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Genus Myllaena Erichson, 1837 [Japanese name: Migiwa-hanekakushi-zoku] Myllaena Erichson, 1837: 382 (original description; type species: Aleochara dubia Gravenhorst, 1806, designated by Shuckard 1839: 128). Centroglossa Matthews, 1838:194 (original description; type species: Centroglossa conuroides Matthews, 1838 (= Aleochara dubia Gravenhorst, 1806), designated by Westwood 1838: 19). See, Klimaszewski (1982) for a detailed synonymic list., Published as part of Liu, Tian-Tian, Nozaki, Tsubasa, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2022, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens II. Genus Myllaena Erichson of tribe Myllaenini with redescription of four Japanese species, pp. 373-382 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on page 374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5843827, {"references":["Erichson, W. F. (1837) Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg. Erster Band. Erste Abtheilung. Morin F. H., Berlin, viii + 384 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65804","Shuckard, W. E. (1839) Elements of British Entomology, containing a General Introduction to the Science, a Systematic Description of all the Genera, and a List of all the Species of British Insects, with a History of their Transformation, Habits, Economy. Part I. Hippolyte Bailliere, London, 240 pp.","Klimaszewski, J. (1982) Studies of Myllaenini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): 1. Systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of Nearctic Myllaena Erichson. The Canadian Entmologist, 114 (3), 181 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 114181 - 3"]}

Myllaena japonica Sharp, 1888 [Japanese name: Migiwa-hanekakushi] (Figs. 1, 5���8, 18) Myllaena japonica Sharp, 1888: 377 (original description; type locality: Japan, ���Miyanoshita��� [Hakone-machi, Kanagawa-ken, eastern Honsh��]); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz 1926: 507 (catalogue); Li 1992: 55 (record from China); Paśnik 2001: 189 (record from North Korea); Smetana 2004: 465 (catalogue); Sch��lke & Smetana 2015: 678 (catalogue). Type material. Lectotype, here designated, ♂, ���Type [RRL]// Myllaena japonica Type/D.S./Miyanoshita/ May 1880 Lewis // Miyanoshita // Japan./ G. Lewis. //Sharp Coll./1905 ��� 313.// Lectotype / Myllaena /japonica/ Sharp, 1874/des. Maruyama, 2011[RPC]��� (considerably broken, probably by DS; abdominal segments VIII ��� X and aedeagus were dissected and mounted by MM) (BMNH). Non-type specimens examined. [Japan]: Honsh��: 6 ♂, 4 ♀, 61 unsexed, Amagi-t��ge, Kawazu-ch��, Shizuokaken, 16 III 1996, M. Maruyama (KUM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 8 unsexed, same locality, 14 III 1996, M. Maruyama (KUM); 2 ♂, 17 unsexed, same locality, 14���16 III 1996, S. Naomi (KUM). Distribution. China (Heilongjiang, Jilin)?; North Korea?; Japan (Honsh��: Kanagawa, Shizuoka; Ky��sh��: Nagasaki?). See, Comments below. Redescription. Body (Figs. 1, 5) large, robust, about 2.2���3.0 mm, widest at elytra. Color darker brown, but mouthparts, basal segments of antennae, and legs reddish brown, similarly colored, a little paler than body color. Head subtriangular, more or less produced anteriorly, wider than length, shorter than pronotum and elytra; eyes large, almost as long as temporal length; antenna reddish brown, longer than total length from head to pronotum; antennal segments all longer than width; segment I shortest, about half shorter than II, almost 0.6 times shorter than III; XI almost as long as II, and about 2 times longer than I. Pronotum shorter than elytra and wider than head, semicircular, trapezoid, and wider than length, and widest at base; posterior-lateral angle acute, slightly protrude posteriorly; basal width about 1.8 times wider than narrowest width. Elytra wider than length; hind wings fully developed. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 6 ��� 7) rather simplified; flagellum long; basal sclerites separated; apical sclerites separated, semicircular. Spermatheca (Fig. 8) about 17 times coiled at base. Measurements of lectotype. BL, ��� 3.0; PL, 0.59; PW, 0.83; HTL, 0.48. Measurements of specimens from Shizuoka. BL, 2.2���3.0; FBL, 1.4���1.5; HL, 0.30���0.45; HW, 0.48���0.55; PL, 0.55���0.61; PW, 0.85���0.90; EL, 0.68���0.80; EW, 0.93���0.95; HTL, 0.48���0.55; AL, 1.15���1.25; AS-I, 0.07���0.09; AS-II, 0.14���0.15; AS-III, 0.12���0.13; AS-XI, 0.17���0.2. Comments. This species was recorded from China and North Korea (Li 1992; Paśnik 2001). However, these records are doubtful because they are not based on observation of the genitalia of M. japonica, that is essential for species-level identification for this group. Re-examination of the voucher specimens is needed. This was originally described from Nagasaki and Miyanoshita(possibly in Kanagawa).The syntype are composed of two females from Nagasaki and one male from Miyanoshita, and the latter is designated as lectotype because the specimens from Nagasaki belong to a different species (see, Comments of the next species). A distribution map of the examined specimens of this species in Japan is illustrated in Fig. 18. In Shizuoka, this species was collected in leaf litter near a wet cliff along the old road of Amagi-t��ge., Published as part of Liu, Tian-Tian, Nozaki, Tsubasa, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2022, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens II. Genus Myllaena Erichson of tribe Myllaenini with redescription of four Japanese species, pp. 373-382 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on pages 374-375, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5843827, {"references":["Sharp, D. (1888) The Staphylinidae of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 (6), 277 - 295, 369 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460928","Li, J. (1992) The Coleoptera fauna of Northeast China. Jilin Education Publishing House, Jinlin, 208 pp. (In Chinese, with English title.)","Pasnik, G. (2001) The North Korean Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae): diversity and biogeography. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 44 (3), 185 - 234.","Smetana, A. (2004) Subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming, 1821. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea-Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 353 - 494.","Schulke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015) Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2 / 1 - 2. Revised and updated edition. Hydrophiloidea Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, pp. 304 - 1134."]}

Myllaena lewisi Cameron, 1933 [Japanese name: Ruisu-migiwa-hanekakushi] (Figs. 4, 15���18) Myllaena lewisi Cameron, 1933: 173 (original description; type locality: Japan, ���KOBE: Mayasan��� [K��be-shi, Hy��go-ken, western Honsh��]); Smetana 2004: 465 (catalogue); Sch��lke & Smetana 2015: 678 (catalogue) Myllaena chinoculata Pace, 1998: 158 (original description; type locality: China, Zhejiang, Tianmushan); Smetana 2004: 465 (catalogue); Sch��lke & Smetana 2015: 677 (catalogue). Syn. nov. Type material. Lectotype, here designated, ♂, ��� Type [RRL]// JAPAN / Kobe // Mayasan /12.IV.30//M./lewisi/ TYPE Cam.// Cameron /Bequest./B. M. 1955���147.// Lectotype / Myllaena /lewisi/ Cameron, 1933 /des. Maruyama, 2011 [RPC]��� (abdominal segments VII���X and aedeagus were dissected and mounted by MM). Paralectotype, ♀, ��� JAPAN / Kobe // Mayasan /12.IV.30// Cameron /Bequest./B. M. 1955���147.���. Distribution. Japan (Honsh��: Hy��go); China (Zhejiang) Redescription. Body (Fig. 4) small, slender, about 1.5���2.0 mm, widest at elytra. Color pale yellowish brown, but abdomen slightly darker; pronotum and elytra similarly colored, paler than head; mouthparts, antennae and legs a littler paler than body color. Head subtriangular, more or less produced anteriorly, wider than length, shorter than pronotum and almost as long as shortest length of elytra; eyes medium sized, almost as long as temporal length; antenna yellow, longer than total length from head to pronotum; antennal segments all longer than width; segment I shortest, about half shorter than II, almost 0.55 times shorter than III; XI longest, about 3.5 times longer than I. Pronotum much longer than elytra and wider than head, trapezoid, wider than length, and widest at base; basal width about 1.3 times wider than narrowest width. Elytra wider than length; hindwings not examined. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 15���16) with base of apical lobe in dentate in lateral view; flagellum short; basal sclerites separated; apical sclerites separated. Spermatheca (Fig. 17) about 2 times coiled and curved at base. Measurements of lectotype. BL, ��� 2.0; PL, 0.32; PW, 0.44; HTL, 0.25. Comments. This species was originally described from Maya-san, K��be and the number of the syntypes was not specified in the literature. MM found two syntypes in BMNH and one is designated as lectotype. Pace (1998) described M. chinoculata from Zhejiang, China. The illustrations of the original description are agreed well with those of M. lewisi. Therefore, we consider M. chinoculata is a junior synonym of M. lewisi. A distribution map of examined specimens of this species in Japan is illustrated in Fig. 18., Published as part of Liu, Tian-Tian, Nozaki, Tsubasa, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2022, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens II. Genus Myllaena Erichson of tribe Myllaenini with redescription of four Japanese species, pp. 373-382 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on pages 380-381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5843827, {"references":["Cameron, M. (1933) New species of Staphylinidae (Col.) from Japan. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 69, 169 - 175.","Smetana, A. (2004) Subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming, 1821. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea-Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 353 - 494.","Schulke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015) Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2 / 1 - 2. Revised and updated edition. Hydrophiloidea Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, pp. 304 - 1134."]}

Myllaena torrentum Cameron, 1933 [Japanese name: ��-migiwa-hanekakushi] (Figs. 2, 10���11, 18) Myllaena torrentum Cameron, 1933: 172 (original description; type locality: Japan, ���KOBE: Cascade Valley��� [K��be-shi, Hy��go-ken, western Honsh��]); Smetana 2004: 465 (catalogue); Sch��lke & Smetana 2015: 679 (catalogue). Type material. Holotype?, ♂, ��� Type [RRL]// JAPAN / Kobe / Cascade /20.XII.27// M. torrentum / TYPE Cam.// Cameron /Bequest./B. M. 1955���147.��� (abdominal segments VII���X and aedeagus were dissected and mounted by MM). Distribution. Japan (Honsh��: Hy��go). Redescription. Male. Body (Fig. 2) large, robust, about 2.8 mm, widest at elytra. Color brown, but mouthparts, basal segments of antennae, and legs reddish brown; pronotum and elytra similarly colored, paler than head. Head subtriangular, more or less produced anteriorly, wider than length, shorter than pronotum and almost as long as shortest length of elytra; eyes medium sized, almost as long as temporal length; antenna reddish brown, almost as long as total length from head to pronotum; remaining segments longer than width; segment I about half shorter than II, almost as long as III; XI almost as long as II, about 2 times longer than I; antennal segments VIII���X length almost as long as width. Pronotum almost as long as longest of elytra, and wider than head, trapezoid and wider than length, widest width about 1.7 times wider than narrowest width. Elytra wider than length; hindwings fully developed. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 10 ��� 11) with base of apical lobe slightly dentate in lateral view; flagellum long, thick; basal sclerites contiguous; apical sclerites connected to form crescent shape. Female unknown. Measurements of lectotype. BL, ��� 2.8; PL, 0.52; PW, 0.75; HTL, 0.28. Comments. This species was originally described from ��� Cascade Valley ��� of K��be-shi. Only a single specimen with RRL was found in BMNH and this may represent holotype though the number of the examined specimens was not specified in the original description. A distribution map of the examined specimens of this species in Japan is illustrated in Fig. 18., Published as part of Liu, Tian-Tian, Nozaki, Tsubasa, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2022, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens II. Genus Myllaena Erichson of tribe Myllaenini with redescription of four Japanese species, pp. 373-382 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on pages 375-379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5843827, {"references":["Cameron, M. (1933) New species of Staphylinidae (Col.) from Japan. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 69, 169 - 175.","Smetana, A. (2004) Subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming, 1821. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea-Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 353 - 494.","Schulke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015) Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Lobl, I. & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2 / 1 - 2. Revised and updated edition. Hydrophiloidea Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, pp. 304 - 1134.","Sharp, D. (1888) The Staphylinidae of Japan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2 (6), 277 - 295, 369 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460928"]}

Jałoszynski, Paweł, Luo, Xiao-Zhu, Hammel, Jorg U., Yamamoto, Sh^uhei, Beutel, Rolf G. (2020): The mid-Cretaceous †Lepiceratus Gen. nov. and the Evolution of the Relict Beetle Family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1-14, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561

