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China has implemented a number of laws and policies to promote the reuse of food wastes generated in restaurants and catering services. Resources in terms of energy and fertilizer are recovered from food wastes. In this study, in order to treat canteen food waste generated inside the campus of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, China), a medium scale biogas plant is designed and then simulated using BioWin software. According to obtained simulation results, the total daily biogas production rate is 2013 m3/d and the volatile solids destruction efficiency is about 74%. The campus has about 29 canteens and more than 61,700 students, so it is the ideal place for such a project, because the food waste in this case is concentrated and easy to collect. About 3300 tons of food waste are available per year in HUST, which can be transformed into 1136 MWh of electricity by using a biogas plant with an internal combustion engine. Due to reduced cost of transport and current reduction of taxes for renewable energy plants, the simple payback period of such a project results to be 7.8 years, while the equity payback is 9 years. Sensitivity analysis and risk analysis have shown that project economic feasibility depends strongly on Electricity Export Rate and Initial Investment. A change of these two parameters in the order of 10% can shift equity payback from 9 years to a maximum value of 12.4 years. The development of a Carbon Credit Market can be an important way to increase the economic convenience of this type of projects.

Anaerobic digestion, for the production of biogas and digestate, can be a powerful technology to obtain a gaseous fuel used for combined heat and power generation and for transportation (if upgraded to biomethane) and simultaneously obtain also a fertilizer. Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical process in which wet biomass is converted into gas by bacteria. To optimize the process at both research and industry level, it is necessary to characterize in detail the substrate before and during the process. Analytical methods applied to anaerobic digestion start from substrate characterization (which can be done through proximate and ultimate analysis and calorimetry, but also through the analysis of COD, alkalinity, pH, FFA, and other inhibitors); then also the microbial community has to be monitored during the process, and gas analysis has to be performed to determine the heating value and also the contaminants inside it (e.g., siloxanes). All these measurements have to be carefully standardized and are discussed in this chapter to provide information to researchers and operators in the field of anaerobic digestion.

Psilotreta brevispinosa sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 438E2AA5-6111-45E0-AF2B-410A67810EA9 Fig. 3 Diagnosis The male genitalia of this new species stand apart from those of other species of Psilotreta species by the huge superior appendages, the absence of an intermediate appendage and the short, anteriorly curved lateral process of segment X. Etymology The specific name is derived from the Latin ‘brevi-’ and ‘spinosa’, meaning ‘short’ and ‘spines’, referring to the pair of short spines on the lateral process of segment X. Material examined Holotype CHINA – Henan Province • ♂; Xinyang County, Tian-mu-shan Nature Preserve, near the ranger’s cabin; 32°34'34.00" N, 113°48'23.67" E; 215 m a.s.l.; 9 Apr. 2015; Qiu Shuang and Liu Tian-yu leg.; hand net; NAU. Description Male HEAD. Head brown, in anterior view with short dark line in centre of frons (Fig. 3A); frontogenal compact setal warts large, approximately 2 × as long as wide, with dark line connecting ventral end of each setal wart and clypeus. Anterior tentorial pits located very close to clypeus. In dorsal view with dark median dorsal line (Fig. 3B). Median dorsal line branched and extending to bases of antennae, between vertexal mediantennal compact setal warts and vertexal lateroantennal compact setal warts, and present with curved horizontal branches posteriorly. Vertexal lateroantennal compact setal warts smaller than vertexal mediantennal compact setal warts. Occipital setal warts oval, smaller than oval postgenal setal warts. Maxillary palps lost in the dissection process. WINGS. Forewings each 7.7 mm (n = 1), dark brown; DC present, fork I slightly longer than fork II, R 4+5 not fused with R 3, Cu 2 absent; row of setae located close to posterior margin of each forewing. Hind wing C with hump and row of setae in middle; R 1 disappearing after crossvein Sc-r; DC absent (Fig. 3C). MALE GENITALIA. Tergum IX narrow in lateral view (Fig. 3D), fused with median dorsal process of segment X forming long thin process (Fig. 3E); sternite of segment IX truncate, with large anterior process in lateral view (Fig. 3D) and triangular concavity on posterior margin in ventral view (Fig. 3F). Lateral process of segment X with two pairs of short branches: apical branches round, with one short spine postero-ventrally; subapical branches forked into few acute ends in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 3H). Superior appendages leaf-like in lateral view (Fig. 3D) and digitate in dorsal view (Fig. 3E), longer than dorsal process of Tergite IX. Coxopodites wider basally than apically in lateral and ventral views, with bases strongly sclerotized (Fig. 3D, F); harpagones about ⅓ as long as coxopodites, each with small spines and setae on apices (Fig. 3F). Phallotheca sclerotized, thin and long, slightly curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 3G), apex forked in ventral view (Fig. 3I); parameres present, slightly longer than height of phallotheca in lateral view (Fig. 3G), with apices curved posteriorly; endotheca and aedeagus membranes, ventral sclerite of aedeagus strongly curved in lateral view (Fig. 3G) and oval in ventral view (Fig. 3I). Distribution This species has been found only in Henan Province, China. The wider distribution is unknown.

