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Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood and causes adverse effects on social functioning. The present study aimed to widely investigate the predictors, particularly childhood intelligence quotient (IQ) and family environment factors, on adult clinical and academic outcomes in boys with ADHD.Methods: A total of 101 boys with ADHD in a Chinese Han ADHD cohort were followed up 7–10 years later. Baseline ADHD symptoms were evaluated using the parent version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) and the Chinese version of the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-48). The intelligence of the child was tested by the China-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC), and family function was assessed by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Edition (FES-CV). Adult ADHD persistence was defined using DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, and academic outcome fell into two categories: higher academic level group (studying in senior middle school or above) and lower academic level group (studying in vocational secondary schools or below).Results: Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the father's character, impulsive–hyperactive index as measured by the CPRS-48, and intellectual–cultural index as measured by the FES-CV independently predicted clinical outcomes in adults, with an AUC of 0.770 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.678–0.863). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.743 and 0.727, respectively. The father's education level, family economic level, and verbal IQ (VIQ) on the C-WISC independently predicted adult academic outcomes, with an AUC of 0.870 (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.796–0.944). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 0.813 and 0.783, respectively.Conclusion: Initial ADHD symptom severity and IQ, father's character and education level, and family atmosphere and function affect adult clinical and academic outcomes. Addressing these areas early may help to improve the prognosis of ADHD into adulthood.

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts. The present study investigated the osteogenic effects of estradiol, as well as the role of the c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in promoting estradiol‑enhanced osteogenesis of rat (r)BMSCs. rBMSCs were treated for 7 days with or without estradiol and further treated with or without the JNK‑specific inhibitor SP600125. The role of estrogen during rBMSC osteogenesis was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation using the Gomori method and Alizarin red S staining, respectively. Subsequently, the mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF‑β1) and core‑binding factor α1 (Cbfα1) were evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and TGF‑β1, Cbfα1 and phosphorylated (p)‑JNK protein expression was detected by western blotting. All groups treated with SP600125 expressed low levels of TGF‑β1 and Cbfα1 mRNA and protein, and low p‑JNK protein expression. Compared with the control cells, rBMSCs cultured with estradiol exhibited a significant upregulation in the expression levels of osteogenic genes and proteins. The present study demonstrated that estradiol enhanced osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs and that the JNK signaling pathway was involved in this process, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in rBMSC osteogenesis upon estradiol stimulation.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely applied in livestock to identify genes associated with traits of economic interest. Here, we conducted the first GWAS of the supernumerary nipple phenotype in Wadi sheep, a native Chinese sheep breed, based on Ovine Infinium HD SNP BeadChip genotypes in a total of 144 ewes (75 cases with four teats, including two normal and two supernumerary teats, and 69 control cases with two teats). We detected 63 significant SNPs at the chromosome-wise threshold. Additionally, one candidate region (chr1: 170.723-170.734 Mb) was identified by haplotype-based association tests, with one SNP (rs413490006) surrounding functional genes BBX and CD47 on chromosome 1 being commonly identified as significant by the two mentioned analyses. Moreover, Gene Ontology enrichment for the significant SNPs identified by the GWAS analysis was functionally clustered into the categories of receptor activity and synaptic membrane. In addition, pathway mapping revealed four promising pathways (Wnt, oxytocin, MAPK and axon guidance) involved in the development of the supernumerary nipple phenotype. Our results provide novel and important insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the phenotype of supernumerary nipples in mammals, including humans. These findings may be useful for future breeding and genetics in sheep and other livestock.

To date, surgical resection is the mainstay for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), one of the most commonly used intravenous anaesthetic agents, has been reported to be involved in modulating the malignancy of a variety of human cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, using a cell counting kit (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and caspase-3 cleavage assays, we found that propofol promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in both Colo205 and SW620 cells, through the down-regulation of HOXA11-AS and up-regulation of let-7i. Moreover, gain-of-function studies of HOXA11-AS or loss-of-function studies of let-7i also revealed a negative correlation between HOXA11-AS and let-7i in propofol-mediated biological functions of CRC cells. Furthermore, our mechanistic experiments revealed that HOXA11-AS acts as a molecular sponge for let-7i, thereby regulating the expression of ABCC10. We investigate the theory that propofol suppresses colorectal cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the HOXA11-AS–let-7i–ABCC10 regulatory network, indicating the potential for propofol to control CRC development.