Genus ��� Lepiceratus Jałoszynski, Luo, Yamamoto & Beutel, gen. nov. Type species. ��� Lepiceratus ankylosaurus Jałoszynski, Luo, Yamamoto & Beutel, sp. nov. (here designated). Diagnosis. Lepiceroid with heptamerous antennae; metathoracic discrimen not marked on ventral surface (but discernible on inner, dorsal surface of metaventrite); and prosternal process sub-triangular, elongate, gradually tapering toward pointed apex. Description. Body (Figs 1A���C, 2A, B, 3A) stout, compact (prothorax widely separated from posterior body as a post-mortem artefact) and moderately convex. Cuticle strongly sclerotized and conspicuously sculptured on dorsal side, sparsely setose. Head large in relation to body, slightly inclined, only partly visible in dorsal view but largely exposed ventrally. Posterior-most part retracted into prothorax, constricted ���neck��� region apparently absent. Dorsal side with distinct protuberances. Compound eyes (Figs 1D, 2C, 3C) conspicuously large and protruding, composed of numerous small ommatidia with distinctly convex cornea lenses. Antennal furrow (Figs 1D, 2C, 3C) present, sharply demarcated, as narrow as proximal flagellomeres and running along mesoventral margin of each eye. Clypeus, labrum and paired mouthparts poorly visible or not observable, except for elongated tetramerous structure that may be a posteriorly bent maxillary palp (Fig. 2D). Mentum (Fig. 1D) large and plate-like, almost completely covering ventral side of head. Antennae inserted in small lateroventrally open cavities; heptamerous, with broad basal part of scapus (Figs 2C, 3C) and narrower distal portion; pedicellus (Figs 2C, 3C) sub-cylindrical; antennomeres 3���6 indistinctly widening; apical antennomere 7 forming very large club (Figs 2C, 3C), broadening distad and obliquely truncated at apex; distal surface (Fig. 3) oval, with distinct circumferential rim. Pronotum sub-trapezoidal, strongly transverse; anterior and posterior corners well-marked but blunt, obtuse-angled; lateral margins irregularly undulate. Anteroventral surface behind each eye with antennal pocket (Figs 1D, 3C) to accommodate antennal club. Large median area of pronotal disc strongly convex and bearing longitudinal rows of large tubercles, except for longitudinal and impressed median region; lateral portions of pronotal disc abruptly demarcated, slightly concave dorsally, laterally forming complete lateral edges. Prosternum short and laterally distinctly demarcated from broad pronotal hypomera (Fig. 1D); prosternal process (Figs 1D, 3E) sub-triangular and elongate, with lateral margins convergent posterad toward pointed apex, posterior process nearly reaching hind margins of procoxae, its ventral surface with pair of elongate lateral bulges which anteriorly continue along posterior prosternal margin, posterior portion of process behind bulges distinctly concave. Pleura and trochantin not discernible. Mesonotum exposed between pronotum and elytra but details of scutum and main part of scutellum not recognizable, except for small triangular scutellar shield (Fig. 3A) between mesal edges of elytral base. Mesoventrite (Fig. 1D) sub-rhomboidal in shape, lacking visible discrimen and transverse suture; anterior margin sub-triangular with slightly sinuate sides, forming anteromedian process strongly projecting anterad (Fig. 2B), which likely articulates with caudal concave portion of prosternal process when prothorax is in normal position (i.e. as in living beetles). Median area of mesoventrite between mesocoxae distinctly impressed. Mesotrochantin not recognizable. Metanotum not visible. Metaventrite (Fig. 1D) lacks externally visible discrimen (but visible on inner, dorsal surface of metaventrite in tomographic sections), with complete transverse suture, broad and short anteromedian intercoxal process overlapping with posterior mesoventrite. Median and lateral regions of metaventrite distinctly impressed, with anterior and lateral margins elevated. Katepisternum (Fig. 1D) large, widening laterally, with two paramedian posterior (intercoxal) triangular processes separated by rounded median excavation. Elytra (Figs 1A���D, 2A, B, D, 3A, E) slightly broader than pronotum. Humeral angles strongly pronounced; elytral suture (Fig. 3A) well-marked. Elytral disc with a pattern of strongly developed tubercles arranged in four complete rows (Fig. 1A), and additionally with short row just laterad proximal portion of r4 (Fig. 1A); continuous longitudinal costae absent. Elytra with complete lateral carina and broad epipleura (Fig. 3E), each bearing two excavations (Figs 1D, 2D) for mesofemur (anterolaterally) and for metafemur (in median region). Elytra interlocked with metapleuron anterad metacoxae by conspicuous mesally directed process. Lateral outline of elytral edge (Fig. 2B) strongly bisinuate, with submedian region forming broad sub-triangular ���tooth���. Hind wings not exposed, but well-visible in microtomographic sections, folded in sub-elytral space (Fig. 3B). Legs moderately long and robust; coxae (Fig. 1D) flat, not elevated ventrad beyond ventral surface of body; trochanters (Fig. 1D) sub-triangular, similar in size in all three pairs of legs; trochantero-femoral articulation oblique; femora (Fig. 1D) flattened, only profemora laterally reaching beyond lateral body margins; tibiae (Fig. 1D) sub-cylindrical, narrower than femora; tarsi (Fig. 1D) only slightly shorter than tibiae, slender, sub-cylindrical, either indistinctly divided into four units (protarsus) or completely undivided (meso- and metatarsus), with rows of short sub-erect spines on anterior and posterior margins and each with one long and weakly curved claw. Abdomen (Figs 1B, D, 2D, 3B, E) with seven visible sternites, lacking plastron. Sternite II forms broad median process between metacoxae, anteriorly fitting with katepisternal concavity; narrowed behind posterior metacoxal margin but widening laterad. Border between sternites II and III poorly visible medially but distinct at lateral edges. Posterior sternites form distinct bulges along their posterior edges and are gradually tapering towards rounded abdominal apex; median protuberance of terminal sternite not discernible. Derivation of name. Variation of Lepicerus. Gender masculine. Stratigraphic range. Late Albian���early Cenomanian. Geographical range. Northern Myanmar, Kachin, Hukawng Valley. Remarks. The new genus is unambiguously placed in Lepiceridae on the basis of the following synapomorphies: body strongly sculptured; head large, macrophthalmous, with mouthparts partly internalized; antennae with reduced number of antennomeres, with the terminal one forming a very large undivided club; pronotum with distinctly marked anterior and posterior corners; head with antennal furrows and prothorax with antennal pockets; tarsomeres largely fused, with only indistinct septa visible on surface of protarsi; elytral epipleura with sinuate concavities to accommodate femora; elytra with longitudinal rows of convexities; prosternal process prominent and ���U���- or ���V���-shaped; mesoventral process anteriorly broadly sub-triangular and projecting; abdomen with seven visible sternites. Apart from the unique characters listed in the diagnosis, the sole known species of ��� Lepiceratus differs from all extant and extinct Lepiceridae by rows of distinctly separated and very long tubercles, well-defined, especially on the posterior half of the elytra; this differs from other described species of the family, where the elytra have either continuous costae or rows of weakly elevated tubercles fused one to another and forming elongate bulges., Published as part of Ja��oszynski, Pawe��, Luo, Xiao-Zhu, Hammel, Jorg U., Yamamoto, Sh ^ uhei & Beutel, Rolf G., 2020, The mid-Cretaceous ��� Lepiceratus Gen. nov. and the Evolution of the Relict Beetle Family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga), pp. 1-14 in Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561, http://zenodo.org/record/3763694

��� Lepiceratus ankylosaurus Jałoszynski, Luo, Yamamoto & Beutel, sp. nov. (Figs 1���3) Holotype. Sex unknown; FMNHINS-3966034; Hukawng Valley, Kachin State of northern Myanmar (FMNH). Diagnosis. As for genus. Description. Body (Figs 1A���D, 2A, B, D, 3A, B, E) stout, length 1.71 mm, region from anterior prothorax to posterior third of elytra approximately parallel-sided; pigmentation light brown with diffuse pattern of darker areas on most convex structures (pronotal and elytral tubercles and ridges); body surface coarsely sculptured and matte. Entire body covered with thin crust of presumably mud particles and glandular secretion, best visible in concave areas on pronotum and elytra and on ventral body side. Head (Figs 1A���D; 2A���D; 3A���C, E) strongly transverse, length 0.21 mm, width 0.63 mm; with very large and strongly convex compound eyes, in dorsal view occupying nearly entire lateral margin of head; tempora vestigial; vertex and frons convex medially and impressed sub-laterally, with paired oblique dorsal protuberances or ridges. Antennae short, length 0.45 mm; scapus (Figs 2C, 3C) large, elongate; pedicellus (Figs 2C, 3C) sub-cylindrical, about as broad as long; antennomere 3 (Figs 2C, 3C) about as long as broad; antennomeres 4���6 (Figs 2C, 3C) each slightly broader than 3 and slightly transverse; antennal club (Figs 2C, 3C) slightly flattened dorsoventrally, slightly shorter than all proximal antennomeres combined, with anterior margin nearly straight and posterior margin slightly rounded; oblique apical surface with densely arranged short setae. Pronotum (Fig. 2A, C) about 0.7 as broad as long, length 0.55 mm, width 0.79 mm; anterior margin sub- trapezoidal and forming short blunt projection overhanging posterodorsal region of head; anterior margin between anterior projection and anterior corner slightly concave; lateral margins irregularly undulate and convergent posterad; posterior margin shallowly and broadly emarginate. Antennal pocket (Figs 1D, 3C) behind each eye open anteroventrally, deep, large and sharply demarcated, with its concave surface smooth. Pronotal disc with convex median area bearing longitudinal rows of several tubercles of various diameters and heights, elongate median region impressed and relatively smooth; impressed lateral portions of pronotal disc with sub-median transverse row of diffuse and weakly elevated tubercles. Setae on pronotum indiscernible. Elytra (Figs 1A���D, 2A, B, D, 3A, B, E) broadest shortly behind humeri; length 0.95 mm, width 0.91 mm. In lateral view (Figs 2B, 3B) dorsal surface of elytra nearly parallel to longitudinal body axis in anterior half, in posterior half strongly rounded, thus elytral apex not visible in dorsal view. Humeral angles distinctly projecting anterad, anterior margin of each elytron thus slightly concave. Elytral tubercles of various heights and diameters, longest tubercles situated on posterior elytral surface and directed posterad; most tubercles bear one apical bristle (best visible on posterior half of elytra). In lateral view, sub-median ���tooth��� of elytral edge obtuseangled, concavity behind it rounded. Three pairs of legs similar. Procoxae (Fig. 1D) triangular, anterior portion separated by prosternal process, posteromesal edges nearly adjacent at midline. Articulation of procoxae with prosternum situated laterally, with notch in nearly straight anterior coxal margin and small sternal condyle. Mesocoxae (Fig. 1D) widely separated and obliquely inserted, flat and distinctly smaller than procoxae; anterior and posterior margins rounded, posterior edge slightly overlapping with trochanteral base. Metacoxae (Fig. 1D) flat, more transverse but otherwise similar to mesocoxae, separated by posteromedian katepisternal excavation, which is narrower than each metacoxa. Protrochanters (Fig. 1D) triangular and about half as long as procoxae. Mesotrochanters (Fig. 1D) slightly smaller. Metatrochanters (Fig. 1D) about as large as protrochanters. Profemora (Fig. 1D) about twice as long as procoxae; their anterior margins slightly curved and ventral margins slightly concave. Meso- and metafemora (Fig. 1D) slightly shorter than profemora, fitting into elytral excavations (Figs 1D, 2D). Protibia (Fig. 1D) sub-cylindrical, shorter than profemora, with fine spines along anterior and posterior margins, lacking distal tibial spur but with posterolaterally directed robust spine at apex. Meso- and metatibiae (Fig. 1D) similar to protibiae. Protarsus (Fig. 1D) including claw slightly shorter than protibia; showing indistinct subdivision into four incompletely delimited subunits and with spines along anterior and posterior edges; single curved claw about as long as apical protarsal subunit. Meso- and metatarsi (Fig. 1D) gradually tapering distad, not showing discernible subdivision. Abdomen (Figs 1B, D, 2D, 3E) covered with punctures, setae indiscernible. Derivation of name. After ankylosaurs, the dinosaurs with longitudinal rows of armour plates resembling the rows of tubercles in the new species (noun in apposition). Stratigraphic range. Late Albian���early Cenomanian. Geographical range. Hukawng Valley. Northern Myanmar, Kachin, Published as part of Ja��oszynski, Pawe��, Luo, Xiao-Zhu, Hammel, Jorg U., Yamamoto, Sh ^ uhei & Beutel, Rolf G., 2020, The mid-Cretaceous ��� Lepiceratus Gen. nov. and the Evolution of the Relict Beetle Family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga), pp. 1-14 in Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561, http://zenodo.org/record/3763694

