Search

Simple Summary: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIRS) is widely used in milk quality detection, dairy herd improvement (DHI), and other fields. It is an economical, fast, accurate, and nondestructive batch tool for determining production performance phenotypes of dairy cows. Milk is one of the most important ways to provide the human body with the fatty acids it needs. There are a huge number of dairy cows in China. Therefore, it is possible to control fatty acid production in the milk source through targeted husbandry and breeding on large pastures to improve the quality of milk production. However, this work has not yet officially begun in China. In summary, our work uses FT-MIRS for the first time to study the phenotypic properties of milk fatty acid content and the genetic mechanism of its formation and to estimate genetic parameters. At the same time, SNPs significantly related to fatty acid content were discovered and the genes or adjacent genes had critical regulatory effects on milk fat synthesis, milk protein synthesis, adipocyte differentiation, mammary gland development, milk synthesis, and growth and development in dairy cows, thus providing a new perspective for cow genetic selection in China. Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIRS) can be used for quantitative detection of milk components. Here, milk samples of 458 Chinese Holstein cows from 11 provinces in China were collected and we established a total of 22 quantitative prediction models in milk fatty acids by FT-MIRS. The coefficient of determination of the validation set ranged from 0.59 (C18:0) to 0.76 (C4:0). The models were adopted to predict the milk fatty acids from 2138 cows and a new high-throughput computing software HiBLUP was employed to construct a multi-trait model to estimate and analyze genetic parameters in dairy cows. Finally, genome-wide association analysis was performed and seven novel SNPs significantly associated with fatty acid content were selected, investigated, and verified with the FarmCPU method, which stands for "Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification". The findings of this study lay a foundation and offer technical support for the study of fatty acid trait breeding and the screening and grouping of characteristic dairy cows in China with rich, high-quality fatty acids. It is hoped that in the future, the method established in this study will be able to screen milk sources rich in high-quality fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent exploration has revealed the great potential of gas resources, complicated gas distributions and geochemical characteristics of natural gases in tight sandstones of the West Sichuan Basin, China (WSBC). The chemical, stable carbon and light hydrocarbon compositions of natural gases from WSBC were investigated to assess the genesis, sources, and migration pattern leading to variations in the geochemical and stable carbon isotope compositions. The analysis shows that the natural gas in the Jurassic tight sandstones occurs as dry gas or wet gas in some places; however, most of the gas in the deep Triassic tight sandstones is apparently dry gas. Carbon isotope distributions increased in the order δ13C1 < δ13C2 < δ13C3 < δ13C4. The light hydrocarbon content increased in the order of chain (i.e. non-cyclic) alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Relatively high ethane carbon isotope values and methylcyclohexane contents indicated the presence of lacustrine coal-formed gases. The Jurassic natural gas is in a lower thermally mature stage and possibly originated from a mixture of T3X3 and T3X5 black mudstones. The deep Triassic natural gas was possibly originated in the deep source rocks because the gas has a relatively higher thermal maturity. Positive correlations between burial depth and methane content, dryness coefficient, δ13C1, and δ13C1-δ13C2 for the deep Triassic gas suggest that the migration distance was short and the source was nearby or the gas accumulated in situ. The chemical compositions and geological studies revealed that the fractionation of the Jurassic natural gases in a tight reservoir was predominantly caused by vertical migration rather than the maturity of the local source rocks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifetime productivity is a trait of great importance to dairy cattle populations, as it combines information from production and longevity variables. Therefore, we investigated the genetic background of lifetime productivity in high-producing dairy cattle by integrating genomics and transcriptomics datasets. A total of 3,365,612 test-day milk yield records from 134,029 Chinese Holstein cows were used to define 6 lifetime productivity traits, including lifetime milk yield covering full lifespan and 5 cumulative milk yield traits covering partial lifespan. Genetic parameters were estimated based on univariate and bivariate linear animal models and the restricted maximum likelihood method. Genome-wide association studies and weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) were performed to identify candidate genes associated with lifetime productivity based on genomic data from 3,424 cows and peripheral blood RNA-sequencing data from 23 cows, respectively. Lifetime milk yield averaged 24,800.8 ± 14,396.6 kg (mean ± SD) across an average of 2.4 parities in Chinese Holstein population. The heritability estimates for lifetime productivity traits ranged from 0.05 (±0.01 for SE) to 0.10 (±0.02 for SE). The estimate