Psilotreta daidalos Malicky, 2000 Fig. 1 Diagnosis The male genitalia of this species resemble those of P. trispinosa Schmid, 1965, but can be distinguished by the following characters: (1) intermediate appendages are single (intermediate appendages of P. trispinosa are trifid); (2) each lateral process of segment X acute apically (in P. trispinosa, lateral process of segment X round apically); (3) parameres are short, approximately half as long as aedeagus (parameres of P. trispinosa about as long as aedeagus). Material examined CHINA ��� Anhui Province ��� 1 ♂; Yuexi County, Yao-luo-ping Nature Preserve, close to the #28 Red Army���s historic sites; 30��59'10.66" N, 116��5'53.26" E; 1141 m a.s.l.; 9 May 2015; Qiu Shuang and Liu Tian-yu leg.; light sheet trap; NAU. ��� Hubei Province ��� 2 ♂♂; Huangmei County, Nuo-bu-yuan, close to Lao-zu Temple; 30��13'48.87" N, 115��49'53.60" E; 919 m a.s.l.; 24 Jun. 2015; Qiu Shuang and Liu Tian-yu 1eg.; light sheet trap; HUST. Description Male HEAD. In anterior view, frons with groove located between antennae; frontogenal compact setal warts oblanceolate, adjacent to compound eyes; anterior tentorial pits located close to clypeus, with clypeogenal vertical grooves located ventrally; row of short scratches located dorsally of anterior tentorial pits (Fig. 1A). In dorsal view, vertexal mediantennal compact setal warts semicircular; vertexal lateroantennal compact setal warts subtriangular, posterior ends proximal to occipital setal warts; occipital setal warts large, touched with each other in center of head, slightly concave at anterior margin; postgenal setal warts small, slender (Fig. 1B). Maxillary palp segment length ratio 1:1.1:1.8:1.7:2.5 (Fig. 1C). WINGS. Forewings each 7.4���8.0 mm (n = 2), yellow, discoidal cell (DC) present, fork I is approximately one third longer than fork II; R 4+5 not fused with R 3, Cu 2 absent; row of setae located in close proximity to posterior margin of each forewing. Hind wings each present with Sc close to R1 mid-span, DC present (Fig. 1D). MALE GENITALIA. Tergum IX broad in lateral view (Fig. 1E), triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 1F); sternum IX broad in lateral and ventral views (Fig. 1E, 1G). Median dorsal process of segment X oblanceolate (Fig. 1F); lateral process highly modified (Fig. 1I), with sharp process anteriorly, sub-triangular process and thin long lateral branch posteriorly in lateral view. Intermediate appendage present, short and strongly hooked (Fig. 1I). Superior appendage digitate in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 1 E���1F). Coxopodites with bases wider than apices in lateral view (Fig. 1E), rectangular in ventral view (Fig. 1G); harpagones each coniform, with numerous small round spines spread at apex (Fig. 1G). Phallotheca strongly sclerotized, slightly curved ventrad, truncated at apex in lateral view (Fig. 1H); parameres present, basal half humped dorsally in lateral view, apex acute, in ventral view curved mesad at bases and curved laterad at apex (Fig. 1J); aedeagus slightly sclerotized at base, apex membranous, with small hump in lateral view and pair of lobes in ventral view (Fig. 1H, 1K); ventral sclerite of aedeagus curved at base, and expanded at apex in lateral view (Fig. 1H), pandurate in ventral view (Fig. 1K). Comments Compared with Malicky���s (2000) descriptions and illustrations, the specimens in Henan Province have the intermediate appendages more strongly curved than those in Anhui and Hubei Provinces. The ventral sclerite of the aedeagus of specimens from Henan Province is slender, not pandurate as we described. The shapes of other structures are similar. Distribution The type locality of this species is in Henan Province (Malicky 2000), now we report it from Anhui and Hubei Provinces., Published as part of Qiu, Shuang & Yan, Yun-jun, 2020, The Psilotreta Banks, 1899 of the Dabie Mountains, east central China, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta: Trichoptera: Odontoceridae), pp. 1-11 in European Journal of Taxonomy 601 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.601, http://zenodo.org/record/3659438, {"references":["Malicky H. 2000. Einige neue Kocherfliegen aus Sabah, Nepal, Indien und China (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyiidae, Hydropsychidae, Brachycentridae, Odontoceridae, Molannidae). Braueria 27: 32 - 39. Available from https: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / BRA _ 27 _ 0032 - 0039. pdf"]}