Genus † Lepiceratus Jałoszynski, Luo, Yamamoto & Beutel, gen. nov. Type species. † Lepiceratus ankylosaurus Jałoszynski, Luo, Yamamoto & Beutel, sp. nov. (here designated). Diagnosis. Lepiceroid with heptamerous antennae; metathoracic discrimen not marked on ventral surface (but discernible on inner, dorsal surface of metaventrite); and prosternal process sub-triangular, elongate, gradually tapering toward pointed apex. Description. Body (Figs 1A–C, 2A, B, 3A) stout, compact (prothorax widely separated from posterior body as a post-mortem artefact) and moderately convex. Cuticle strongly sclerotized and conspicuously sculptured on dorsal side, sparsely setose. Head large in relation to body, slightly inclined, only partly visible in dorsal view but largely exposed ventrally. Posterior-most part retracted into prothorax, constricted ‘neck’ region apparently absent. Dorsal side with distinct protuberances. Compound eyes (Figs 1D, 2C, 3C) conspicuously large and protruding, composed of numerous small ommatidia with distinctly convex cornea lenses. Antennal furrow (Figs 1D, 2C, 3C) present, sharply demarcated, as narrow as proximal flagellomeres and running along mesoventral margin of each eye. Clypeus, labrum and paired mouthparts poorly visible or not observable, except for elongated tetramerous structure that may be a posteriorly bent maxillary palp (Fig. 2D). Mentum (Fig. 1D) large and plate-like, almost completely covering ventral side of head. Antennae inserted in small lateroventrally open cavities; heptamerous, with broad basal part of scapus (Figs 2C, 3C) and narrower distal portion; pedicellus (Figs 2C, 3C) sub-cylindrical; antennomeres 3–6 indistinctly widening; apical antennomere 7 forming very large club (Figs 2C, 3C), broadening distad and obliquely truncated at apex; distal surface (Fig. 3) oval, with distinct circumferential rim. Pronotum sub-trapezoidal, strongly transverse; anterior and posterior corners well-marked but blunt, obtuse-angled; lateral margins irregularly undulate. Anteroventral surface behind each eye with antennal pocket (Figs 1D, 3C) to accommodate antennal club. Large median area of pronotal disc strongly convex and bearing longitudinal rows of large tubercles, except for longitudinal and impressed median region; lateral portions of pronotal disc abruptly demarcated, slightly concave dorsally, laterally forming complete lateral edges. Prosternum short and laterally distinctly demarcated from broad pronotal hypomera (Fig. 1D); prosternal process (Figs 1D, 3E) sub-triangular and elongate, with lateral margins convergent posterad toward pointed apex, posterior process nearly reaching hind margins of procoxae, its ventral surface with pair of elongate lateral bulges which anteriorly continue along posterior prosternal margin, posterior portion of process behind bulges distinctly concave. Pleura and trochantin not discernible. Mesonotum exposed between pronotum and elytra but details of scutum and main part of scutellum not recognizable, except for small triangular scutellar shield (Fig. 3A) between mesal edges of elytral base. Mesoventrite (Fig. 1D) sub-rhomboidal in shape, lacking visible discrimen and transverse suture; anterior margin sub-triangular with slightly sinuate sides, forming anteromedian process strongly projecting anterad (Fig. 2B), which likely articulates with caudal concave portion of prosternal process when prothorax is in normal position (i.e. as in living beetles). Median area of mesoventrite between mesocoxae distinctly impressed. Mesotrochantin not recognizable. Metanotum not visible. Metaventrite (Fig. 1D) lacks externally visible discrimen (but visible on inner, dorsal surface of metaventrite in tomographic sections), with complete transverse suture, broad and short anteromedian intercoxal process overlapping with posterior mesoventrite. Median and lateral regions of metaventrite distinctly impressed, with anterior and lateral margins elevated. Katepisternum (Fig. 1D) large, widening laterally, with two paramedian posterior (intercoxal) triangular processes separated by rounded median excavation. Elytra (Figs 1A–D, 2A, B, D, 3A, E) slightly broader than pronotum. Humeral angles strongly pronounced; elytral suture (Fig. 3A) well-marked. Elytral disc with a pattern of strongly developed tubercles arranged in four complete rows (Fig. 1A), and additionally with short row just laterad proximal portion of r4 (Fig. 1A); continuous longitudinal costae absent. Elytra with complete lateral carina and broad epipleura (Fig. 3E), each bearing two excavations (Figs 1D, 2D) for mesofemur (anterolaterally) and for metafemur (in median region). Elytra interlocked with metapleuron anterad metacoxae by conspicuous mesally directed process. Lateral outline of elytral edge (Fig. 2B) strongly bisinuate, with submedian region forming broad sub-triangular ‘tooth’. Hind wings not exposed, but well-visible in microtomographic sections, folded in sub-elytral space (Fig. 3B). Legs moderately long and robust; coxae (Fig. 1D) flat, not elevated ventrad beyond ventral surface of body; trochanters (Fig. 1D) sub-triangular, similar in size in all three pairs of legs; trochantero-femoral articulation oblique; femora (Fig. 1D) flattened, only profemora laterally reaching beyond lateral body margins; tibiae (Fig. 1D) sub-cylindrical, narrower than femora; tarsi (Fig. 1D) only slightly shorter than tibiae, slender, sub-cylindrical, either indistinctly divided into four units (protarsus) or completely undivided (meso- and metatarsus), with rows of short sub-erect spines on anterior and posterior margins and each with one long and weakly curved claw. Abdomen (Figs 1B, D, 2D, 3B, E) with seven visible sternites, lacking plastron. Sternite II forms broad median process between metacoxae, anteriorly fitting with katepisternal concavity; narrowed behind posterior metacoxal margin but widening laterad. Border between sternites II and III poorly visible medially but distinct at lateral edges. Posterior sternites form distinct bulges along their posterior edges and are gradually tapering towards rounded abdominal apex; median protuberance of terminal sternite not discernible. Derivation of name. Variation of Lepicerus. Gender masculine. Stratigraphic range. Late Albian–early Cenomanian. Geographical range. Northern Myanmar, Kachin, Hukawng Valley. Remarks. The new genus is unambiguously placed in Lepiceridae on the basis of the following synapomorphies: body strongly sculptured; head large, macrophthalmous, with mouthparts partly internalized; antennae with reduced number of antennomeres, with the terminal one forming a very large undivided club; pronotum with distinctly marked anterior and posterior corners; head with antennal furrows and prothorax with antennal pockets; tarsomeres largely fused, with only indistinct septa visible on surface of protarsi; elytral epipleura with sinuate concavities to accommodate femora; elytra with longitudinal rows of convexities; prosternal process prominent and ‘U’- or ‘V’-shaped; mesoventral process anteriorly broadly sub-triangular and projecting; abdomen with seven visible sternites. Apart from the unique characters listed in the diagnosis, the sole known species of † Lepiceratus differs from all extant and extinct Lepiceridae by rows of distinctly separated and very long tubercles, well-defined, especially on the posterior half of the elytra; this differs from other described species of the family, where the elytra have either continuous costae or rows of weakly elevated tubercles fused one to another and forming elongate bulges.

In contrast to all other members of the $RMn_2O_5$ family with nonzero $4f$ electrons (R = Nd to Lu), $PrMn_2O_5$ does not show any spin driven ferroelectricity in the magnetically ordered phase. By means of high-field electric polarization measurements up to 45 T, we have found that this exceptional candidate undergoes a spin driven multiferroic phase under magnetic field. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism studies up to 30 T at the Pr $L_2$ edge show that this ferroelectricity originates from and directly couples to the ferromagnetic component of the $Pr^{3+}$ spins. Experimental observations along with our generalized gradient-approximation $+U$ calculations reveal that this exotic ferroelectric-ferromagnetic combination stabilizes through the exchange-striction mechanism solely driven by a $3d−4f$-type coupling, as opposed to the other $RMn_2O_5$ members with $3d−3d$ driven ferroelectric-antiferromagnetic-type conventional type-II multiferroicity.

Aleochara (Xenochara) niponensis Sharp, 1888, sp. rev. (Figs 8, 17, 26, 35, 43, 93��� 99, 117���118, 127) Aleochara niponensis Sharp, 1888: 281 [original description; type localities: Japan, Kiga (Hakone-machi, Kanagawa-ken, central Honsh��)]; Fenyes, 1920: 404 (as subgenus Baryodma; catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 783 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae]; Smetana, 2004 b: 354 (as subgenus Baryodma; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae); Shibata et al., 2013: 105 (as subgenus Baryodma; catalogue of Japanese species of Staphylinidae). ��� Aleochara clavigera ���: Park & Ahn, 2009: 521 (as subgenus Aleochara; A. niponensis considered as synonym of A. clavigera, wrong arrangement based on misidentification; redescription as A. clavigera; record from Korea); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 191 (as synonym of A. clavigera; revision of Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 490 (as synonym of A. clavigera; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae). Type material. Lectotype, here designated, female ��� Aleochara nipon / -ensis / Kiga. Type. / Japan / Lewis [PC, HW] // Type [RRL] // Japan. / G. Lewis // Sharp Coll. / 1905 - 313 // Lectotype / Aleochara niponensis / Sharp, 1888 / des. Maruyama / 2011 ��� (dissected in bad condition by PR, spermatheca crushed; abdominal segments IX-X and spermatheca mounted in Euparal by MM) (PL, 1.03 mm; PW, 1.46 mm; HTL, 0.78 mm) (BMNH). Paralectotype, 1 female, ��� Aleochara ni- / ponensis D.S. / Kiga. Japan / Lewis [HW] // Japan. / G. Lewis // Sharp Coll. / 1905 - 313 ��� (body crushed to some body parts; abdominal segments VIII-X and spermatheca mounted in Euparal by MM) (BMNH). Non-type material. JAPAN: [HONSH��]: 1 female, Mt. Jinba-yama, Fujino-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 11��� 18.viii. 2005, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 male, Mt. Jinba-yama, Fujino-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 18���27.viii. 2005, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 2 females, 4 unsexed, Mt. Komaga-take, Hakone-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 24.vii��� 1.viii. 2008, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 2 males, Mt. Komaga-take, Hakone-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 24.vii��� 1.viii. 2008, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 male, Yoshida-guchi (Mt. Fuji-san), Fujiyoshida-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 25.vii��� 1.viii. 2012, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 1100m, from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 female, Takizawa-rind�� forestry road, Fujiyoshida-shi, Yamanashiken, 27.vi��� 4.vii. 2012, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 1600m, from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 female, Aokigahara, Fujikawaguchiko-machi, Yamanashi-ken, 10���17.viii. 2011, T. Watanabe leg., from fermented banana trap (cTW); 1 male, Aokigahara, Fujikawaguchiko-machi, Yamanashi-ken, 17.v��� 7.vi. 2012, T. Watanabe leg., from fermented banana trap (cTW); 1 female, Subashiri (Mt. Fuji-san 1 g��me), Oyama-ch��, Shizuoka-ken, 20���26.v. 2011, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 1400m, from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 female, ��buchi, Fuji-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 6��� 13.v. 2010, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 950m, from flight interception trap (cTW); 3 males, ��buchi, Fuji-shi, Shizuokaken, 6���17.viii. 2010, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 950m, from fermented banana trap (cTW); 1 female, ��buchi, Fuji-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 14���21.ix. 2010, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 950m, from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 female, Nishiusuzuka, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 16���22.vii. 2010, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 male, Nishiusuzuka, Fujinomiya-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 14���21.ix. 2010, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); [KY��SH��]: 1 male, Mt. Shiouji-yama, ��noj��-shi, Fukuoka-ken, 8.v. 2013, K. Kido leg., from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 female, 1 unsexed, Mt. Shiouji-yama, ��noj��-shi, Fukuoka-ken, 23.v. 2013, K. Kido leg., from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 male, Mt. Shiouji-yama, ��noj��-shi, Fukuoka-ken, 12.vii. 2013, K. Kido leg., from flight interception trap (KUM). Diagnosis. Aleochara niponensis sp. rev. resembles A. (Xenochara) asiatica Kraatz, 1859 from East Asia to the Oriental region, but can be easily distinguished from it by abdominal tergite VIII in both sexes, with only slightly (not deeply) emarginate posterior margins; the configuration of sclerites inside median lobe of male aedeagus, and by; the female spermatheca not complicatedly coiled basally. This species is easily discriminated from the Japanese species of the subgenus Aleochara by having completely carinated mesoventrite and by long antennomere XI, clearly longer than antennomeres IX and IX combined. See descriptions and illustrations of A. (X.) asiatica in Park & Ahn (2010). Redescription. Measurements (in mm, n = 20): BL = 4.82 (3.23���6.16); HL = 0.58 (0.43���0.68); HW = 0.66 (0.54���0.77); PL = 0.82 (0.59���0.99); PW = 1.18 (0.89���1.36); EL = 0.73 (0.58���0.90); EW = 1.36 (1.00��� 1.64). Body (Figs 8, 17): spindle-shaped, compact, relatively small to medium in size; dorsal surface weakly to moderately glossy and densely pubescent, with wavy micro-reticulation weakly covered with head, very finely punctured uniformly. Color (Figs 8, 17): usually uniformly brownish brown to blackish brown, but elytra variable in color pattern, reddish brown but infuscate basally and laterally; antennae with antennomeres I���II yellowish brown, antennomere III much darker, antennomeres IV���XI much darker than those of I���II but covered densely with minute whitish setae; mouth parts and legs pale yellowish brown to dark reddish brown; pubescence yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 26): semicircular, as long as width (HW/HL = 1.14, n = 20), widest at posterior part of eyes; setae on vertex sparse, inconspicuous, directed anteriolaterally; punctation very small, inconspicuous, scattered coarsely, and uniformly including middle of vertex. Eyes: medium in length, occupying approximately half length of head, not protruding laterally but incorporated to head capsule. Antennae (Fig. 43): relatively short, slightly shorter than head and pronotum combined; rather slender, setose, with antennomere IV only slightly transverse, antennomeres V to X moderately transverse, slightly broaden apically; antennomere XI elliptical, rather conical, long in whole length, clearly longer than antennomeres IX and X combined, with obtusely rounded apex; approximate relative length of antennomeres from basal to apex: 19 (including base): 10: 10: 5.5: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 19. Pronotum (Fig. 8): convex above dorsally, transverse (PW/PL = 1.44, n = 20), very strongly narrowing anterad, slightly longer than sutural length of elytra, widest basad, basal margin weakly rounded; pubescence dense, directed laterally and posterolaterally; punctation dense and uniform and very small and inconspicuous. Mesoventrite (Fig. 35): inter coxal process rather narrowly elongate, with relatively pointed apex, completely reaching to inter coxal process of metaventrite; fully carinate along midline. Metaventrite (Fig. 35): inter coxal process of metaventrite small, but obtusely pointed apically. Elytra (Fig. 8): together, transverse (EW/EL = 1.85, n = 20), medium in size, same size as pronotum, widest near apex; fine and short pubescence scattered densely, diverging posteriorly on each elytron; dorsal surface weakly rough and gently impressed; posterolateral corners of each elytron weakly sinuate. Legs (Fig. 8): simple, short, rather slender; fore and midtibia, densely covered with thin spines. Abdomen (Fig. 8): rather strongly narrowed posteriorly; first three visible tergites deeply impressed transversely at base; dorsal and ventral surface moderately covered with thin and long setae including abdominal tergite II. Male: tergite VIII (Fig. 45): narrowly elongate, convex posteriorly; posterior margin smooth, not serrate at all, insignificantly broadly emarginate medially; dorsal surface covered with relatively long setae densely, with approximately 8 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 95): narrowly elongate, convex posteriorly; posterior margin rounded, with a row of thin and long minute sensory setae densely (see Yamamoto & Maruyama, 2012: 10), without a complex-cluster of very minute setae just behind the row of minute setae; ventral surface covered with long setae densely, with approximately 12 macrosetae. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs 97���98): [lateral view (Fig. 97)]: narrowly elongate, moderately narrowing apically; apical lobe pointed, gently hook-shaped paramerally at apex; inside median lobe with a projecting short flagellum, as long as 2 / 3 of median lobe; [parameral view (Fig. 98)]: narrowly elongate, rather tear-drop shaped; apical lobe moderately narrowing apically; inside median lobe with a pair of curved and pointed peculiar sclerites, located near apex; a series of complex sclerites, not reaching basal 1 / 3 of median lobe. Female: tergite VIII (Fig. 94): posterior margin as in male; dorsal surface covered with setae densely, with approximately 9 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 96): posterior margin broadly, weakly rounded; ventral surface covered with long setae densely, with approximately 7 macrosetae; no complex-cluster of minute setae situated near posterior margin. Spermatheca (Fig. 99): deformed C-shaped, with folded basal part of spermathecal stem; apical invagination of spermatheca very small, inconspicuous; spermathecal head and neck forming large elliptical shape together; attachment of spermathecal duct inconspicuous; basal part of spermathecal stem, deformed basally; each part of spermatheca uniformly and weakly sclerotized; inner wall of spermathecal head and neck coarsely striate, that of basal part only partially striate. Distribution. Japan (Honsh��, Ky��sh��). Bionomics. Flight interception traps (FIT) may be an effective tool for collecting the species. There is no information on the lifestyle of A. niponensis. Host records. No host record is available. Remarks for type material. Park & Ahn (2009) synonymized this species with A. clavigera, based on examination of the type material of both species. However, the present re-examination of the type specimens of A. niponensis revealed that they are quite different species, even belonging to different subgenus. A male specimen was not found in BMNH. This species was described from Kiga, Nagasaki, and Nikko. A type material of A. niponensis was indicated as the ���holotype��� in Park & Ahn (2009). Because four specimens were referred to in the original description, we designate the lectotype here (Figs 117���118). Comments. We consider A. niponensis as a distinct species, as stated above. Furthermore, we transfer A. niponensis to the subgenus Xenochara here, based on the following morphological characteristics: overall body shape (i.e., rather small, convex, spindle-shaped body); relatively slender antennae with quite long antennomere XI, longer than antennomeres IX and X combined; completely carinate mesoventrite; elongate male abdominal tergite and sternite VIII, and; median lobe of the aedeagus with a projecting flagellum inside. The synonymic treatment of A. niponensis was erroneous. Thus, this species is endemic only to Japan. Aleochara niponensis is widespread across mainland Japan (Fig. 127), but is not commonly found., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2016, Revision of the subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4101 (1) on pages 52-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/269393, {"references":["Sharp, D. S. (1888) The Staphylinidae of Japan. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (2), 277 - 295, 369 - 387, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938809460928","Bernhauer, M. & Scheerpeltz, O. (1926) Staphylinidae VI. (Pars 82). In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 5. Staphylinidae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 499 - 988.","Smetana, A. (2004 b) Aleocharinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea, Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 353 - 494.","Shibata, Y., Maruyama, M., Hoshina, H., Kishimoto, T., Naomi, S., Nomura, S., Puthz, V., Shimada, T., Watanabe, Y. & Yamamoto, S. (2013) Catalogue of Japanese Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Kyushu University Museum, 11, 69 - 218.","Park, J. S. & Ahn, K. J. (2009) Synonymy of Aleochara (Aleochara) claviger and A. niponensis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), and first record of A. claviger in Korea. Florida Entomologist, 92 (3), 521 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.092.0321","Luo, T. H. & Zhou, H. Z. (2012) Taxonomic study of the subgenus Aleochara (s. str.) Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) in China, with descriptions of four new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105 (2), 179 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 11137","Schulke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015) Staphylinidae. In: Lobl, I & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, revised and updated edition. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea, Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, pp. 304 - 1134.","Maruyama, M., Matsumoto, T. & Itioka, T. (2011) Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini. Zootaxa, 3102, 1 - 26.","Kraatz, G. (1859) Die Staphylinen-Fauna von Ostindien, insbesondere der Insel Ceylan. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 25, 1 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66002","Yamamoto, S. & Maruyama, M. (2012) Revision of the seashore-dwelling subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan. Zootaxa, 3517, 1 - 52."]}

