing the exposed Co3+catalytic active sites within predominant {112} crystal plane which plays the key role in determining the adsorption energy for the reactants, enabling high round-trip efficiency and cyclic life.

Rational morphology design and size control have been demonstrated an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this work, different morphologic Li-rich layered cathode materials Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 with hierarchical structures are conveniently synthesized through a facile solvothermal route followed by calcination treatment. The morphology and size of the as-prepared precursors are easily regulated by changing the addition of organic solvent with different viscosity and polarity. And their critical impacts on the microstructure and electrochemical property of Li-rich layered electrodes are further systematically investigated. In particular, the hierarchical structured Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 microspheres exhibit superior electrochemical performance and excellent cycling stability among all samples, delivering a discharge capacity of 281.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with 84.8% retention after 100 cycles. A high discharge capacity of 143.0 mAh g−1 still can be achieved even at a high current density of 5 C. Besides, this work would also provide an effective and feasible strategy for the morphology controllable synthesis of high energy density oxide electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.

Here, we designed a facile solvothermal method to prepare Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 hollow microspheres with considerable uniformity and monodispersity. In this method, lithium ions and transition metal carbonate have been simultaneously precipitated in the ethanol-polyethylene glycol mixed solvent system to form carbonate precursors, which subsequently transform into self-assembled hollow microspheres by a heat treatment. As cathode material for lithium ion batteries, its unique structure makes for sufficient contact between electrode and electrolyte to provide more reaction sites and shorter paths for Li+ transportation, contributing to remarkable cycling stability and excellent rate capability with improved electrochemical kinetics properties. Specifically, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 hollow microspheres achieve a high initial discharge capacity of 287 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 234 mAh g−1 at 1 C, with capacity retentions of 85.7% and 81.3% after 100 cycles, respectively. Besides, it exhibits a high rate capacity of 150 mAh g−1 even at 5 C. Moreover, the present synthesis method could also provide an effective and promising strategy for the preparation of high energy density cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.

In this work, two shapes of mesoporous Co3O4 nanoarrays (i.e., nanosheets, nanowires) were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method on nickel foam (Ni foam) substrates and tested as the Li-O2 cathodes. The comparison of these two shapes of Co3O4 nanoarrays revealed that the single crystalline feature of Co3O4 nanosheets with a predominant high reactivity {112} exposed crystal plane, favorable nanostructure and high specific area displayed better catalytic performance. Furthermore, a new binder/carbon-free Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) decorated Co3O4 nanosheets cathode was also fabricated through the chemical reduction method. The presence of PdNPs effectively promotes the uniform growth of a fluffy, porous discharge product Li2O2 layer on the surface of Pd/Co3O4 electrode. The Pd/Co3O4 electrode catalyzed Li-O2 battery exhibited a higher specific capacity (1551 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1), lower over-potential and longer cycle life over 72 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with the capacity limited at 300 mAh g−1. The superior catalytic performance for Li-O2 batteries is ascribed to the unique design in both component and architecture of Pd/Co3O4 electrode.

Practical application of the lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries is still hindered by their capacity decays caused by the shuttling of polysulfides. In this work, 3D MoS2 nanoporous spheres (MoS2-NPSs), exposing abundant active edges by decorating on conductive reduced graphene oxide aerogels (rGOA/GA), were fabricated as an S host to construct the S@MoS2@GA cathodes. An S@MoS2@GA-0.425 cathode constructed as such delivered an initial capacity of 688 mAh g−1 and arrived at a high discharge capacity of 565 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2C; moreover, a reversible capacity of 324 mAh g−1 retained for the electrode after 500 cycles at 1.0C with a slow capacity fading rate of 0.054% per cycle. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the strong interactions of 3D MoS2@GA with lithium polysulfides intermediates (Li2Sn where 4 ≤ n ≤ 8), and the fast lithium ion and electron transport channels formed in the cathode for the sulfur redox reaction. More importantly, the MoS2-NPSs electrocatalyst could chemically adsorb the Li2Sn to fix soluble ones near the conductive GA surface and also could kinetically accelerate the transformation of Li2Sn.