Genus Psilotreta Banks, 1899 As the original description of Psilotreta daidalos Malicky, 2000 is in German, we provide a full description of this species to facilitate future taxonomic studies., Published as part of Qiu, Shuang & Yan, Yun-jun, 2020, The Psilotreta Banks, 1899 of the Dabie Mountains, east central China, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta: Trichoptera: Odontoceridae), pp. 1-11 in European Journal of Taxonomy 601 on page 3, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.601, http://zenodo.org/record/3659438, {"references":["Banks N. 1899. Descriptions of new North American neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 25: 199 - 218. Available from http: // www. trichopteralit. umn. edu / PDFs / BANKS _ 1899 _ 48. pdf","Malicky H. 2000. Einige neue Kocherfliegen aus Sabah, Nepal, Indien und China (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyiidae, Hydropsychidae, Brachycentridae, Odontoceridae, Molannidae). Braueria 27: 32 - 39. Available from https: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / BRA _ 27 _ 0032 - 0039. pdf"]}

Psilotreta furcata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 445EFA06-FF9A-4775-BAC8-61F93D4C1482 Fig. 2 Diagnosis The male genitalia of this new species resemble those of P. quinlani Kimmins, 1964, but can be distinguished by the following characters: (1) the median dorsal process of segment X is more than 3 �� as long as wide in dorsal view (short in P. quinlani, about as long as wide in dorsal view); (2) ventral branch of lateral process of segment X is simple and slender, directly pointed posteriorly in lateral view (in P. quinlani, ventral branch of lateral process of segment X is more complicated, directed ventrally and reduced to a digitate projection curving posteriorly in lateral view); and (3) superior appendages each round at apex in lateral view (superior appendages of P. quinlani each triangular at apex in lateral view). Etymology The specific name is derived from the Latin ���furcata���, or English ���furcate���, referring to the forked median dorsal process of segment X. Material examined Holotype CHINA ��� Hubei Province ��� ♂; Yingshan County, Tao-hua-chong; 30��59'33.31" N 115��59'45.87" E; 469 m a.s.l.; 6 May 2015; Qiu Shuang and Liu Tian-yu 1eg.; light sheet trap; NAU. Paratype CHINA ��� Hubei Province ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; HUST. Description Male HEAD. In anterior view, frons located with pit between antennae, with short dark line extended below pit. Frontogenal compact setal warts slender, in close proximity to compound eyes laterally, and next to pair of wide grooves mesally (Fig. 2A). In dorsal view, with dark median dorsal line dissipating before reaching posterior margin, vertexal mediantennal compact setal warts proximal to each other, and smaller than vertexal lateroantennal compact setal warts. Occipital setal warts round, postgenal setal warts digitate. Antennae present with tube-like structure within (Fig. 2B). Maxillary palp segments length ratio 1:0.9:1.7:1.5:1.8 (Fig. 2C). WINGS. Forewings each 8.9���9.2 mm (n = 2), yellow, round at apex; DC present, fork I about ⅓ longer than fork II, R 4+5 not fused with R 3, Cu 2 absent; row of setae located close to posterior margin of each forewing. Hind wings with R1 straight, Sc and R2 slightly curved at crossvein Sc-r and r separated, DC absent (Fig. 2D). MALE GENITALIA. Tergum IX triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 2F), narrow in lateral view (Fig. 2E). Sternum IX wide in lateral and ventral views (Fig. 2E). Main body of segment X hexagonal in dorsal view (Fig. 2F); median dorsal process of segment X narrow in lateral view (Fig. 2E), V-shaped in dorsal view (Fig. 2F), about 3 �� as long as wide; ventral branch of lateral process of segment X narrow, slightly curved in lateral view (Fig. 2I), curved mesad at apex in dorsal view (Fig. 2F). Intermediate appendage small, with two sharp tips dorsally (Fig. 2I). Superior appendages digitate in lateral view (Fig. 2E), narrower basally than apically in dorsal view (Fig. 2F). Coxopodites thick, slightly narrowed at bases in lateral view (Fig. 2E), curved laterad in ventral view (Fig. 2G); harpagones about ⅓ as long as coxopodites, apices round, with short round spines (Fig. 2G). Phallotheca slightly sclerotized, with apex truncate in lateral view (Fig. 2H); parameres long, slightly curved mesally at apices in posterior view (Fig. 2J); aedeagus slightly sclerotized ventrally; ventral sclerite of aedeagus narrow, curved at about 90 degrees in lateral view (Fig. 2H) and spatulate in dorsal view (Fig. 2K). Distribution The type location is in the Hubei Province, but the distributions is otherwise unknown., Published as part of Qiu, Shuang & Yan, Yun-jun, 2020, The Psilotreta Banks, 1899 of the Dabie Mountains, east central China, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta: Trichoptera: Odontoceridae), pp. 1-11 in European Journal of Taxonomy 601 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.601, http://zenodo.org/record/3659438

