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Running time analysis of evolutionary algorithms for continuous optimization is one research challenge in the field of evolutionary algorithms (EAs). However, the theoretical analysis results have rarely been applied to evolutionary algorithms for continuous optimization in practice, let alone their variants for evolution strategy. In this paper, we regarded the first hitting time of evolution strategy as the stopping time of the renewal process on the basis of the renewal process and in combination with Wald's inequality and stopping time theory. Afterwards, to demonstrate the application of the proposed model in the first hitting time analysis of (1 + 1) ES, we analyzed it with different mutation operators on the sphere function. First, we significantly improved the lower bound on the first hitting time of (1 + 1) ES with a uniform mutation operator, i.e., from Ω (n) to Ω (e c n) . Next, O (n 2 n) was the upper bound on the first hitting time of (1 + 1) ES with a Gaussian mutation operator from the initial distance R to half of the initial distance R /2. The numerical experimental results showed that the theoretical calculation was consistent with the actual running time, which provides a novel method for analyzing the first hitting time of EAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transfer from the solidified shell to the mold, especially in the meniscus region, significantly affects the surface quality of the strand and the stability of the continuous casting process. The mold slag film serves as the sole heat transfer medium between the shell and the mold, and its performance and structure have a substantial impact on the heat transfer efficiency. Thus, since the 1980s, various testing methods are developed to investigate the heat transfer performance of the slag film, including the pouring method, immersion method, parallel plate method, and mold experiment. In this article, the principles, characteristics, and main study results of these methods are reviewed, and the existing issues are highlighted in these methods. Furthermore, specific requirements that shall be satisfied in future research on the heat transfer of slag film are presented. The new approach for testing heat transfer in slag film necessitates ensuring consistency in the heat flux, surface temperature of the shell, interfacial thermal resistance, and thickness and cooling rate of the slag film, aligning with those observed in a mold. This consistency is crucial to ensure the comparable structure and heat transfer characteristic between the experimental and industrial slag films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the negative effects of multiple-faults on spectrum-based fault localization (SBFL). Previously, researchers validated the fact that the occurrence of multiple-faults could have a significant negative impact on fault localization. However, a very little current research addresses the degree of these impacts through a systemic analysis. Furthermore, the fundamental causes underlying that negative impact have not been investigated and are not fully understood. We conducted experiments on fourteen real-life open source programs to explore and possibly solve these problems. Our results indicate that: 1) although multiple-faults generally do have a negative impact on fault localization, different fault localizations displayed various levels of robustness against that negative impact; 2) restoring pass/fail fault interactions only has a modest effect on that negative impact; 3) our investigation of twelve Fault Localization Interactions (FLI) shows that there is a dominant FLI-1 interaction in multiple-fault programs which should be responsible for that negative impact; 4) restoring FLI-1 can significantly improve the performance of both SBFL and parallel debugging techniques; and 5) furthermore, this paper practically validated the revised Kendall Tau distance as an efficient measure to help locate test cases, which have triggered FLI-1. Based on the revised Kendall Tau distance, a fast search algorithm has been suggested to locate FLI-1 test cases. It is expected that this paper can provide some insight into the fundamental causes of multiple-faults’ negative impact on fault localization and drive the development of more efficient fault localization techniques to improve the identification and handling of multiple-faults.

This paper investigates the development of green factory standards in the building materials industry and systematically analyzes the construction of green factories in the building materials industry from dimensions such as regional distribution and industry. Furthermore, based on years of experience in green factory cultivation, the key points of creating green factories for the building materials industry in terms of factory planning, energy conservation, material and water conservation, emission reduction and green factory management are analyzed, providing an empirical reference for building materials production factories to create green factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]