A 3D defect controllable graphene foam (GF) with a conductive interconnected network is prepared by a CVD process in a closed environment, which we refer to as the closed-environment CVD method. The resulting GF is not only high quality, but is also provided with controllable defect density, offering a great potential in Lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications. When ZnO is anchored on the 3D GF to construct a ZnO/GF composite as the anode for LIBs, benefiting from the advantages of graphene and unique structural features, it exhibits a high reversible capacity of 851.5 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, good cycling performance and excellent rate capability. Notably, the higher defect density of GF leads to an increase in the capacity of ZnO/GF, meanwhile, it maintains an excellent rate performance.

A binder-free method is applied to avoid the huge irreversible capacity of Sn-based composite anodes in this paper. We report two types of copper-based current collector: (i) a light and flexible current collector, which is fabricated from copper nanowires (CuNWs), and (ii) Cu foam with copper nanowires grown on it. The charge capacity of the thin CuNW sheet based Sn–Cu composite anode remains above 760 mA h g−1 after 60 cycles with a relatively stable coulombic efficiency fluctuating around 97%. The Cu foam based composite anode also shows a good capacity retention of 79.8% after the same test, compared with the Cu foil based anode. According to the good rate performance and the light weight of the composite electrode, the CuNW sheet based current collector may be a promising material in energy fields in the future.

Arrays of self-supported core–shell nanowire have attracted considerable attention with respect to improved capability for electrochemical energy storage. Herein, we report a facile strategy, involving hydrothermal and liquid phase deposition (LPD) routes, to fabricate nano-coaxial Co3O4/TiO2 arrays with intriguing morphologies, architectures, and chemical compositions. When tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, these nanohybrids exhibited high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability and good rate capability. It is assumed that the excellent electrochemical performance originates from the intricate core–shell nanoarchitecture and the coating effect of TiO2, including improved mechanical/chemical stability and good strain accommodation. The improved lithium ion storage performance of the Co3O4/TiO2 nanostructure indicates its potential application as an anode material for electrochemical energy storage and the potential use of TiO2 coating for modification of other anode materials.

A modified sol-gel method was applied in producing Ce3+- and Eu3+- codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce,Eu) phosphors. Multiple related techniques were utilized to examine the minute correlation between fine structure and photoluminescence (PL) in Ce3+,Eu3+- codoped YAG phosphors in detail. It shows that the Ce3+ or Eu3+ replacement of Y3+ can slightly enlarge the YAG lattice and cause the fine variation of local crystal structure. Ce3+,Eu3+- codoped YAG phosphors exhibit several sharp and narrow 5D0 → 7FJ (J = 0 ─ 4) red emissions of Eu3+ and broad 5d1 → 4f (2F5/2, 2F7/2) yellow emissions of Ce3+. The PL intensity of Ce3+,Eu3+- codoped YAG phosphors increases with calcination temperature, while dramatically decreases with increasing the Eu3+-doped concentration from 0.11 to 4.40 at.%. Additionally, the geometrical distortion surrounding Ce3+ introduced by incorporated Eu3+ results in the variation of crystal field. It causes red shift of the PL emission band of YAG:Ce,Eu phosphors.