This review shows regards of the recently experienced concerning the environments of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) microorganisms, and denitrifying microbes. The advancements of molecular biology techniques have encouraged staggeringly to the fast recent developments in the sector. Various methods for implementing so are discussed. The function of AOB, AOA, and denitrifying microorganism composition was investigated through a high throughput of the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing protocol. There is potential to observe the specific species appearance of these microorganisms in each environment and get to the evaluated relative abundance of several kinds. There is information indicated which the structure of denitrifying and nitrifying group was monitored field to significant fluctuations and the complexes, together in space and in time. More effort is required to enhance and isolate those microorganisms that common of the progressions and to function them through the compound of molecular techniques, biochemical and physiological. However, the investigation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), antibodies, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was preferred mainly to report the composition of chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, surveys of their characteristics in environmental that needed quantification at the transcriptional level is presently not available.

Cogeneration of biodiesel and tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) combining pretreatment with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was investigated. The pretreatment procedures included esterification by cation exchange resin catalyst, cold recrystllization to removing sterols, and then transesterification by alkali. After pretreatment, the conversion ratio of free fatty acid (FFA) and triglycerides (TGs) of SODD to methyl esters (biodiesel) was over 96% and retention of tocopherols was over 94%. Further, the pretreated SODD was extracted by SC-CO2 to obtain biodiesel and tocopherols simultaneously. It was demonstrated that combining pretreatment with SC-CO2 is a promising technology for cogeneration production of biodiesel and tocopherols from SODD.

The condition optimization of lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of soybean oil was conducted by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that when decision coefficient was 98.34%, the optimal conditions for highest caprylic acid (CA) incorporation was: reaction temperature 35.8C, lipase dosage 11.9% (w/w of substrate), substrate ratio 5.7 (oil/CA, mol/mol), water content 15.4% (w/w of enzyme) and reaction time 20.4 h, and under which conditions, the actually measured incorporation of CA was up to 44.9 mol%, very close to the predicted value 45.7 mol%. This indicates that with RSM, we can effectively optimize the reaction conditions of lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of soybean oil to produce structured lipids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In digestion procedure, pancreatic and gastric lipases both have preference for ester bonds located at sn-1 and sn-3 position in triacylglycerols (TGs), and show higher activity towards short- and medium-chain fatty acids (FAs). Dietary TGs are hydrolyzed to sn-2 monoacylglycerols and FAs in the intestine by lipases. Therefore, long-chain polyunsaturated FAs located at sn-2 position may provide sn-2 monoacylglycerols, which are the raw materials in synthesis of TGs in mucosal cells if the dietary fats or oils are MLM- or SLS-type TGs (SLS or MLM are the short-chain or medium-chain FAs located at sn-1 and sn-3 position, while the long-chain FAs are located at sn-2). The short-chain or medium-chain FAs located at sn-1 and sn-3 position are absorbed by the portal vein and rapidly oxidized in the liver as quick source of energy instead of glucose.