Key to Japanese species of Aleochara (Aleochara) 1. Body large, thick, uniformly black; antennomeres I���III also black in coloration.................. A. (A.) lata Gravenhorst -. Body small to relatively large, rather thick, not uniformly black, at most dark brown; antennomeres I���III reddish brown to brownish black....................................................................................... 2 2. Elytra uniformly yellowish to reddish brown, without any types of darkened maculations laterally and basally............................................................................................ A. (A.) coreana Bernhauer -. Elytra uniformly yellowish to reddish brown, with darkened maculations laterally; OR elytra uniformly brownish brown (some with weak maculations laterally)......................................................................... 3 3. Elytra with prominent, blackish, and parallel sided maculations on lateral margins, reaching to each shoulder................................................................................................ A. (A.) curtula (Goeze) -. Elytra with lateral maculations (if present), not reaching to each shoulder; OR without any maculations................. 4 4. Head rather coarsely and deeply punctured unevenly, especially near vertex; median lobe of male aedeagus narrowly elongate; female spermatheca with apical portion complicatedly coiled.................................. A. (A.) postica Walker -. Head rather densely and shallowly punctured evenly, especially near vertex; median lobe of aedeagus bulbous; spermatheca simple, C-shaped, apical portion not coiled.................................................................. 5 5. Apical lobe of median lobe of aedeagus, not hook-shaped at apex in lateral view; spermatheca with chitinized portion of spermathecal stem moderately long, almost same length of spermathecal head and neck combined.......... A. (A.) parens Sharp -. Apical lobe of median lobe of aedeagus, moderately hook-shaped at apex in lateral view; spermatheca with chitinized portion of spermathecal stem long, almost 1.5 times as long as spermathecal head and neck combined; endemic to Ishigaki-jima Is. and Iriomote-jima Is., Yaeyama-shot�� Islands, southwestern part of Japan........................ A. (A.) yaeyamensis n. sp., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2016, Revision of the subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4101 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/269393

Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula (Goeze, 1777) (Figs 2, 11, 20, 29, 38, 52��� 64, 110, 122) Staphylinus curtulus Goeze, 1777: 730 (original description; type locality: unspecified in original description). Aleochara curtula (Goeze, 1777); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 [as subgenus Aleochara (s. str.); catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae]; Klimaszewski, 1984: 71 (as subgenus Aleochara; in key to North American species of subgenus Aleochara), 76 (redescription); Welch, 1997: 10 (as subgenus Aleochara; list of British species of Aleochara), 16 (in key to British species of genus Aleochara); Ahn et al., 2000: 246 (as subgenus Aleochara; in key to Korean species of genus Aleochara); Cho & Ahn, 2001: 30 (as subgenus Aleochara; catalogue of Korean species of Silphidae and Staphylinidae); Paśnik, 2001: 230 (as subgenus Aleochara; record from North Korea); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as subgenus Aleochara; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as subgenus Aleochara; catalogue of Canadian and Alaskan species of Aleocharinae); Park & Ahn, 2010 a: 317 (as subgenus Aleochara; in key to Far-Eastern species of subgenus Aleochara); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 180 [as Aleochara (s. str.); in key to Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara], 193 (redescription); Shibata et al., 2013: 105 (as subgenus Aleochara; catalogue of Korean species of Staphylinidae); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (without subgeneric assignment; redescription; book of Canadian Staphylinidae); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as subgenus Aleochara; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae). Staphylinus brachypterus Geoffroy, 1785: 167 (original description; type locality: probably in France: Klimaszewski, 1984); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 193 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Staphylinus limbatus Fabricius, 1801: 600 (original description; type locality: Germany); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 777 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Staphylinus fuscipes Gravenhorst, 1802: 92, nec Linnaeus, 1758: 685 (original description; type locality: unspecified); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Aleochara brevis Heer, 1839: 315 (original description; type locality: Switzerland, Aigle); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Aleochara puncticeps Thomson, 1860: 248 (original description; type locality: Sweden, Gotheborg); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 777 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 20 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Aleochara discoidea Sharp, 1874: 7 (original description; type locality: Japan, unspecified); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 (as a synonym of A. curtula; catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula; revision of Nearctic species of genus Aleochara); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula; catalogue of Palearctic species of Aleocharinae); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 21 (as synonym of A. curtula; catalogue of Canadian and Alaskan species of Aleocharinae); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula; revision of Chinese species of subgenus Aleochara); Shibata et al., 2013: 105 (as synonym of A. curtula; catalogue of Japanese species of Staphylinidae); Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). Synonymy confirmed. Aleochara discordia Duvivier, 1883: 99 (type locality: Japan, unspecified; erroneous typing for A. discoidea Sharp, 1874); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 776 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 21 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula). Aleochara curtula bugnioni Fauvel, 1901: 90 (original description; type locality: Colombia, Sierra Nevada); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 777 (as synonym of A. curtula); Klimaszewski, 1984: 77 (as synonym of A. curtula); Smetana, 2004 b: 353 (as synonym of A. curtula); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 21 (as synonym of A. curtula); Luo & Zhao, 2012: 194 (as synonym of A. curtula). Aleochara bugnioni Fauvel, 1901; Klimaszewski et al., 2013: 57 (as synonym of A. curtula); Sch��lke & Smetana, 2015: 491 (as synonym of A. curtula). See Klimaszewski (1984) for further references, especially those before Klimaszewski (1984). Type material. A.discoidea: lectotype, here designated, female ��� Type [RRL] // Japan / G. Lewis // Sharp Coll. / 1905 - 313 // Aleochara / discoidea / Type D.S. [HW] // Lectotype / Aleochara discoidea / Sharp, 1874 / des. Maruyama, 2011 ��� (abdominal segments VIII-X and spermatheca dissected and mounted in Euparal by MM) (BMNH); paralectotype, female, ��� Japan / G. Lewis // Sharp Coll. / 1905 - 313 // Aleochara / discoidea / Type D.S. [HW] // Lectotype / Aleochara discoidea / Sharp, 1874 / des. Maruyama, 2011 ��� (BMNH). A. curtula: Not examined. Non-type material. JAPAN: [HOKKAID��]: 1 unsexed, Sefushiusu forestry road (right side of Onnebetsugawa River), Nemuro-shi, 28.vii. 2013, K. Haga leg., from a carcass of mouse in Japanese spruce natural forest (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Teshio-dake, Takinoue-ch��, 16.vii. 1992, T. Watanabe leg., alt. 700m (cTW); 3 unsexed, Kashiwagaoka-k��en Park, Bihoro-ch��, 23.vi. 2000, Y. Yamada leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nakasato, Oketo-ch��, 3.vii. 1992, T. Kato leg., from sap of Japanese elm (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mts. Daisetsu-zan Volcanic Group, Kamikawa-ch��, 21.viii. 1982, N. Yasuda leg. (Daisetsu virgin forest, st. 3) (KUM); 2 unsexed, Mts. Daisetsu-zan Volcanic Group (Mt. Midori-dake), Kamikawa-ch��, 15.viii. 2001, M. Maruyama leg., alt. 1300���1400m (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mash��-ko Lake, Teshikaga-ch��, 5.vii. 1958, M. Miyake leg. (EUM); 3 unsexed, Kussharo-ko Lake, Teshikaga-ch��, 5.vii. 1958, M. Miyake leg. (EUM); 1 unsexed, Rikubetsu, Rikubetsu-ch��, 30.viii.��� 3.ix. 2001, H. Yoshitomi leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Meakan-onsen, Ashoro-ch��, 6.vii. 1958, M. Miyake leg. (EUM); 3 unsexed, Mt. Kitoushi-yama (near upstream of Horokapiribetsu Dam), Ashoro-ch��, 4.vi. 1989, K. Haga leg., from sap of birch stump (KUM); 1 male, 4 unsexed, Mt. Reisenn-zan (Horokapiribetsu Dam), Ashoro-ch��, 3.vi. 1989, K. Haga leg., from sap of birch stump (KUM); 18 unsexed, Ashoro Research Forest of Kyushu University, Ashoro-ch��, 1- 6.ix. 2008, S. Yamamoto leg., from baited trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Nukabira-ko Lake, Kamishihoro-ch��, 13.vii. 2014, S. Yamamoto leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Mitsumata (Oketokoshi-rind�� forestry road, near Mt. Kamigoya-yama), Kamishihoro-ch��, 27.vi. 2008, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 2 females, Nukabira-ko Lake (Go-no-sawa Stream, right side), Kamishihoro-ch��, 28.vi. 2008, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Osarushi, Otofuke-ch��, 20��� 26.vi. 2009, T. Watanabe leg., from fight interception trap (cTW); 1 male, 1 unsexed, Kottaro-shitsugen Moor (in Kushiro-shitsugen Moor), Shibecha-ch��, 8.iv. 1992, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 1 male, near Kimont��, Taiki-ch��, 2.ix. 1990, K. Haga leg., from gutter (KUM); 5 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 14.vi. 1986, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 4 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 16.v. 1987, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 12.vi. 1987, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 29.viii. 1987, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 1 male, 8 unsexed, Nopporo, Ebetsu-shi, 3.xi. 1987, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 1 male, Bankei, Sapporo-shi, 24.vi. 1977, N. Nishikawa leg. (KUM); 1 male, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 15.v. 1992, M. ��hara leg., from baited trap (OCM); 1 male, Nagahashinaebo, Otaru-shi, 21.v. 1992, M. ��hara leg., from baited trap (OCM); 1 male, Nagahashinaebo, Otarushi, 1.x. 1992, M. ��hara leg., from baited trap (OCM); 1 unsexed, near Goshiki-onsen, Rankoshi-ch��, 20.vii.��� 1.viii. 1999, K. Sasaki leg., alt. 850m (KUM); [HONSH��]: 1 unsexed, Katagariishi-zawa, Nakadomari-machi, Aomori-ken, 11.v. 2007, A. Abe leg., from a carcass of bird (KUM); 1 unsexed, Kayanochaya, Jogakura, Aomorishi, Aomori-ken, 18.vi. 1985, A. Abe leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Jogakura, Aomori-shi, Aomori-ken, 14.ix. 1986, A. Abe leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Tochinaisawa, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori-ken, 10.vi. 2008, A. Abe leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Iwaki-san, Aomori-ken, 27���28.vii. 2004, M. Nishikawa leg., from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 female, Rangan, Ajigasawa-machi, Aomori-ken, 12.vi. 1998, A. Abe leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Oirase, Fukaura-machi, Aomori-ken, 17.v. 1981, A. Abe leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ky��wa-ch��, Akita-ken, 25.v. 1994, K. Toyoda leg., from outdoor lamp (KUM); 1 unsexed, Minami-sawa Stream and Miya-gawa River, Hanawa-machi, Fukushima-ken, 23.v. 1998, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 3 unsexed, Mt. Mitsuiwa-dake, Minamiaizu-machi, Fukushima-ken, 24.viii. 2002, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 3 unsexed, Takigawa trail (Mt. Komaga-take), Hinoemata-mura, Fukushima-ken, 11��� 12.viii. 2007, K. Haga leg., from a carcass of snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus (Boie) (KUM); 13 unsexed, Miike, Hinoemata-mura, Fukushima-ken, 15.vi. 1986, A. Yamato leg. (KUM); 2 females, Nanairi, Hinoemata-mura, Fukushima-ken, 6.ix. 1992, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Hanazono-san, Kitaibaraki-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 19.vii. 1980, S. ��momo leg. (KUM); 1 female, near Shiobara Station, Kamimiyori, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 2.viii. 2003, K. Haga leg., from dung of dog (KUM); 1 unsexed, Kinomi-daira, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 5.v. 2003, T. Horiguchi leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Yudaki-nishi, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 21.viii. 1991, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Yumoto, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 29.vi. 1982, S. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Senj��gahara, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 21.vii. 1977, Niizato leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ch��zenji, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 8.vii. 1994, S. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 male, 7 unsexed, Tobiyama-j�� Catsle, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi-ken, 17���18.vi. 1998, M. Maruyama leg., from carrion trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Marunuma-onsen, Katashina-mura, Gunma-ken, 11.vii. 1982, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Tanbara-k��gen Heights, Numata-shi, Gunma-ken, 18.ix. 2003, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 8 unsexed, Konroku-t��ge Pass, Minakami-machi, Gunma-ken, 10.viii. 2004, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 2 unsexed, Shimokanbai, Midori-shi, Gunma-ken, 13.iv. 2003, T. Horiguchi leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Shogetsu-ko Lake, Naganohara-machi, Gunma-ken, 20.vi. 1955, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, near Nidoage-t��ge Pass, Gunmaken, 21.viii. 1960, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 female, Mt. Kusatsushirane-san, Tsumagoi-mura, Gunma-ken, 30.vi. 2007, T. Horiguchi leg. (cTW); 1 female, Yunokuchi, Kasugawa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma-ken, 17.iv. 2005, T. Horiguchi leg. (cTW); 1 female, H��roku-t��ge Pass, Fujioka-shi, Gunma-ken, 19.vi. 2005, T. Horiguchi leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Mt. Akaguna-yama, Gunma-ken, 6.ix. 1992, Y. Nagashima leg. (KUM); 1 male, 2 unsexed, Kirizumi-onsen, Annaka-shi, Gunma-ken, 12.v. 1956, S. Kud�� leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Kirizumi-onsen, Annaka-shi, Gunma-ken, 20.vi. 1957, S. Kud�� leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Shigasaka-t��ge Pass, Kanna-machi, Gunma-ken, 17.vi. 2008, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Yamatomizu (Mt. Kamabushi-yama), Yorii-machi, Saitama-ken, 21.iii. 1998, K. Toyoda leg., from human feces (KUM); 5 unsexed, Shiroishi-t��ge Pass, Higashichichibu-mura, Saitama-ken, 25.vii. 1998, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 male, 5 unsexed, J��mine-jinja Shrine (Mt. J��mine-san), Chichibu-shi, Saitama-ken, 22.iv. 1999, K. Toyoda leg., alt. 1000m (KUM); 1 unsexed, Hirogawara-sawa, near Mt. Nanten-san, Chichibu-shi, Saitama-ken, 23.ix. 1999, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 female, 4 unsexed, Irikawa-keikoku, Chichibu-shi, Saitama-ken, 29.v. 1997, M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Imakuma-san, Hachi��ji-shi, T��ky��-to, 25.ix. 1960, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, near Tsurukawa, Machidashi, T��ky��-to, 30.ix. 1980, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 8 unsexed, Hondani Stream, Nippara, Okutama-machi, T��ky��to, 5.v. 2005, M. Takeda leg. (cHK); 1 unsexed, Ogawadani, Nippara, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 3.v. 2006, H. Kamezawa leg., alt. 900m (cHK); 1 unsexed, Nippara, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 11.viii. 1977, M. Tomokuni leg. (NSMT); 1 male, 3 unsexed, Mt. Mit��-san, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 2.x. 1993, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Ogawadani, Mt. Kintai-san, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 31.viii. 2002, H. Kamezawa leg., alt. 850m (KUM); 1 male, 1 unsexed, Mt. Mitake-san, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 30.iv. 1961, M. Yasukawa leg. (cYS); 1 unsexed, Mt. Mitake-san ~ ��nara-toge Pass, Okutama-machi, T��ky��-to, 29.iv. 1983, K. Haga leg., from trash (KUM); 1 female, Motoshuku, Hinohara-mura, T��ky��-to, 12.iv. 2008, H. Kamezawa leg. (cHK); 3 males, 13 unsexed, Tsubota, Miyake-mura (Miyake-jima Is.), T��ky��-to, 17.v. 1999, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Miho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 1.iv. 2014, H. Ooki leg. (cHO); 1 unsexed, Miho, Midori-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 11.x. 2014, H. Ooki leg. (cHO); 1 unsexed, Mt. Jinba-san, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 17���23.vii. 2004, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Mt. Jinba-san, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawaken, 18���27.viii. 2005, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Wada-t��ge Pass, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 9��� 17.vii. 2004, T. Watanabe leg., from fermented banana trap (cTW); 1 male, 4 unsexed, Futamata, Hadano-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 30.iv. 1996, T. Watanabe leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, ��kura, Hadano-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 17��� 21.vii. 2005, T. Watanabe leg., from fermented banana trap (cTW); 1 male, Mt. Kany��d��-yama, Yamakita-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 24.vi��� 1.vii. 2001, Y. Shu leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Shiroishi-sawa, Yamakita-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 11.v. 1996, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 6 unsexed, Y��ki-zawa, Yamakita-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 22.viii. Y. Shibata leg. (cYS); 1 unsexed, Nakatsu, Aikawa-machi, Kanagawa-ken, 7.vi. 1959, R. Kiry�� leg. (SCM); 2 unsexed, Mt. Kinpoku-san, Sado-shi (Sadoga-shima Is.), Niigata-ken, 27.vii. 1977, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 1 male, 1 unsexed, Mt. Iide-san, Aga-machi, Niigata-ken, 11.viii. 1984, N. It�� leg. (cYH); 1 female, Yagi-sawa ~ Diichi-karesawa Stream, Kiyotsu-ky��, Yuzawa-machi, Niigata-ken, 20.v. 1995, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 4 unsexed, Yagisawa, Kiyotsuky��, Yuzawa-machi, Niigata-ken, 28.viii. 1994, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Yomogisawa, Yuzawa-machi, Niigata-ken, 24.vii. 1994, K. Haga leg., alt. 700���1200m (KUM); 1 male, Futai-keikoku, Yuzawa-machi, Niigataken, 18.vi. 1995, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 2 males, 1 unsexed, north entrance of Mikuni Tunnel ~ Asakai, Yuzawamachi, Niigata-ken, 28.v. 1995, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 1 male, 1 female, 8 unsexed, Asakai, Yuzawa-machi, Niigataken, 28.v. 1995, K. Haga leg. (KUM); 1 male, 2 females, 6 unsexed, Renge-onsen, Itoigawa-shi, Niigata-ken, 15��� 16.vii. 1997, M. Maruyama leg., alt. 1500m (KUM); 1 unsexed, Shima, Akazawa, Nakanoj��, Niigata-ken, 12.vi. 1986, R. Inagawa leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ch��g��-onsen, Hakusan-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 14.vi. 1980, H. Tokumoto (cYH); 1 male, 2 unsexed, Ichinose-t��ge Pass, Hakusan-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 28.vii��� 23.viii. 2003, K. Nakata leg., from flight interception trap (ce. - 2) (KUM); 2 unsexed, Ichinose-t��ge Pass, Hakusan-shi, Ishikawaken, 28.vii��� 23.viii. 2003, K. Nakata leg., from flight interception trap (oak. - 2) (KUM); 1 unsexed, Ichinose-t��ge Pass, Hakusan-shi, Ishikawa-ken, 28.vii��� 23.viii. 2003, K. Nakata leg., from flight interception trap (ce. - 2) (KUM); 1 unsexed, Karikomi-no-ike Pond, Koike, ��no-shi, Fukui-ken, 31.v. 1977, H. Sasaji leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Mt. Sanri-yama, Fukui-ken, 26.vii. 1974, H. Sasaji leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Yashaga-ike Pond, Minamiechizen-ch��, Fukui-ken, 19.vi. 1977, H. Sasaji leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Yanagisawa-t��ge Pass, Tabayama-mura, Yamanashi-ken, 1500m, 28.iv��� 3.v. 2004, S. Nomura leg., alt. 1500m, from flight interception trap (KUM); 1 unsexed, Yanagisawat��ge Pass, K��sh��-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 9���15.viii. 2006, T. Watanabe leg., from fermented banana trap (cTW); 2 unsexed, Yanagisawa-t��ge Pass, K��sh��-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 2���9.viii. 2006, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 unsexed, Kamihagiwara, K��sh��-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 9���15.viii. 2006, T. Watanabe leg., from flight interception trap (cTW); 1 unsexed, Yunosawa-t��ge Pass (Mts. Daibosatsu-rei), Yamanashi-ken, 22.viii. 2003, S. Tsuyuki leg. (cTW); 1 unsexed, Kamihikawa-t��ge Pass, Yamanashi-ken, 14.vi. 1986, T. Watanabe leg., under rubbish (cTW); 1 unsexed, Daibosatsu-t��ge Pass, Yamanashi-ken, 9.vi. 1979, M. Tao leg. (KUM); 1 unsexed, Daibosatsu, Yamanashi-ken, 7.vii. 1988, T. Ito leg. (cTI); 1 male, 2 unsexed, Mt. Obina-yama, Yamanashishi, Yamanashi-ken, 11.viii. 2004, H. Akiyama leg. (cTW); 5 unsexed, Yanagi-daira, Yamanashi-shi, Yamanashiken, 28.viii. 1986, Y. Shibata leg. (KUM); 2 unsexed, Satomiya-daira, Sutama, Hokut, Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2016, Revision of the subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4101 (1) on pages 20-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/269393, {"references":["Goeze, J. A. E. (1777) Entomologische Beytrage zu des Ritter Linne zwolften Ausgabe des Natursystems. Erster Theil. Weidmanns Erben & Reich, Leipzig, xvi + 736 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 45974","Bernhauer, M. & Scheerpeltz, O. (1926) Staphylinidae VI. (Pars 82). In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 5. Staphylinidae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 499 - 988.","Klimaszewski, J. (1984) A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 129, 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 116129 fv","Welch, R. C. (1997) The British species of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst (Staphylinidae). The Coleopterist, 6 (1), 1 - 45.","Ahn, K. J., Jeon, M. J. & Kim, H. J. (2000) New records of intertidal Aleochara Gravenhorst species and key to the species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Korean Journal of Entomology, 30 (4), 243 - 247.","Cho, Y. B. & Ahn, K. J. (2001) Coleoptera (Silphidae, Staphylinidae). Economic insects of Korea, 11, Insecta Koreana Supplement 18, 1 - 169. [in Korean, with English title and summary).","Pasnik, G. (2001) The North Korean Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) diversity and biogeography. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 44, 185 - 234.","Smetana, A. (2004 b) Aleocharinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea, Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 353 - 494.","Gouix, N. & Klimaszewski, J. (2007) Catalogue of aleocharine rove beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, 165 pp.","Park, J. S. & Ahn, K. J. (2010 a) Redescription of Aleochara (Aleochara) kochi Bernhauer with a lectotype designation and key to species of the subgenus Aleochara (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from the Far East. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 83 (4), 313 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2317 / JKES 1001.13.1","Luo, T. H. & Zhou, H. Z. (2012) Taxonomic study of the subgenus Aleochara (s. str.) Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) in China, with descriptions of four new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105 (2), 179 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 11137","Shibata, Y., Maruyama, M., Hoshina, H., Kishimoto, T., Naomi, S., Nomura, S., Puthz, V., Shimada, T., Watanabe, Y. & Yamamoto, S. (2013) Catalogue of Japanese Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Kyushu University Museum, 11, 69 - 218.","Klimaszewski, J., Brunke, A., Assing, V., Langor, D. W., Newton, A. F., Bourdon, C., Pelletier, G., Webster, R. P., Herman, L., Perdereau, L., Davies, A., Smetana, D., Chandler, D. S., Majka, C. & Scudder, G. G. E. (2013) Synopsis of adventive species of Coleoptera (Insecta) recorded from Canada. Part 2:. Staphylinidae. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia and Moscow, 360 pp.","Schulke, M. & Smetana, A. (2015) Staphylinidae. In: Lobl, I & Lobl, D. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, revised and updated edition. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea, Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, pp. 304 - 1134.","Geoffroy, E. L. (1785) [new taxa]. In: Fourcroy, A. F. de (Ed.), Entomologia Parisiensis; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur; secundum methodum Geoffroeanum in sections, genera et species distributus; cui addita sunt nomina trivialia etfere trecentae novae species. Pars prima. Aedibus Serpentinensis, Parisiis [Paris], vii + [1] + 231 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1801) Systema eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus II. Bibliopolii Academici Novi, Kiliae [Kiel], 687 pp.","Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1802) Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum Brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit. Carolus Reichard, Brunsuigae [Brunswick], lxvi + 206 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9568","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Tomus I. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], [4] + 824 + [1] pp.","Heer, O. (1839) Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica. Pars I. Fascicule II. Orelii, Fuesslini et Sociorum, Turici [Zurich], pp. 145 - 360.","Thomson, C. G. (1860) Skandinaviens Coleoptera, synoptiskt bearbetade. Tomus II. Berlingska Boktryckeriet, Lund, 304 pp.","Sharp, D. S. (1874) The Staphylinidae of Japan. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1874, 1 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1874. tb 00159. x","Duvivier, A. (1883) Enumeration des staphylinides, decrits depuis la publication du catalogue de M. M. Gemminger et de Harold. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 27, 91 - 215.","Fauvel, A. (1901) Voyage de M. le Dr. Ed. Bugnion au Venezuela, en Colombie et aux Antilles. Revue d'Entomologie, 20, 69 - 91.","Maruyama, M., Matsumoto, T. & Itioka, T. (2011) Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Aenictus laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia: Strict host specificity, and first myrmecoid Aleocharini. Zootaxa, 3102, 1 - 26.","Yamamoto, S. & Maruyama, M. (2012) Revision of the seashore-dwelling subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan. Zootaxa, 3517, 1 - 52.","Maus, C. H., Mittmann, B. & Peschke, K. (1998) Host records of parasitoid Aleochara Gravenhorst species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) attacking puparia of cyclorrhapheous Diptera. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 45 (2), 231 - 254. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 19980450209","Peschke, K. (1978) Funktionsmorphologische Untersuchungen zur Kopulation von Aleochara curtula Goeze (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Zoomorphologie, 89 (2), 157 - 184. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00995667","Peschke, K. & Metzler, M. (1987) Cuticular hydrocarbons and female sex pheromones of the rove beetle, Aleochara curtula (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Insect Biochemistry, 17 (1), 167 - 178. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 1790 (87) 90157 - 0","Peschke, K., Friedrich, P., Kaiser, U., Franke, S. & Francke, W. (1999) Isopropyl (Z 9) - hexadecenoate as a male attractant pheromone from the sternal gland of the rove beetle Aleochara curtala (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Chemoecology, 9 (2), 47 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 000490050033","Gack, C. & Peschke, K. (1994) Spermathecal morphology, sperm transfer and a novel mechanism of sperm displacement in the rove beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Zoomorphology, 114 (4), 227 - 237. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00416861"]}