Three-dimensional graphene provides a promising approach to developing high-energy-density electrodes. Compared with two-dimensional (2D) graphene, three-dimensional (3D) graphene has a three-dimensional conductive network, which greatly improves the ability of lithium ions and electron to transport and can tolerate the changes of structural and volume in the cycling process. In this paper, 3D graphene with controllable defects is prepared by using an innovative low-pressure closed chemical vapor deposition method, through using nickel foam as the template and polymethyl methacrylate as a solid carbon source. The effects of the amount of carbon source addition, reaction time and hydrogen content on the morphology and structure of graphene foam are analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the amount of carbon source added, the reaction time, and the hydrogen content have significant effects on the morphology and structure of graphene. The defect density and the number of layers of as-prepared graphene are directly proportional to the amount of carbon source added. There is a threshold for the reaction time. After reaching a certain reaction time, graphene with good structure and morphology can be formed. The optimal reaction time is about 20 min. The hydrogen content promotes the high-temperature pyrolysis of solid carbon source. The sample has a highest defect density at 0.5 kPa hydrogen content. In summary, the low-pressure closed CVD method has strong safety and can synthesize 3D graphene with excellent controllable structure and defects. The 3D graphene foam with a complete structure of 2–5 layers can be prepared under the conditions of 1000 ℃, 500 μL carbon source addition, 20 min reaction time and 0.5 kPa hydrogen content, displaying the best physical chemistry performance. The graphene foam prepared in this experiment has the characteristics of convenient and controllable defect density, light weight and stable chemical properties. When ZnO/GF electrode prepared with 3D GF as a conductive frame and active carrier is used as an anode, the lithium ion battery has a high specific capacity of 851.5 mA·h·g–1 after 200 cycles, which exhibites high reversible capacity and good cycling performance. Although ZnO/GF electrode displays excellent lithium storage performance, the GF prepared based on the 3D Ni foam has a low spatial structure density and the surface loading of the ZnO/GF composite electrode is still low, resulting in a low energy density. Therefore, the following researchers should focus on the structural design of 3D graphene host/current collector to obtain a 3D graphene frame with high conductivity and high loading capacity.

In this study, both morphology-related factors and catalytic activity factors were taken into account simultaneously and sea urchin-like Co3O4 nanoneedles grown on nickel foam were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal strategy (grass-like Co3O4 were also prepared for comparison). Most noteworthy is that 3D open-structured sea urchin-like Co3O4 exposing more Co3+ sites with large specific surface area and abundant mesoporous structure exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance as compared to 1D structured grass-like Co3O4 and former reported 3D structured electrodes (i.e., urchin shaped, flower shaped). Pd decorated sea urchin-like Co3O4 was also prepared through a simple impregnation method. When served as binder/carbon-free catalytic cathode for Li-O2 batteries, the problems about limited capacity, large overpotential and poor cycle life were effectively improved. The catalytic electrode displayed a low overpotential of 1.12 V, high specific capacity (8819.2 mA h g−1) at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and long cycle life with the capacity limited at 500, 1500, 2500, even 3500 mA h g−1, overmatching most of the transition-metal-oxides based catalytic electrodes, which are intrinsically dependent on the characteristic design in both morphology and catalytic active sites of the electrodes.

Pd@Ru bimetallic nanoparticles deposited on carbon black electro-catalysts have been fabricated by microwave-assisted polyol reduction method and investigated for methanol electro-oxidation (MEO). The structure and electro-catalytic properties of the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The results showed that the introduction of Ru element (2–10 wt%) into Pd 20 wt%/C (hereafter, denoted as Pd/C) produced a series of core-shell structured binary catalysts. Pd@Ru 5 wt%/C (hereafter, denoted as Pd@Ru 5 /C) catalyst displayed the highest catalytic activity towards MEO. And the mass activity of Pd@Ru 5 /C electrode catalyst at E = −0.038 V (vs. Hg/HgO) was 1.42 times higher than that of Pd/C electrode catalyst. In addition, the relationship between the catalytic stability for MEO on Pd@Ru/C catalysts and the value of J bp / J fp (the ratio of MEO peak current density in the negative scan and positive scan) were also investigated. The result demonstrated that Pd@Ru 5 /C offering the smallest value of J bp / J fp displayed the best stable catalytic performance.

A continuous process was developed to produce biodiesel from acidic oil containing soybean oil and oleic acid, which combined esterification by cation-exchange resin NKC-9, online separation and transesterification by anion-exchange resin D261. The esterification was carried out with soybean oil/oleic acid weight ratio of 5/5, methanol to oleic acid weight ratio of 1.5/1, reaction temperature of 338 K and residence time of 126.6 min. After the reaction, the mixture was settled to online separate into two layers, and the methanol–water–oleic acid mixture at the top layer was reclaimed. The bottom layer, mainly containing soybean oil and methyl oleate, was transesterified under methanol/soybean oil weight ratio of 1/3 and n-hexane/soybean oil weight ratio of 1/2 at 323 K for the residence time of 112.0 min. The high conversions of oleic acid (above 98%) and soybean oil (92.3%) were achieved. The yield of biodiesel in this process reached up to 95.1%. The main parameters of the product met the Chinese Standard of biodiesel.