To assess the pollution levels, characteristics, and the pollution sources and occupational inhalation exposure of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)in the workshops,ambient air samples in different types of incinerators of two municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWI) were collected and analyzed. The results showed that ① The I-TEQ concentration ranged from 0.034-2.152 pg·m

China has a rich resource of native sheep (Ovis aries) breeds associated with historical movements of several nomadic societies. However, the history of sheep and the associated nomadic societies in ancient China remains poorly understood. Here, we studied the genomic diversity of Chinese sheep using genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal variations in > 1,000 modern samples. Population genomic analyses combined with archeological records and historical ethnic demographics data revealed genetic signatures of the origins, secondary expansions and admixtures, of Chinese sheep thereby revealing the peopling patterns of nomads and the expansion of early pastoralism in East Asia. Originating from the Mongolian Plateau ∼5,000‒5,700 years ago, Chinese sheep were inferred to spread in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River ∼3,000‒5,000 years ago following the expansions of the Di-Qiang people. Afterwards, sheep were then inferred to reach the Qinghai-Tibetan and Yunnan-Kweichow plateaus ∼2,000‒2,600 years ago by following the north-to-southwest routes of the Di-Qiang migration. We also unveiled two subsequent waves of migrations of fat-tailed sheep into northern China, which were largely commensurate with the migrations of ancestors of Hui Muslims eastward and Mongols southward during the 12th‒13th centuries. Furthermore, we revealed signs of argali introgression into domestic sheep, extensive historical mixtures among domestic populations and strong artificial selection for tail type and other traits, reflecting various breeding strategies by nomadic societies in ancient China., published version, peerReviewed

Background Structural and functional alterations occur in the caudate of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we aimed to investigate the functional connectivity between the dorsal caudate and other brain regions in ADHD children. Methods Resting-state functional connectivity from 30 ADHD and 33 age- and gender-matched “normal” children were measured by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Results Positive connectivity with dorsal caudate was observed in the prefrontal areas, cingulate cortex and temporal lobe. Negative functional connectivity was observed in the precuneus, occipital cortices and cerebellum. The connectivity of left dorsal caudate to left inferior frontal gyrus was correlated with severity of ADHD. Conclusions Connectivity of dorsal caudate with several brain regions was identified in ADHD children.

In this paper, it is presented a method of the design and parameter calculation for state variable feedback control system of reheat steam temperature, which based on the mechanism analysis of reheater dynamic characteristics of supercritical 600WM unit. The simulation results show that the control quality and anti-interference ability is better, and the response is faster, while the control system of reheater steam temperature is established with this method.

The accuracy of the variables variation scope in fitness function of the multi-objective optimization have an important influence to multi-objective optimization results. Take a 300 MW coal-fired unit as an example, according to the system mechanism builds a boiler-turbine dynamic model. And put forward a method, in this paper, which is using the iteration way and observing its physical significance to determine control system variables scope. The simplified model uses fuel value, turbine value and feedwater value as the inputs, and uses power, feedwater flow and absorbed heat of water wall as the outputs, to get the boundary of the pressure and the control value of the inputs during 50%-100% load.

A new stereo Frequency Modulation exciter scheme for short-distance wireless communication is proposed. It adopts a stereo FM IC BH1415 to transmit audio FM signals, and its transmitting frequency is controlled by microcontroller. The basic principle of phase-locked loop for FM is analyzed, and the audio FM circuit based on BH1415 and the controlling method based on AT89C51 are introduced. Test results indicated that, the audio FM Exciter had simple structure and higher reliability, each parameter can meet the demands of FM broadcasting system, and it has some scalability.

To investigate the development of semantic priming effect in school children, we examined the event-related potentials in 120 children from 7 to 12 years when they were instructed to perform a lexical decision task. The well-known N400 component and a late positive component showed parabolic changes with the age growing. In addition, the lateralization of the brain potentials indicated the early stage in elementary school was the curial time for development of linguistic neural networks. This finding first revealed the detailed changes of semantic priming effect in childhood.

Several biological properties of icariin have been identified, including its anticancer effect. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of icariin on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of icariin on the proliferation and cytoskeleton of HepG2 cells. A 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess the antiproliferative effects of icariin and to determine the optimal concentration and treatment schedule of icariin on the HepG2 cells. Cell cycle analysis was performed using fluorescence activated cell sorting, the protein expression of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2 was determined using immunohistochemical and western blot analyses, and F‑actin in the cells was examined using confocal microscopy. The chemotherapeutic drug, oxaliplatin, was used as a positive control. The results demonstrated that the optimal concentration of icarrin to produce an antiproliferative effect on HepG2 cells was 10‑5 mol/l, and the optimal treatment duration was 72 h. The icariin group had a significantly higher proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, compared with the control group, treated with high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (P