Subgenus Xenochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874 (Figs 8, 17, 26, 35, 43, 93��� 99, 117���118, 127) Xenochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 60 (original description); Klimaszewski, 1984: 34 (redescription); Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1993: 60 (redescription); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 27 (catalogue of Canadian and Alaskan species of Aleocharinae); Assing, 2009: 36 (descriptive mention); Park & Ahn, 2010 b: 22 (redescription). Type species: Aleochara decorata Aub��, 1850: 311 (= Aleochara puberula Klug, 1832), by original designation and monotypy. Polychara Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 64 (type species: Aleochara discipennis Mulsant & Rey, 1853). Homoeochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 130 (type species: Aleochara sparsa Heer, 1839). Dyschara Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 141 (type species: Aleochara inconspicua Aub��, 1850). Isochara Bernhauer, 1901 a: 440 (type species: Aleochara tristis Gravenhorst, 1806). Ophiochara Bernhauer, 1901 a: 483 (type species: Aleochara breiti Ganglbauer, 1897). Euryodma Reitter, 1909: 23 (type species: Aleochara brevipennis Gravenhorst, 1806). See Klimaszewski (1984), Klimaszewski & Jansen (1993), Gouix & Klimaszewski (2007), Assing (2009), and Park & Ahn (2010) for further synonymic and taxonomic information. Diagnosis. The subgenus Xenochara is not fully defined but can be distinguished from the other congeneric taxa by the combination of following character states (see Klimaszewski, 1984; Park & Ahn, 2010 b): body compact, densely pubescent, spindle-shaped; antennomere IV usually elongate or at most only slightly transverse; pronotum evenly pubescent; mesoventrite rather, completely or almost completely carinate along midline; median lobe of aedeagus of male with projecting flagellum inside, at least 1 / 4 as long as median lobe; female spermatheca without coils basally, but sometimes deformed basally. Comments. Assing (2009) recently revised the subgenus Xenochara, proposing three subgeneric synonymies: Dyschara, Ophiochara, and Euryodma. The subgenus is probably by far the most speciose subgenus of the genus Aleochara, with Palearctic examples alone including 106 species (Assing, 2009). In Japan, seven species of Xenochara are known (Shibata et al., 2013)., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2016, Revision of the subgenus Aleochara Gravenhorst of the parasitoid rove beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4101 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4101.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/269393, {"references":["Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. (1874) Histoire naturelle des coleopteres de France. Brevipennes. Aleochariens. (Suite). Aleocharaires. Deyrolle, Paris, 565 pp.","Klimaszewski, J. (1984) A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 129, 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 116129 fv","Klimaszewski, J. & Jansen, R. E. (1993) Systematics, biology and distribution of Aleochara Gravenhorst from southern Africa. Part 1: subgenus Xenochara Mulsant & Rey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 36 (7), 53 - 107.","Gouix, N. & Klimaszewski, J. (2007) Catalogue of aleocharine rove beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, 165 pp.","Assing, V. (2009) On the taxonomy and zoogeography of some Palaearctic Aleochara species of the subgenera Xenochara Mulsant & Rey and Rheochara Mulsant & Rey (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 59 (1), 33 - 101.","Park, J. S. & Ahn, K. J. (2010 b) Korean species of Aleochara Gravenhorst subgenus Xenochara Mulsant & Rey (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Zookeys, 60, 21 - 36. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 60.404","Aube, C. (1850) Description de quelques insectes coleopteres appartenant a l'Europe et a l'Algerie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Seris 2, 8, 299 - 346.","Klug, J. C. F. (1832) Bericht uber eine auf Madagascar veranstaltete Sammlung von Insecten aus der Ordnung Coleoptera. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1832, 91 - 223.","Mulsant, E. & Rey, C. (1853) Description de quelques coleopteres nouveaux ou peu connus de la tribu des Brachelytres. Opuscules Entomologiques, 2, 35 - 85.","Heer, O. (1839) Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica. Pars I. Fascicule II. Orelii, Fuesslini et Sociorum, Turici [Zurich], pp. 145 - 360.","Bernhauer, M. (1901 a) Die Staphyliniden der Palaarktischen Fauna. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 51, 430 - 506.","Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1806) Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum. Henricus Dieterich, Gottingae [Gottingen], 236 pp. + [12] pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 67769","Ganglbauer, L. (1897) Einige neue Coleopteren des mitteleuropaischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 47, 565 - 573.","Reitter, E. (1909) Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des Deutschen Reiches. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. II Band. Schriften des Deutschen Lehrervereins fur Naturkunde. 24. K. G. Lutz'Verlag, Stuttgart, 392 pp., pls. 41 - 80.","Shibata, Y., Maruyama, M., Hoshina, H., Kishimoto, T., Naomi, S., Nomura, S., Puthz, V., Shimada, T., Watanabe, Y. & Yamamoto, S. (2013) Catalogue of Japanese Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Kyushu University Museum, 11, 69 - 218."]}

Ultrafast magnetization reversal of a ferrimagnetic metallic alloy GdFeCo was investigated by time-resolved resonant magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements using a seeded free electron laser. The GdFeCo alloy was pumped by a linearly polarized optical laser pulse, and the following temporal evolution of the magnetization of Fe in GdFeCo was element-selectively traced by a probe free electron laser pulse with a photon energy tuned to the Fe M-edge. The results have been measured using rotating analyzer ellipsometry method and confirmed magnetization switching caused by ultrafast heating.

Tribe Leucocraspedini Fenyes, 1921 Leucocraspedini Fenyes, 1921: 34 (original description; type genus Leucocraspedum Kraatz, 1859), Published as part of Maruyama, Munetoshi, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Eldredge, Taro K., 2014, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens I. Tribes Himalusini and Leucocraspedini, pp. 393-400 in Zootaxa 3887 (3) on page 396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/225262, {"references":["Fenyes, A. (1921) New genera and species of Aleocharinae with a polytomic synopsis of the tribes. Bulletin of the Museum of comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 65, 17 - 36.","Kraatz, G. (1859) Die Staphylinen-Fauna von Ostindien, insbesondere der Insel Ceylan. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 25, 1 - 196."]}

Tribe Himalusini Klimaszewski, Pace & Center, 2010 Himalusini Klimaszewski, Pace & Center, 2010: 3 (original description; type genus: Himalusa Pace, 2006) Sinanarchusini Pace, 2013: 22 (original description; type genus Sinanarchusa Pace, 2013). Syn. nov. Diagnosis. The tribe Himalusini is an extremely distinctive tribe that may be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) Parameres distinctive, with a long apical lobe adorned with scabrous to serrate sculpture and paramerite vellum located at the apex of a production (in Sinanarchusa the paramere is further modified into a simple, broad-lamellate structure covered almost entirely in scabrous sculpturing similar to those found on the apical lobes of Himalusa and Protinodes); (2) labium with ligula extremely broad, confluent with hypopharynx and occupying entire width of prementum; (3) prementum transverse with elongate, delicate and thin lateral apodemes that converge at their apices; (4) maxilla with a pseudosegment. Comments. We recognize the genera Protinodes, Himalusa and Sinanarchusa in Himalusini. Pace (2013) established the tribe Sinanarchusini for the genus Sinanarchusa described in the same paper together with its type species Sinanarchusa daxuensis. According to the original description, in which the mouth part and genital characters are well illutrated, the diagnostic states of the type species agree well with that of Himalusa except for that of the apical lobe of the paramere (we did not examine the type specimen). There are no important states to distingish Sinanarchusini from Himalusini. The elusive tribe Himalusini is turning out to be a phylogenetically difficult tribe to reconcile. Adult morphology, larval morphology, multi-gene molecular analyses, and independent gene trees all conflict in some way, making Himalusini an interesting challenge within the aleocharine tree of life. Adult morphology, especially the overall similarity in the mouthparts and aedeagus suggests common ancestry with Placusini Mulsant and Rey, 1871, and possibly Hoplandriini Casey, 1910 (Eldredge in prep.). On the other hand, the larval morphology for Himalusa (the only genus of Himalusini for which the larvae are known) points to common ancestry with Autaliini Thomson, 1859 and Homalotini Heer, 1839 (Eldredge et al. in prep.). Lastly, depending on the dataset and how it is treated, molecular sequence data will variously recover shared common ancestry between Himalusini and Homalotini (in part) or Placusini (Eldredge unpub. data, Osswald et al. 2013)., Published as part of Maruyama, Munetoshi, Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Eldredge, Taro K., 2014, Synopsis of the Japanese species of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with review of the type specimens I. Tribes Himalusini and Leucocraspedini, pp. 393-400 in Zootaxa 3887 (3) on page 394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/225262, {"references":["Klimaszewski, J., Pace, R., Center, T. D. & Couture, J. (2010) A remarkable new species of Himalusa Pace from Thailand (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae): phytophagous aleocharine beetle with potential for bio-control of skunkvinerelated weeds in the United States. ZooKeys, 35, 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 35.329","Pace, R. (2006) Aleocharinae del Nepal al Naturkundemuseum di Erfurt (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). In: Hartmann, M & Weipert, J. (Eds.), Biodiversitat und Naturausstattung im Himalaya II. Verein der Freunde und Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt e. V., Erfurt, pp. 343 - 408.","Pace, R. (2013) Biodiversita delle Aleocharinae della Cina: Hoplandriini, Aleocharini e Sinanarchusini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 63 (1), 5 - 24."]}

Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874 Coprochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 146; Klimaszewski, 1984: 14; Lohse, 1989: 236; Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1994: 148; Welch, 1997: 3; Maus, 1998: 83; Maus & Ashe, 1998 (online); Klimaszewski et al., 2000: 237; Smetana, 2004: 355; Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 23. Baryodma Thomson, 1858: 31. Eucharina Casey, 1906: 165. [homonym]. Funda Blackwelder, 1952: 166. [replacement name]. Mecorhopalus Solier, 1849: 347. Skenochara Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 795. See Klimaszewski (1984) and Maus (1998) for further references. Type species: Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal, 1810. Diagnosis. The subgenus Coprochara can be distinguished from the other subgenera of Aleochara by the combination of following character states (see details in Klimaszewski, 1984; Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1994; Maus, 1998): antennae thick with segments V���X clearly transverse; two longitudinal, parallel or subparallel rows of more or less impressed punctures on midline of pronotum; elytra in some species with orange or yellow spot; mesoventrite with complete carina; spermatheca usually multiply coiled posteriorly, varying from 1 to more than 100 coils; median lobe of aedeagus with flagellum and distinctively arranged sclerites (Figs. 18���19), lacking subapico-ventral projections (see Yamamoto & Maruyama, 2012: Fig. 18). Remarks. The subgenus Coprochara includes 37 species worldwide and 18 species from the Palearctic region (Maus, 1998, 2000; Smetana, 2004). This subgenus is widely distributed in all zoogeographical regions (Klimaszewski, 1984). The taxonomy of the subgenus Coprochara is difficult due to external similarity, considerable variation within species, and incorrect interpretations of the configuration of male genitalia (Maus, 1998). For example, species identifications in England were confused until the late 1980 s (Welch, 1990, 1997). Despite these taxonomic difficulties, species belonging to the subgenus have attracted special attentions as biological control agents for pest flies. Most studies on the subgenus have used A. (C.) bilineata Gyllenhal, 1810, A. (C.) bipustulata (Linnaeus, 1760), and A. (C.) verna Say, 1833. One advantage of using the subgenus Coprochara for biological control is that they are native species within a wide distribution range, which reduces ecological impact on ecosystems. Phylogenetic relationships among species of the subgenus Coprochara are relatively well known. Maus and Ashe (1998), based on morphological characters, and Maus et al. (2001), based on molecular data, produced phylogenetic trees for the subgenus. However, Maus and Ashe (1998) noted difficulties in the examination of phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus, such as the high frequencies of parallelism and homoplasy in the group, and most of the apomorphic character states have evolved independently in different lineages within the subgenus. Three species of the subgenus Coprochara have been recorded in Japan, A. bipustulata, A. squalithorax Sharp, 1888, and A. verna, the latter reliably only from Gunma and Kanagawa Prefectures (Maus, 1998; Park et al., 2011). ��� Aleochara bipustulata ���, on the other hand, has been widely recorded from Japan. The littoral species, A. squalithorax was originally described from Hokkaid�� and Honsh�� (Sharp, 1888)., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2013, Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 201-222 in Zootaxa 3641 (3) on pages 204-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/223165

Aleochara (Coprochara) binotata Kraatz, 1856 Figs. 2, 8, 10, 22, 29, 44 Aleochara (Coprochara) binotata; Kraatz, 1856: 106 (original description); Klimaszewski, 1984: 22; Lohse, 1986: 95; Lohse, 1989: 237; Welch, 1990: 225; Welch, 1997: 4, 14, 34; Maus, 1998: 91, 96; Maus et al., 1998: 240; Maus & Ashe, 1998 (online); Maus et al., 2001: 206; Smetana, 2004: 355; Assing & Sch��lke, 2006: 95; Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 25. Aleochara sahlbergi Eppelsheim, 1833: 39. [replacement name]. Aleochara longula Heer, 1839: 318. Baryodma incrassata Thomson, 1860: 255. Aleochara notatipennis Hochhuth, 1872: 95. Baryodma fucicola J. Sahlberg, 1876: 80. [homonym]. Baryodma subtilis J. Sahlberg, 1876: 81. Aleochara mongolica Likovsk��, 1965: 54. ��� Aleochara bipustulata ���; Shibata, 1985: pl. 56. Materials examined. JAPAN: [Hokkaid��]: 1 3, Yanbetsu-kaigan, Koshimizu-ch��, Shari-gun, 29. IV. 2010, T. Kat�� leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, S��unky��, Kamikawa-ch��, Kamikawa-gun, 20. VII. 1962, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 3, 2 ����, 1 sex?, Obihiro-shi, 7. VIII. 1980, H. Togawa leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Zenibako, Otaru-shi, 23. VI. 1977, N. Nishikawa leg. (KUM); 1 ��, 1 sex?, same locality, but 8. VII. 1977, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Orofure-yama (located boundary between Shiraoi-ch�� and S��betsu-ch��), 22. VII. 1962, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 sex?, Iburi (Muroran-shi), 7. X. 1971, K. Miyamori leg. (specimen used in ���The Coleoptera of Japan in Color Vol. II��� (Shibata, 1985); cWatY, but to be preserved in the collection of the Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Japan: TUA). Other material. GERMANY: [Rheinland-Pfalz]: 1 3, Ingelheim, 1993, F. K��hler leg. (without collecting date; det. Dr. C. Maus, 1996; genital parts of the specimen is also examined; KUM). Redescription. Body (Fig. 2): very slender, parallel to subparallel sided, robust, normally moderate in size, ca. 3.58 mm in body length (2.98���4.11 mm, N = 10), and 1.69 mm in fore body length (1.52���2.04 mm, N = 10); dorsal surface strongly glossy. Color (Figs. 2, 8��� 10): ground color dark reddish brown to black; legs, especially tarsal segments, and mouth parts including mandible light brown to reddish brown; most portion of dorsal surface of elytra yellow to rusty yellow but not clearly defined (for Japanese specimens); antennae light brown to reddish brown, surface densely pubescent with minute whitish setae. Head (Fig. 2): almost circular (head length = 0.42��� 0.60 mm (mean = 0.50 mm), head width = 0.45���0.58 mm (mean = 0.53 mm), N = 10), widest at just behind eyes (head width / head length = 1.06, N = 10); dorsal surface covered with long setae sparsely, punctation deep and prominent, only small numbers scattered. Antennae (Fig. 2): moniliform, elongated like long club, short, not reaching to middle of head and pronotum combined (antenna length = 0.66���0.97 mm (mean = 0.80 mm), N = 10); segment I, about 2.4 times longer than width, segment II slightly shorter than I, segment III slightly shorter than II, segments IV spherical, as long as width except for stem of segment, segment V clearly wider than long, segments VI to X, strongly transverse, segment XI thick and subconical, nearly 1.4 times as long as width, almost same length as segment I, approximate relative length of segments from basal to apex: 11.5: 8.5: 7.0: 4.0: 4.0: 4.0: 4.0: 4.0: 4.0: 4.0: 12.0. Thorax: pronotum (Fig. 2) moderately transverse (pronotum length = 0.53���0.68 mm (mean = 0.61 mm), pronotum width = 0.65���0.87 mm (mean = 0.77 mm), pronotum width / pronotum length = 1.26 (mean), N = 10), wider than head (pronotum width / head width = 1.45 (mean), N = 10), widest around middle; surface coarsely but deeply punctured, with strongly impressed longitudinal rows of punctures along midline. Intercoxal process of mesoventrite (Fig. 10) with strong carina along midline. Metaventrite (Fig. 10) smooth, inconspicuous compared to that of elytra. Intercoxal process of metaventrite (Figs. 9���10) moderately broad and weakly pointed apically. Elytra (Fig. 8) wider than long (elytra length = 0.47���0.68 mm (mean = 0.58 mm), elytra width = 0.77���1.01 mm (mean = 0.91 mm, N = 10) with large yellowish portion except for anterior margin of pronotum (for Japanese specimens); surface deeply punctured, covered with conspicuous setae; posterior margin weakly rounded posteriorly. Legs (Fig. 2): short (hind tibia length = 0.40���0.55 mm (0.50 mm), N = 10), dozens of long spines on fore and midtibia, respectively; relative lengths of tarsal segments from basal to apical: 4.0: 3.0: 3.0: 2.5: 8.5 in foretarsus, 8.5: 4.5: 4.5: 4.0: 11.0 in midtarsus, 12.5: 7.0: 5.0: 5.0: 12.0 in hindtarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 2): weakly glossy, covered by short but thick setae. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 22) weakly serrate or almost truncate, with approximately 6 macrosetae on each side. Posterior margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 24) pointed triangularly, with approximately 6 macrosetae. Median lobe of aedeagus as in Figs. 26���27: elongated and narrowed toward apex; flagellum shorter, at most as long as median lobe of aedeagus; basal plate of flagellum long and large; sclerite Y narrowly elongated; sclerite Z with straightly projecting attachment on apex; apical lobe in lateral view weakly bent, sharply pointed; triangular-shaped in ventral view; apical lobe looks long isosceles. Apical lobe of paramerite (Fig. 28) straight, long and slender, bearing with short 4 setae; surface covered with numerous minute setae. [Female]: tergite VIII (Fig. 23) with weakly serrate posterior margin, with 4 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 25) rounded to weakly pointed posteriorly, with approximately 4 macrosetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 29): apical invagination of spermatheca large and deep; spermathecal head spherical, fused with spermathecal neck; attachment of spermathecal duct prominent; (sn) slightly narrowing toward basal portion of spermathecal stem; coiled portion long, composed of maximally 20 times of thick coils, extended laterally, directly connected with thick membranous portion of spermathecal duct; each part of spermatheca except for (sm) entirely and moderately sclerotized; inner wall of (sh) finely striate. Diagnosis. Aleochara binotata is similar to the other species of the Japanese Coprochara, especially A. verna, but can be easily distinguished from them as follows: body clearly slender, surface smooth and glossy in dark reddish brown to black, usually paler than A. verna (Fig. 2); posterior margin of elytra rounded with huge yellowish portion on elytra (Figs. 1, 8); pronotum with prominent rows of punctures along midline; intercoxal process of metaventrite moderately pointed apically (Fig. 10); tergite VIII without thick spines in posterior half (Figs. 22���23). [Male]: apical lobe of median lobe of aedeagus sharply pointed; flagellum short; sclerite Z with short attachment (Figs. 26���27). Apical lobe of paramerite long, straight, bearing short 4 setae and numerous minute setae (Fig. 28). [Female]: spermatheca consisted with around 20 thick coils, greatly extended laterally (Fig. 29). Confirmed distribution by present study. [JAPAN]: Hokkaid��. Other localities in literature. [EUROPE]: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia: North European Territory, Slovakia, Sweden, UK, Ukraine (Smetana, 2004), [NORTH AFRICA]: Canary and Madeira Islands (Smetana, 2004; Assing, 2006), [ASIA]: Mongolia, Russia (east and west Siberia), Yemen (Smetana, 2004). Remarks. This species was described from northern Germany, and its distribution is confined to the Palearctic region. The present paper provides the first record of A. binotata from Japan (Hokkaid��). This species seems to be rare and only 11 Japanese specimens were examined. In England, where the yellow-spotted species of the subgenus, A. verna, has a wide distribution but A. binotata is much rarer (Welch, 1997). The same pattern might occur in Japan. The taxonomical history is rather complicated due to morphological similarities among A. bipustulata, A. verna, and A. binotata (see remarks of A. verna). We reexamined the specimen that was used in the aleocharine plate of ���The Coleoptera of Japan in Color Vol. II��� (Shibata, 1985), which was introduced as A. bipustulata. In fact, we found that the specimen was a misidentification of A. binotata. Maus (1998) designated the female lectotype of A. binotata. Welch (1997) provided a diagnostic key with precise figures and informative notes. The Japanese specimens had uniformly lighter colored elytra and the German specimen used in this study was much darker. This yellowish elytra well agreed with Klimaszewski (1984: 24; as the European concept of A. verna type II) and Welch (1997). The configuration of male genitalia also showed no morphological differences when compared with specimens from Germany. Thus, elytral coloration can be regarded as color variation within A. binotata. Bionomics. No information is available for Japanese individuals. Host records. The following seven dipteran families are known hosts (Maus et al., 1998): Ulidiidae, Piophilidae, Lonchaeidae, Anthomyiidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae, and Sarcophagidae. However, host records based on references before Lohse (1986) are not reliable (Welch, 1997)., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2013, Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 201-222 in Zootaxa 3641 (3) on pages 213-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/223165