Binary shell–core structured electro-catalysts have attracted great attention owing to their superior catalytic performance and low material costs with respect to those monometallic catalysts. A novel Pd decorated copper nanowires (Pd@CNWs) electro-catalyst has been fabricated through the facile hydrometallurgy approach. Pd shells with a thickness of 30–50 nm are uniformly deposited onto the as-prepared CNWs surface, in which ultra-long CNWs (with an average diameter and length of 100 ± 20 nm and 35 ± 5 μm) are used as the one dimensional skeleton as well as reduction agent. Pd@CNWs catalyst exhibits higher catalytic activity and better durability for the methanol electro-oxidation (MEO) in comparison with Pd–Cu. The Tafel analysis reveals that the first charge transfer is the rate-determining step of MEO on Pd@CNWs electrode. The overall MEO reaction orders on Pd@CNWs electrode for CH 3 OH (ca. 0.23) and OH − (ca. 0.22) reveal that the MEO mechanism maintains unchanged with increasing the CH 3 OH or OH − concentration at all of the Tafel ranges.

A metal network fabricated by copper nanowires (CuNWs), synthesized in a facile way, is introduced to silicon composite anode as current collector for lithium-ion battery. The light and flexible sheet can act as the collector and the substrate, and improve the kinetic electron transport and the stability of composite anode. In this configuration, the composite anode exhibits a better capacity retention of 89.4% and a coulombic efficiency of ∼93% after 60 cycles (rate = 0.2C) compared to conventional composite thin film anode in which CuNWs are beneficial for electrochemical performances. There appears to be a promising improvement that the light-weighted anode can also be applied to meet the commercial requirement.

A Co 3 O 4 nanorod supported Pd electro-catalyst for the methanol electro-oxidation (MEO) has been fabricated by the combination of hydrothermal synthesis and microwave-assisted polyol reduction processes. The crystallographic property and microstructure have been characterized using XRD, SEM and TEM. The results demonstrate that Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) with a narrow particle size distribution (3–5 nm) are uniformly deposited onto the surface of Co 3 O 4 nanorods. Electrochemical measurements show that this catalyst having a larger electrochemically active surface area and a more negative onset-potential exhibits enhanced catalytic activity of 504 mA/mg Pd for MEO comparing with the Pd/C catalyst (448 mA/mg Pd). The dependency of log I against log v reveals that MEO on Pd-Co 3 O 4 electrode is under a diffusion control. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement agrees well with the CV results. The minimum charge transfer resistance of MEO on Pd-Co 3 O 4 is observed at −0.05 V, which coincides with the potential of MEO peak.

Hollow carbonized polypyrrole (PPy) spheres are synthesized using poly(methyl methacrylate–ethyl acrylate–acrylic acid) latex spheres as sacrificial templates. The hollow spherical carbonized PPy/sulfur composite cathode materials are prepared by heating the mixture of hollow carbonized PPy spheres and element sulfur at 155 °C for 24 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations show the hollow structures of the carbonized PPy spheres and the homogeneous distribution of sulfur on the carbonized PPy shells. The hollow spherical carbonized PPy/sulfur composite with 60.9 wt.% S shows high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability when used as the cathode materials in lithium/sulfur cells, whose initial specific discharge capacity reaches as high as 1320 mA h g −1 and the reversible discharge capacity retains 758 mA h g −1 after 400 cycles at 0.2C. The excellent electrochemical properties benefit from the hollow structures and the flexible shells of the carbonized PPy spheres.