To explore the pathophysiological changes in the functional connectivity of posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) with other brain regions in children with attention-deficit or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) and explore the neural mechanisms of ADHD at the point of relationships between brain regions.Thirty children with ADHD from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from June 2008 to April 2010 and another 30 age-and-gender-matched controls from a normal primary school over the same period underwent resting-state fMRI scans. And blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal was acquired to calculate the functional connectivity of PCC with other brain regions controls. Significant differences of connectivity between groups were analyzed with REST software.The pattern of functional connectivity of PCC for the ADHD group was similar to that of the control group. Significant positive functional connectivity with PCC was observed in the default mode of network (DMN) while negative functional connectivity was present in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, parietal cortex and basal ganglia(all P0.05, corrected). Compared to the controls, the ADHD group exhibited decreased positive connectivity with PCC in bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (0.07 ± 0.20 vs 0.33 ± 0.23, t = -5.47), right posterior cingulate gyrus(0.25 ± 0.28 vs 0.48 ± 0.30, t = -3.44), right inferior temporal gyrus (-0.05 ± 0.19 vs 0.22 ± 0.22, t = -4.61) and cerebellar posterior lobe (-0.04 ± 0.21 vs 0.17 ± 0.16, t = -3.99), while decreased negative functional connectivity with PCC was observed in left insula (-0.10 ± 0.26 vs -0.30 ± 0.19, t = 3.71), right inferior parietal lobule (0.02 ± 0.18 vs -0.23 ± 0.17, t = 5.20), left postcentral gyrus (0.08 ± 0.26 vs -0.17 ± 0.25, t = 4.06), left superior temporal gyrus (-0.04 ± 0.25 vs -0.27 ± 0.17, t = 4.27), right superior temporal gyrus (-0.08 ± 0.25 vs -0.31 ± 0.21, t = 3.80) and left fusiform gyrus (-0.01 ± 0.25 vs -0.18 ± 0.17, t = 3.57)(all P0.05, corrected).The connectivity of DMN between brain regions is abnormal in ADHD group. And the strengthen of negative relationship between DMN and task activated network becomes reduced. It is surmised that the decreased internal synchronization of default network and disrupted balance between DMN and prefrontal-parietal attentional networks may be important neural mechanisms of ADHD.

To explore the mathematics cognitive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and explore neural mechanisms with event-related potential(ERP) and behaviors.Behavior data and ERP elicited by performing mental calculation tasks were recorded in 27 children with ADHD and 29 normal controls from July to October 2012 at Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.The differences of behaviors and N2 component of ERP were compared and analyzed.The reaction time of the children with ADHD were longer than the control group in addition, subtraction and multiplication ((949 ± 144) vs (829 ± 166) ms, (981 ± 129) vs (856 ± 170) ms, (944 ± 136) vs (825 ± 172) ms, all P0.05). While the correct rate were less than normal control in all three arithmetic operations (0.80% (0.72%, 0.88%) vs 0.90% (0.85%,0.96%), 0.78% (0.64%,0.85%) vs 0.90% (0.84%,0.93%), 0.86% (0.74%,0.92%) vs 0.93%(0.90%,0.98%), all P0.05). N2 component could be elicited by all subjects in forehead. The amplitude of N2 of children with ADHD were significantly lower than control group in all three arithmetic operations at left frontal (F3: (-3.5 ± 5.2) vs (-6.7 ± 3.5)µV, (-3.8 ± 4.0) vs (-7.4 ± 4.5)µV, -5.8 (-7.6,1.6) vs -6.4(-10.3, -4.9) µV, all P0.05) and Fz ((-4.3 ± 6.4) vs ( -7.4 ± 4.2) µV, (-5.0 ± 5.4) vs (-7.9 ± 4.6)µV, -5.2(-9.7, -0.6) vs -7.9 (-10.5, -5.1)µV, all P0.05), the latency of ADHD group were prolonger than controls in subtraction operations at right and left frontal ((328 ± 36) vs (307 ± 27)ms, 325 (307,354)vs 309 (280, 330)ms) and frontal electrodes ((331 ± 35) vs (311 ± 30) ms, all P0.05). In addition and multiplication operations, there was no significant difference in latency (all P0.05).The children with ADHD have weak capacities of inhibition irrelevant information and paying attention to control. Their deficits in mental arithmetics may be due to the difficulties of selecting the best strategy during cognitive tasks.