The community structure and biodiversity of macrozoobenthos in lower grade river-Heizhuchong stream of Hanjiang River Basin was investigated from June,2003 to June,2004.The results showed that the com- munity structure and biodiversity was complex,which indicates that the ecological function of the stream goes well. Among the collected 85 species,71 were insect species.The community structure exhibited an obvious spatial and temporal variation,Site 4 with fringe effect possessing the most species,and in February there existed 50 species, much more than those in other months.The annual dynamics of biodiversity indexes suggested that Site 1 kept more stable and Site 5 appeared more variable than those in other sites.More than 60% of the collected species could in- habit in six different microhabitats.Biodiversity in spring was much greater than that in summer,and that in sum- mer was yet greater than that in fall.Based on Wetzel's functional feeding group concept,80% community species were gathering-filtering collectors.The density of the community reached its peak at 1843 ind/m~2 in January,and biomass attained its peak at 228.7393 g/m~2 in October.

Starvation metabolism is one of the important parts of respiration for normal activities of chironomids. During April 1996 to March 1997, the relationships of starvation metabolism and temperature, body weight of two common chironomids in Biandantang Lake were carefully investigated. The results showed relationship between starvation metabolism (R, mgO2/ind.d) and body weight (Ww, mg wet wt) was:Chironomus plumosus lgR=−2.573+1.0211gWw (5°C), lgR=−2.710+1.354lgWw (10°C), lgR=−1.824+0.823 lgWw (15°C), lgR=−1.364+0.442lg,Ww (20°C), lgR=−2.763+1.517lgWw (25°C); andTokunagayusurika akamusi, lgR=−2.390+0.752lgWw (5°C), lgR=−1.978+0.710lgWw (10°C), lgR=−1.676+0.648lgWw (15°C), lgR=−1.517+0.650lgWw (20°C), lgR=−2.434+1.290lgWw (25°C). Relationship of starvation metabolism and temperature (T, °C) was:C. plumosus, R=−0.051+0.021T−0.0006T 2;T. akamusi, R=−0.051+0.021T−0.0006T 2. The complex relationship of the three parameters was:C. plumosus,R=0.0098Ww 0.3882e0.1068T ;T. akamusi,R=0.0012Ww 1.1936e0.0711T . With the above regressions, the estimated annual starvation metabolisms of the two chironomid species in Biandantang Lake were:C. plumosus, 24.2791 kJ/m2.a;T. akamusi, 8.7864 kJ/m2.a, respectively. This provides a firm foundation for the comparative study of bioenergetics of the chironomids.

The energy flow ofBranchiura sowerbyi was studied for the first time in China in a shallow macrophytic lake, Biandantang Lake, Hubei Province. The energy flow was calculated from the measurement of flesh production (12.5241kJ/m2a), egestion (517.7302kJ/m2a), metabolism (38.3273 kJ/m2a), and excretion (4.3798kJ/m2a). The net growth efficiency of the species is about 22.7%, which accords well with the generally reported value for oligochaetes. In addition, the relationship between starvation respiration (R, mgO2/ind·d), wet weight (Ww, mg) and temperature (T, °C) were also measured, with the regression function beingR=0.008Ww0.736 e0.050T.

April, 1996 to March, 1997 studies on the abundance and secondary production ofLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri in an algae-dominated lake showed that the worn density and biomass peaked in December at 152 ind/m2 and 0.087 g/m2, respectively. The secondary production of the animal was 0.294 g/m2 fresh wt/a. The turnover rate (P/B ratio) was 11.4.

The energy budget ofBellamya earuginosa in a shallow algal lake, Houhu Lake (Wuhan, China) was investigated by the measurement of flesh production (32.8 kJ/(m2·a)), egestion (337.7 kJ/(m2·a)), metabolism (246.7 kJ/(m2·a)), and estimation of excretion (21.4kJ/(m2·a)). The net growth efficiency of the species is about 10.9%, which accords with the generally reported value for gastropods. In addition, the relationships between starvation respiration (R, mgO2/(Ind·d)), body weight (Wd, mg in dry wt) and temperature (T, °C) were also determined. The regression equationR=0.044Wd 0.537 e 0.061T was obtained by the least square method, The measured SDA of the species is 26.51% of its gross metabolism.

The production of Alocinma Longicornis in Lake Houhu was estimated by two method. The results are: 2. 22 g/(m2 a) of wet weight with shell or 0.1ll g/(m2 a) of dry weight shell-free by size-frequency method; 2. 177 g/m2 a of wet weight with shell or 0. 109 g/mz a of dry weight shell-free by instantaneous growth method. The corresponding P/B ratio are 4. 0,5. 4,respectively.