The methanol electro-oxidation (MEO) on Pd–SnO2/MWCNTs catalysts prepared by microwave-assisted polyol reduction method has been investigated. The structure, morphology and electro-catalytic performances of the catalysts were characterized with XRD, TEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results showed that the highly dispersed Pd nano-particles (PdNPs) with a narrow size distribution on MWCNTs were successfully synthesized. The catalytic activity of Pd–SnO2/MWCNTs for MEO was up to 778.8 mA/mg Pd in 0.1 M KOH solution containing 1 M methanol, which was significant higher than that of Pd/C (414.2 mA/mg Pd) or Pd–SnO2/C (566.7 mA/mg Pd). Moreover, the MEO on Pd–SnO2/MWCNTs electrode displayed an irreversible behavior under a diffusion control giving an exchange current density (j0) of 3.76 × 10−4 A cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 149 mV dec−1 (α = 0.56) at 25 °C, which indicates that Pd–SnO2/MWCNTs catalyst has a high electro-catalytic performance for the MEO in alkaline media.

In this work, 3D nanoporous composite electrode with tin oxide nanoparticles of 3–5 nm dispersed uniformly on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotube film was prepared by electrodeposition technique. This composite electrode presents high specific capacitance (588 Fg−1 at 15 Ag−1), excellent rate capability (450 Fg−1 at a high scan rate of 200 mVs−1) and good cycle stability (5% capacity loss after 5000 cycles at 15 Ag−1). This result indicates that the nanostructured composite electrode with hierarchical porous structure and good conductivity is a very promising structure and active composite material for electrochemical capacitor.

High-capacity Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 has been successfully synthesized as a cathode material for Li-ion battery by hydrothermal method. The prepared materials are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS and electrochemical measurements. The XRD result shows that Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 material formed a pure phase. SEM and TEM images present a uniformly distributed nanosize of 20–200 nm. The results of CV, charge–discharge tests indicate that this material possesses high discharge capacity and quite good cycling stability. It delivers 251.9 mAh g−1 and 107.5 mAh g−1 for the first cycle and remains 139.4 mAh g−1 and 82.7 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively, corresponding to 1 C and 10 C.

The deactivation and in situ regeneration of anion exchange resin (D261) used as a catalyst in the continuous transesterification of soybean oil with methanol for biodiesel production were studied in a fixed-bed reactor. The chemical and physical structures of the resins were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that biodiesel conversion was over 90% within the run time of 4 h but rapidly declined to 23.7% after 8 h. The fouling of organic substances (triglyceride and glycerol) covered on the resin was the main reason leading to the decrease in the biodiesel conversion. The fouling extent on the resin was related to the resin position in the fixed bed. The largest activity loss of the resin occurred at the bottom of the fixed bed. The leakage of OH– groups from the resins, independent of the resin height in the bed, also resulted to the decline of the resin activity. An in situ regene...

Biodiesel produced by esterification from molar ratio of methanol to free fatty acid (FFA) as 25:1 in presence of triglyceride was carried out with cation-exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst in three different scales of fixed bed reactors from minireactor (6.8 mm × 110 mm) to pilot scale reactor (70 mm × 1260 mm) at 338 K. The kinetic study of esterification was undertaken in terms of pseudo-homogeneous mechanism and performed as a first order reaction with elimination of the solid-liquid internal and external mass transfer resistances. Moreover, a kinetic model of FFA esterification was developed to illustrate the relationship between the FFA conversion and the catalyst bed height of fixed bed reactor. The model was also suitable for various resins in fixed bed reactor. The theoretical predictions were in agreement with the experimental data with root mean square (RMS) errors

A continuous biodiesel production from the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was investigated in a fixed bed reactor packed with D261 anion-exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst. The conversion to biodiesel achieved 95.2% within a residence time 56 min under the conditions: reaction temperature of 323.15 K, n-hexane/soybean oil weight rate of 0.5, methanol/soybean oil molar ratio of 9:1 and feed flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The resin can be regenerated in-situ and restored to the original activity to achieve continuous production after the resin deactivation. The product obtained was mainly composed of methyl esters. No glycerol in the product was detected due to the resin adsorbing glycerol in the fixed bed, which solved the issue of glycerol separation from biodiesel. It is believed that the fixed bed reactor with D261 has a potential commercial application in the transesterification of triglyceride.

Peanut-like MnO@C core–shell composites with an internal carbon network (P-MnO@C) were prepared via an in situ synchronous graphitization and reduction process. These P-MnO@C composites exhibit high specific capacity and rate capability, good stability and excellent long-term cycling life for application in lithium ion batteries.