Effects of Methylphenidate in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparison of Behavioral Results and Event–Related Potentials

This study was aimed to explore the effect of homoharringtonine in combination with AG490 on JAK2-STAT5 associated signal pathway in HEL cells, and analyze its mechanism so as to provide theoretical basis for therapy of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasma by new program. The cell survival rates were tested by MTT, apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry after HEL cells were treated by 20 ng/ml HHT, 100 µmol/L AG490 and 20 ng/ml HHT in combination with 100 µmol/L AG490, while the signal proteins such as P-JAK2, P-STAT5 and BCL-xL activated by abnormal activated JAK2 were tested by Western blot. The results showed that both HHT and AG490 could inhabit the HEL cell proliferation after being treated for 24 hours, and Annexin V-PI double staining confirmed early apoptosis while HHT effect was more obvious, Western blot showed that the expressions of P-JAK2 and P-STAT5 were down-regulated, while the total protein levels of JAK2 and STAT5 were stable. It is concluded that HHT combined with AG490 can obviously inhibit the proliferation and induce early apoptosis of HEL cells, and there is synergistic effect between the two drugs. HHT possibly acts as a broad-spectrum PTK inhibitor and synergistically with AG490 inhibits the phosphorylation of signal proteins caused by JAK2V617F, thus down-regulating the transcription of STAT5.

To investigate the characteristics of cognitive development in elementary school children using rest-fMRI methods.Twenty-nine normal school children were divided into three groups according to their ages (8, 1012 years old) and received the resting-state fMRI scans. A regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach was used to analyze blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI (BOLD-fMRI) data in resting state. The fMRI data were processed with software SPM2 and REST 1.2.Compared with younger groups (10 vs 8, 12 vs 10, 12 vs 8), the elder groups showed more increases in superior temporal gyrus (Z = 2.83, Z = 3.21), middle temporal gyrus (Z = 3.74, Z = 3.19, Z = 4.26), inferior temporal gyrus (Z = 3.01) and lentiform nucleus (Z = 3.31). In addition, the ReHo differences were demonstrated in superior frontal gyrus (Z = 3.21), middle frontal gyrus (Z = 3.19, Z = 3.22), medial frontal gyrus (Z = 3.15), lingual gyrus (Z = 3.43) and cerebellum (Z = 3.11, Z = 2.97) increased more in 12 years old group (12 vs 10, 12 vs 8). And the precuneus (Z = 2.95) and posterior cingulate (Z = 2.64) had increasing ReHo values with the age growth (12 vs 8).The function of execution control, accommodation of attention, visual spatial integration and default mode network became gradually developed with increasing age.

To investigate the cognitive event related potentials in Chinese character priming effect of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to analyze the neural mechanism of the priming effect.Fifty-two ADHD children aged (9.5 +/- 1.7) and 45 age-matched children without ADHD were asked to perform a Chinese character semantic priming task while electroencephalogram was recorded. During the Chinese character semantic priming task the subjects were instructed to judge whether the presented target word was a related word, unrelated word, or a pseudoword and event-related potentials (ERPs) were elicited and analyzed with the brain electricity source analysis (BESA) software.(1) The behavioral results showed that the reaction time to the unrelated character stimuli in the ADHD children was (1252 +/- 256) ms, significantly longer than that in the normal control [(1131 +/- 194) ms, P0.05]. (2) The amplitude of the character related N2 at the Cz lead in the ADHD children was -7.7 (-12.8, -5.0) microV, significantly larger than that of the normal controls [-5.6 (-9.4, -3.2) microV, P0.05]. (3) The amplitude of character unrelated stimuli P3 at the Cz lead of the ADHD children was 5.4 (2.0, 9.5) microV, significantly lower than that of the normal control [9.5 (4.2, 16.9) microV, P0.01].There is a positive correlation between the amplitude of N2 and the difficulty in character semantic priming. It is more difficult for the ADHD children than normal controls to accomplish the same semantic task. ADHD children need more attention resources than normal controls. The amplitudes of character related-N2 and unrelated-P3 may become markers to measure the development of recognition in the ADHD children, thus being helpful in the ADHD diagnosis.

To explore the cognitive psychological process of healthy children and children with cognitive disorder.Single Chinese character semantic priming and arithmetic tasks were delivered to 20 8-year-old healthy children, and 20 11-year-old healthy children, and 30 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 23 children with epilepsy, and 22 age-matched normal children as controls. Electroencephalography was used. Event-related potential was distilled by BESA software.(1) During the Chinese character semantic priming, the amplitudes of N2 toward the non-related words and pseudo-words in the 8-year-old group were 12.1 microV and 11.7 microV respectively, both significantly larger than those of the 11-year-old group (3.7 microV and 4.8 microV, respectively, both P0.05). The amplitudes of N2 and P2 toward the non-related words and pseudo-words among the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were both significantly lower than those in the healthy children (both P0.05). (2) During the arithmetic task, the latency values of P2 and P3 of addition, subtraction, and multiplication in the 8-year-old group of healthy children were all significantly longer than those of the 11-year-old group of healthy children (all P0.05). The P3 latency of the children with epilepsy was significantly longer than that of the healthy children (P0.05).Chinese character and arithmetic cognitive waves are steady. ERP can be used to estimate the healthy children's personality index. Quantitative indicators are helpful in diagnosis and treatment of cognitive and learning disorders.

