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11. Posttranslational Modifications of the Master Transcriptional Regulator NPR1 Enable Dynamic but Tight Control of Plant Immune Responses

Author

Saleh, Abdelaty, Withers, John, Mohan, Rajinikanth, Marqués, Jorge, Gu, Yangnan, Yan, Shunping, Zavaliev, Raul, Nomoto, Mika, Tada, Yasuomi, and Dong, Xinnian

Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences, Biotechnology, Genetics, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Immunity, Protein Binding, Proteolysis, Sumoylation, Ubiquitins, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Immunology, Biochemistry and cell biology, Medical microbiology
Abstract

NPR1, a master regulator of basal and systemic acquired resistance in plants, confers immunity through a transcriptional cascade, which includes transcription activators (e.g., TGA3) and repressors (e.g., WRKY70), leading to the massive induction of antimicrobial genes. How this single protein orchestrates genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming in response to immune stimulus remains a major question. Paradoxically, while NPR1 is essential for defense gene induction, its turnover appears to be required for this function, suggesting that NPR1 activity and degradation are dynamically regulated. Here we show that sumoylation of NPR1 by SUMO3 activates defense gene expression by switching NPR1's association with the WRKY transcription repressors to TGA transcription activators. Sumoylation also triggers NPR1 degradation, rendering the immune induction transient. SUMO modification of NPR1 is inhibited by phosphorylation at Ser55/Ser59, which keeps NPR1 stable and quiescent. Thus, posttranslational modifications enable dynamic but tight and precise control of plant immune responses.

Published
2015

26. Characterization and Potential Function Analysis of the SRS Gene Family in Brassica napus.

Author

Hu, Ming, Xie, Meili, Cui, Xiaobo, Huang, Junyan, Cheng, Xiaohui, Liu, Lijiang, Yan, Shunping, Liu, Shengyi, and Tong, Chaobo

Subjects
GENE families, RAPESEED, POTENTIAL functions, GENE expression, PROMOTERS (Genetics)
Abstract

SRS (SHI-related sequence) transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress response. Although Brassica napus (B. napus) is one of the most important oil crops in the world, the role of SRS genes in B. napus (BnSRS) has not been well investigated. Therefore, we employed a bioinformatics approach to identify BnSRS genes from genomic data and investigated their characteristics, functions, and expression patterns, to gain a better understanding of how this gene family is involved in plant development and growth. The results revealed that there were 34 BnSRS gene family members in the genomic sequence of B. napus, unevenly distributed throughout the sequence. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, these BnSRS genes could be divided into four subgroups, with each group sharing comparable conserved motifs and gene structure. Analysis of the upstream promoter region showed that BnSRS genes may regulate hormone responses, biotic and abiotic stress response, growth, and development in B. napus. The protein-protein interaction analysis revealed the involvement of BnSRS genes in various biological processes and metabolic pathways. Our analysis of BnSRS gene expression showed that 23 BnSRS genes in the callus tissue exhibited a dominant expression pattern, suggesting their critical involvement in cell dedifferentiation, cell division, and tissue development. In addition, association analysis between genotype and agronomic traits revealed that BnSRS genes may be linked to some important agronomic traits in B. napus, suggesting that BnSRS genes were widely involved in the regulation of important agronomic traits (including C16.0, C18.0, C18.1, C18.2 C18.3, C20.1, C22.1, GLU, protein, TSW, and FFT). In this study, we predicted the evolutionary relationships and potential functions of BnSRS gene family members, providing a basis for the development of BnSRS gene functions which could facilitate targeted functional studies and genetic improvement for elite breeding in B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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28. Functional and evolutionary study of MLO gene family in the regulation of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in Brassica napus L

Author

Liu, Jie, primary, Wu, Yupo, additional, Zhang, Xiong, additional, Gill, Rafaqat Ali, additional, Hu, Ming, additional, Bai, Zetao, additional, Zhao, Chuanji, additional, Zhang, Yi, additional, Cheng, Xiaohui, additional, Liu, Yueying, additional, Huang, Junyan, additional, Liu, Lijiang, additional, Yan, Shunping, additional, and Liu, Shengyi, additional

Published
2022
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37. NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants

Author

Fu, Zheng Qing, Yan, Shunping, Saleh, Abdelaty, Wang, Wei, Ruble, James, Oka, Nodoka, Mohan, Rajinikanth, Spoel, Steven H., Tada, Yasuomi, Zheng, Ning, and Dong, Xinnian

Subjects
Plant hormones -- Properties, Drug resistance in microorganisms -- Genetic aspects, Immunity -- Research, Salicylic acid -- Properties, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant immune signal produced after pathogen challenge to induce systemic acquired resistance. It is the only major plant hormone for which the receptor has not [...]

Published
2012
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44. Structural basis of salicylic acid perception by ArabidopsisNPR proteins

Author

Wang, Wei, Withers, John, Li, Heng, Zwack, Paul J., Rusnac, Domnița-Valeria, Shi, Hui, Liu, Lijing, Yan, Shunping, Hinds, Thomas R., Guttman, Mikelos, Dong, Xinnian, and Zheng, Ning

Abstract

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that is critical for resistance to pathogens1–3. The NPR proteins have previously been identified as SA receptors4–10, although how they perceive SA and coordinate hormonal signalling remain unknown. Here we report the mapping of the SA-binding core of Arabidopsis thalianaNPR4 and its ligand-bound crystal structure. The SA-binding core domain of NPR4 refolded with SA adopts an α-helical fold that completely buries SA in its hydrophobic core. The lack of a ligand-entry pathway suggests that SA binding involves a major conformational remodelling of the SA-binding core of NPR4, which we validated using hydrogen–deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry analysis of the full-length protein and through SA-induced disruption of interactions between NPR1 and NPR4. We show that, despite the two proteins sharing nearly identical hormone-binding residues, NPR1 displays minimal SA-binding activity compared to NPR4. We further identify two surface residues of the SA-binding core, the mutation of which can alter the SA-binding ability of NPR4 and its interaction with NPR1. We also demonstrate that expressing a variant of NPR4 that is hypersensitive to SA could enhance SA-mediated basal immunity without compromising effector-triggered immunity, because the ability of this variant to re-associate with NPR1 at high levels of SA remains intact. By revealing the structural mechanisms of SA perception by NPR proteins, our work paves the way for future investigation of the specific roles of these proteins in SA signalling and their potential for engineering plant immunity.

Published
2020
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