of genetic correlation between lifetime milk yield and productive life is 0.88 (±0.3 for SE), whereas the genetic correlation with 305-d milk yield in the first lactation was 0.49 (±0.08 for SE). Absolute values for most genetic correlation estimates between lifetime productivity and type traits were lower than 0.30. Moderate genetic correlations were found between udder related traits and lifetime productivity, such as with udder depth (0.33), rear udder attachment height (0.33), and udder system (0.34). Some single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene co-expression modules significantly associated with lifetime milk yield were identified based on GWAS and WGCNA analyses, respectively. Functional enrichment analyses of the candidate genes identified revealed important pathways related to immune system, longevity, energy utilization, and metabolism, and FoxO signaling. The genes NTMT1 , FNBP1 , and S1PR1 were considered to be the most important candidate genes influencing lifetime productivity in Holstein cows. Overall, our findings indicate that lifetime productivity is heritable in Chinese Holstein cattle, and important candidate genes were identified by integrating genomic and transcriptomic datasets. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protease inhibitors (PIs) in plants are involved primarily in defense against pathogens and pests and in response to abiotic stresses. However, information about the PI gene families in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the most important model plant for crop species, is limited. In this study, in silico analysis identified 55 PI genes and their conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships, and chromosome locations were characterized. According to genetic structure and evolutionary relationships, the PI gene families were divided into seven families. Genome-wide microarray transcription analysis indicated that the expression of SlPI genes can be induced by abiotic (heat, drought, and salt) and biotic (Botrytis cinerea and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)) stresses. In addition, expression analysis using RNA-seq in various tissues and developmental stages revealed that some SlPI genes were highly or preferentially expressed, showing tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression profiles. The expressions of four representative SlPI genes in response to abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (Eth), gibberellic acid (GA). and methyl viologen (MV) were determined. Our findings indicated that PI genes may mediate the response of tomato plants to environmental stresses to balance hormone signals. The data obtained here will improve the understanding of the potential function of PI gene and lay a foundation for tomato breeding and transgenic resistance to stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel hexasubstituted organosilyl derivative based on trivacant tungstosilicate [(C4H9)4N]3[α-A-SiW9O34(CH3SiOH)6]·3H2O (1), was synthesized under phase-transfer conditions, by the reaction of the CH3SiHCl2 with Na10[α-SiW9O34]∙18H2O, which was characterized by IR spectrum, elemental analyses and X-ray single crystal diffraction. X-ray structural analysis reveals that 1 crystallizes in hexagonal space group R 3m , with lattice constants a= 26.0333(2) Å, b= 26.0333(2) Å, c= 13.7239(2) Å, V= 8055.02(15) Å3, and Z= 3, which consists of a trivacant Keggin moiety [α-A-SiW9O34]10−, on which six {CH3Siare grafted via six Sih name="sbnd" />W bridges, and that each of the six {CH3Silinks with two adjacent ones through Sih name="sbnd" />Si bridges resulting in a unique flower basket-shaped polyoxoanion framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIRS) can be used for quantitative detection of milk components. Here, milk samples of 458 Chinese Holstein cows from 11 provinces in China were collected and we established a total of 22 quantitative prediction models in milk fatty acids by FT-MIRS. The coefficient of determination of the validation set ranged from 0.59 (C18:0) to 0.76 (C4:0). The models were adopted to predict the milk fatty acids from 2138 cows and a new high-throughput computing software HiBLUP was employed to construct a multi-trait model to estimate and analyze genetic parameters in dairy cows. Finally, genome-wide association analysis was performed and seven novel SNPs significantly associated with fatty acid content were selected, investigated, and verified with the FarmCPU method, which stands for "Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification". The findings of this study lay a foundation and offer technical support for the study of fatty acid trait breeding and the screening and grouping of characteristic dairy cows in China with rich, high-quality fatty acids. It is hoped that in the future, the method established in this study will be able to screen milk sources rich in high-quality fatty acids.

The BTB (broad-complex, tramtrack, and bric-à-brac) domain is a highly conserved protein interaction motif in eukaryotes. They are widely involved in transcriptional regulation, protein degradation and other processes. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that these genes play important roles in plant growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress processes. Here, we summarize the advances of these proteins ubiquitination-mediated development and abiotic stress responses in plants based on the protein structure, which may facilitate the study of this type of gene in plants.