The objective of this work is to investigate the cognitive development of semantic process and arithmetic calculation in childhood using event-related potential tools. Sixty children of three age groups (8-, 9- and 11-year-old groups) participated in the experiment. Each group included 10 girls and 10 boys. Stimuli were presented in two separate lists: semantic priming list and mental arithmetic list. Participants were instructed to decide whether the target word was a real Chinese character or not in semantic priming task and decide whether the production of the arithmetic operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication) was correct or false in mental arithmetic task. The main new observation was that the cognitive process reflected by major ERP components changes with the age growing up. In the lexical decision task, the amplitude of N400 elicited by semantic non-related target was significantly larger than that of a related target in all the children groups. The latency and amplitude of N400 component in 8-year-old group were larger than that of 11-year-old group. A similar RP component was elicited by either a Chinese single-character word or pseudo-word as reported by other authors. In mental arithmetic task, similar results were observed that the latencies of P2, N2, P3 in 8-year-group were longer than those of the 11-year-old group. These was no significant differences in amplitude across the three operation and age groups. These results suggest that semantic priming effects and mental arithmetic are developmental processes even in the early childhood. These two cognitive processes may be used to evaluate the development of language and arithmetic abilities.

To observe the effects of the compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori on proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cell line of adenocarcinoma of the lung, to clarify the mechanism, to explore the best proportion compatibility, and to offer the reasonable experiment evidence in clinical medicine therapy.Twenty-five healthy Wistar rats were divided into five groups randomly, 5 rats in each group, including normal group, Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori in the ratio of 1:1 group, 1:2 group, 2:1 group, and complex recipe of beetle capsule group. After the pharmacy liquor was decocted, equivalent dose for rat was calculated. According to the weights, all rats were intragastric administrated at the standard of 1 mL x 100 g(-1), twice a day, continuously for 3 days. One hour after the last administration, the serum was collected and mixed with culture media RPMI 1640 to prepare the drug serum incubation liquid at the concentration of 10%. MTT was used to measure the growth curve and the inhibition rate of tumor cell, and the apoptosis was observed by electron microscope.The compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori could inhibit the cell proliferation of cell line A549 of lung adenocarcinoma and have an inducement on apoptosis. The effect was significant in the ratio of 2:1.These results indicate that inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of tumor cell may be one of the anticancer mechanism of the compatibility of Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Fafces Trogopterori.

Domestic sheep and their wild relatives harbor substantial genetic variants that can form the backbone of molecular breeding, but their genome landscapes remain understudied. Here, we present a comprehensive genome resource for wild ovine species, landraces and improved breeds of domestic sheep, comprising high-coverage (∼16.10×) whole genomes of 810 samples from 7 wild species and 158 diverse domestic populations. We detected, in total, ∼121.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, ∼61 million of which are novel. Some display significant (P < 0.001) differences in frequency between wild and domestic species, or are private to continent-wide or individual sheep populations. Retained or introgressed wild gene variants in domestic populations have contributed to local adaptation, such as the variation in the HBB associated with plateau adaptation. We identified novel and previously reported targets of selection on morphological and agronomic traits such as stature, horn, tail configuration, and wool fineness. We explored the genetic basis of wool fineness and unveiled a novel mutation (chr25: T7,068,586C) in the 3′-UTR of IRF2BP2 as plausible causal variant for fleece fiber diameter. We reconstructed prehistorical migrations from the Near Eastern domestication center to South-and-Southeast Asia and found two main waves of migrations across the Eurasian Steppe and the Iranian Plateau in the Early and Late Bronze Ages. Our findings refine our understanding of genome variation as shaped by continental migrations, introgression, adaptation, and selection of sheep., This study was financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32061133010, 31825024, 31661143014, and 31972527), the National Key Research and Development Program-Key Projects of International Innovation Cooperation between Governments (2017YFE0117900), the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (152111KYSB20150010), and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (No. 2019QZKK0501), and the Special Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production (Nos. 2018CA001, and 2019CA009, 2020CA001).