Key to species from the subgenus Coprochara in Japan 1. Body (Figs. 3���4) gray, thick, spindle shaped; dorsal surface covered with granular microstructures and forebody not glossy at all. Intercoxal process of metaventrite (Figs. 12���13) narrow and long, pointed apically. Elytra (Fig. 11) with posterior margins deeply notched laterally; surface rough, densely covered with short but robust setae. Tergite VIII (Figs. 34���35) with numerous large oval projections on surface. Collected from decaying seaweed on seashore beach. [Male]: median lobe of aedeagus as in Figs. 38���39; sclerite Z large, without attachment at apex; flagellum longer than median lobe of aedeagus. [Female]: proximal portion of spermatheca (Fig. 41) with extremely numerous coils........ Aleochara (Coprochara) squalithorax Sharp, 1888 - Body black to blackish brown, slender, parallel or subparallel sided; dorsal surface not covered with granular microstructures, and clearly glossy. Intercoxal process of metaventrite wide and rounded apically. Elytra with posterior margins rounded, usually with yellowish portion. Tergite VIII without large oval spines on surface, with serrate or truncate posterior margin. Spermatheca proximally with 20 coils at most.................................................................. 2 2. Dorsal surface smooth and apparently glossy (Fig. 1). Pronotum with shallow and inconspicuous punctures and with thin setae. Two rows of punctures along midline fine. Elytra (Fig. 5) with a pair of small reddish to yellowish spots near posterior margin and suture, bearing with numerous thin and inconspicuous setae. Common species in Japan. [Male]: sternite VIII (Fig. 16) simple and weakly pointed. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 18���19): apex of apical lobe of median lobe blunt in lateral view; flagellum long, slightly longer than median lobe of aedeagus; sclerite Z large, with long and prominent attachment, waving toward apex. [Female]: coiled portion of spermatheca (Fig. 21) not greatly extended laterally........ A. (C.) verna Say, 1833 - Body more slender. Elytra entirely yellow except for anterior margins near pronotum (Japanese specimens).............. 3 3 Dorsal surface with distinct and deep coarse punctures, and with thick yellowish setae (Fig. 2). Pronotum with distinct punctures and rows of deep punctures along midline. [Male]: sternite VIII (Fig. 24) pointed triangularly. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 26���27): apex of apical lobe sharply pointed in lateral view; flagellum short, but basal plate of flagellum long and large; sclerite Z small, with straight attachment pointed toward apex. In Japan known only from Hokkaid��. [Female]: proximal portion of spermatheca (Fig. 29) with thick coils and widely extended laterally................. A. (C.) binotata Kraatz, 1856, Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2013, Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 201-222 in Zootaxa 3641 (3) on page 205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/223165

Aleochara (Coprochara) verna Say, 1833 Figs. 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, 42, 44 Aleochara (Coprochara) verna; Say, 1833: 58 (original description); Klimaszewski, 1984: 22; Lohse, 1986: 95; Lohse, 1989: 239; Welch, 1997: 3, 14; Maus, 1998: 87, 96; Maus et al., 1998: 241; Maus & Ashe, 1998 (online); Naomi et al., 2000: 107; Maus et al., 2001: 205; Smetana, 2004: 356; Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 25; Park et al., 2011. Aleochara languida Sachse, 1852: 117. Baryodma pauxilla Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 159. Aleochara alticola Sharp, 1883: 148. Baryodma minuta Casey, 1906: 161. [homonym]. Baryodma pumilio Casey, 1911: 6. Baryodma tolerata Casey, 1911: 6. Aleochara tecumsehi Muona, 1977: 16. [replacement name]. Aleochara tanumi Likovsk��, 1984: 8. [replacement name]. Aleochara cedari Likovsk��, 1984: 8. [replacement name]. ��� Aleochara bipustulata ���; Sharp, 1888: 282 (as Aleochara nitida Gravenhorst, a synonym of A. bipustulata); Adachi, 1957: 34; Naomi, 1989: 280; Smetana, 2004: 355. See Klimaszewski (1984) and Gouix & Klimaszewski (2007) for further references. Materials examined. JAPAN: [Hokkaid��]: 1 3, Memuro-dake (Penken��shi-dake), Shimizu-ch��, Kamikawa-gun, 15. VII. 1995, K. Haga leg. (cHaga); 1 3, 1 ��, Shari-dake, Shari-machi, Shari-gun, 23. VII. 1996, K. Mizota leg. (KUM). [Honsh��]: 1 3, Matsugab��-dam, Yamakami, S��ma-shi, Fukushima-ken, 20. XII. 2006, S. Sait�� leg. (leaf litter in forest; cWat); 1 ��, Azuma-yama, Inawashiro-machi, Yama-gun, Fukushima-ken, 19. VIII. 1996, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 2 3, ��momo, Minamiaizu-machi, Aizu-gun, Fukushima-ken, 23. VI. 1990, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 1 3, 2 sex?, Maeshirane-san, Ch��gushi, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 23. VI. 1990, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 4 sex?, Yumoto, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 29. VI. 1982, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, same data, but 10. VII. 1994; 2 sex?, Ch��zenji, Nikk��-shi, Tochigi-ken, 28���30. VI. 1982, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Akagi-san (Komagatake peak), Fujimi-mura, Seta-gun, Gunma-ken, 20. VII. 1996, S. Nomura leg. (KUM); 1 ��, H��shi-onsen hotspring, Minakami-machi, Tone-gun, Gunma-ken, 26. VI. 1997, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 2 3, 6 ����, Akaguna-yama, Kamihino, Fujioka-shi, Gunma-ken, 13. IX. 2001, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 1 3, same data, but 15. V. 2002; 1 3, Watarase-y��suichi retarding basin, Fujioka-shi, Tochigi-ken, 13. IV. 2002, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 3 3, 3 ����, Matsuzawa-t��ge pass (alt. 1150m), Haruna-san, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken, 27. VII. 1996, S. Nomura leg. (KUM); 3 3, Nidoage-t��ge pass, Kawaura, Kurabuchi-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken, 11. IX. 2002, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 6 sex?, Kanaibuchi-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken, 27. III. 2005, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 1 3, 7 sex?, Wagamine-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken, 27. III. 2005, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 1 3, Kirizumi, Sakamoto, Matsuida-machi, Annaka-shi, Gunma-ken, 19. VIII. 1962, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 3 3, 3 ����, Kamioshidari, Higashimatsuyama-shi, Saitama-ken, 1. XI. 1998, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 3, Tenmoku-zan, Chichibu-shi, Saitama-ken, 12. VI. 1998, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 3 ����, Hirogawarasawa, Nakatsugawa, Chichibu-shi, Saitama-ken, 11. X. 1999, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Tone-gawa, Sakae-machi, Inba-gun, Chibaken, 5. V. 1991, T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Amatsu-kaigan, Uchiura, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba-ken, 3. XI. 1990, T. Takeda leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Heisaura, Sakai, Tateyama-shi, Chiba-ken, 1. IV. 1997, M. Maruyama leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, river mouth of Obitsu-gawa, Kuroto, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba-ken, 25. X. 1998, K. Toyoda leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, Takao-san, Hachi��ji-shi, T��ky��-to, 16. IV. 1962, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 ��, Arasaki, Nagai, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 17. XI. 1963, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 sex?, Hayama-machi, Miura-gun, Kanagawa-ken, 27. III. 1953, R. Kiry�� leg. (SCM); 1 sex?, Kamimizo, Chu��-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken, 23. V. 1954, R. Kiry�� leg. (SCM); 1 3, Sh��nan-kaigan, Kanagawa-ken, 2. VII. 1976, Niizato leg. (without collector���s given name; KUM); 1 ��, Mitsuishi (Manazuru-misaki), Manazuru-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa-ken, 15. VII. 1989, T. Watanabe leg. (under rubbish on the beach; cWat); 1 ��, Susugaya (Tanzawayamafudakake), Kiyokawa-mura, Aik��-gun, Kanagawa-ken, 6. XI. 1993, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 1 3, 1 sex?, T��nosawa, Hakone-machi, Ashigarashimo-gun, kanagawa-ken, 24. X. 1971, Y. Hirano leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Usui-t��ge, Karuizawa, Karuizawamachi, Kitasaku-gun, Nagano-ken, 31. VII. 1999, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 13 sex?, Kamihikawa, Daibosatsu, K��sh��-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 14. VI. 1986, T. Watanabe leg. (cWat); 4 3, 1 ��, near Tsuchimuro-gawa, Daibosatsu, Yamanashi-ken, 16���17. X. 1982, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 sex?, H��oh-goya lodge, Minamiarupusu-shi, Yamanashiken, 26. VII. 1967, Y. Shibata leg. (cShi); 1 ��, same locality, 11. VI. 1990, K. Hosoda leg. (cIto); 1 ��, same data, but 2. VI. 1993; 1 sex?, Hirogawara (Shirane-san), Minamiarupusu-shi, Yamanashi-ken, 9���13. VII. 1982, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 3, 2 sex?, Yanbushi-t��ge pass, Hayakawa-ch��, Minamikoma-gun, Yamanashi-ken, 4. VII. 2002, A. Sugimura leg. (KUM); 1 ��, 1 sex?, river mouth of Yodo-gawa, ��saka-shi, ��saka-fu, 17. III. 1956, Y. Hayashi leg. (cHay). [Shikoku]: 1 3, 2 ����, 1 sex?, ��taki-san, Shionoe-ch��, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa-ken, 8. VI. 2008, H. Fujimoto leg. (KUM); 2 3, Tsurugi-san, Tokushima-ken, 19���20. VI. 1981, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM). [Ky��sh��]: 1 3, 19 sex?, Shakaga-dake (alt. 1200m), Yame-shi, Fukuoka-ken, 25. IX. 1994, S. Nomura leg. (KUM); 2 sex?, Sobo-san, ��ita-ken, 19. VII. 1985, K. Ogata leg. (KUM); 1 3, 2 ����, 1 sex?, Sobo-san, Taketa-shi, ��ita-ken, 7. VI. 2009, S. Yamamoto leg. (daytime on walkway; cYam); 13 sex?, same data, but 14. VII. 2011 (besides these records, dozens of individuals were observed (only field observation, no collecting permit) at the top of the mountain which is situated on a boundary of ��ita-ken and Miyazaki-ken: Fig. 42); 3 ����, 2 sex?, Kurokawa, Aso-shi, Kumamoto-ken, 6. VI. 2009, S. Yamamoto leg. (from cow dung on pasture during daytime; cYam); 1 3, 1 ��, Ichifusa-yama, Mizukami-mura, Kuma-gun, Kumamoto-ken, 1���2. VIII. 1988, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 ��, Tomioka (Amakusa-syot��), Reihoku-machi, Amakusa-gun, Kumamoto-ken, 3. IV. 1977, S.-I. Naomi leg. (KUM); 1 3, Nichinan-shi, Miyazaki-ken, 29. V. 1969, Watanabe leg. (without collector���s given name; KUM); 1 ��, Wanitsuka-yama, Kou, Tano-ch��, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki-ken, 6. IX. 1993, S. Nomura leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, Kirishima-yama, Kobayashi-shi, Miyazaki-ken, 4. VII. 1982, M. Takanashi leg. (KUM); 1 3, Takachiho, Miyazaki-ken, 24. VI. 1969, Y. Goto leg. (cShi); 28 sex?, Takachihonomine, Miike-ch��, Miyakonoj��-shi, Miyazakiken, 21. V. 1982, H. Takemoto leg. (KUM); 1 sex?, same locality, 19. VII. 1983, M. ��hara leg. (KUM); 8 sex?, Takachihonomine, 31. V. 1981, Y. Takai leg. (KUM); 5 sex?, same locality,? VIII. 1979, Koda leg. (without detail collecting date and collector���s given name; KUM); 1 ��, 19 sex?, Takachihonomine, kirishimataguchi, Kirishima-shi, Kagoshima-ken, N. Koda leg. (without collecting date; KUM); 1 3, 1 ��, 3 sex?, Kirishima-yama (near Miike pond), Kagoshima-ken, 18. V. 1983, Y. Sawada leg. (KUM); 1 3, Unzen-dake, Unzen-shi, Nagasaki-ken, 17. V. 1986, T. It�� leg. (cIto); 3 sex?, same locality, 3. VII. 1977, S. Imasaka leg. (KUM); 1 ��, same data, but 4. VII. 1978; 1 3, 1 sex?, same data, but 24. VI. 1979; 1 ��, same data, but 5. VIII. 1980; 1 ��, same data, but 24. VI. 1981. Other material. RUSSIA: [Kamchatka Peninsula]: 1 ��, Nagornyi (53 ��07'N 158 �� 31 'E), near Petropavlovsk- Kamachatskiy, 10. VII. 1997, A. Sait�� leg. (Naomi et al., 2000; CBM: CBM-ZI/ 81531). Redescription. Body (Fig. 1): slender and subparallel, normally moderate in size, ca. 3.63 mm in body length (3.12���4.32 mm, N = 15), and 1.72 mm in fore body length (1.41���1.83 mm, N = 15), robust, and dorsal surface clearly glossy. Color (Figs. 1, 5��� 7): ground color completely black; legs, especially tarsal segments, and mouth parts brown to reddish brown; elytra with a pair of yellowish spots; antennae blackish brown to reddish brown, surface moderately to densely pubescent with minute whitish setae. Head (Fig. 1): circular (head length = 0.47��� 0.57 mm (mean = 0.53 mm), head width = 0.49���0.63 mm (mean = 0.57 mm), N = 15), slightly transverse (head width / head length = 1.08 (mean), N = 15), widest at eyes; surface covered with long and thin setae sparsely, punctation shallow and inconspicuous. Antennae (Fig. 1): moniliform, thick and robust, shorter than head and pronotum combined (antenna length = 0.74���0.95 mm (mean = 0.87 mm), N = 15); segment I, about 2.3 times as long as broad, segment II clearly shorter than I, segment III slightly shorter than II, segment IV spherical, as long as width except for stem of segment, segments V to X clearly transverse, segment XI thick and subconical, nearly 1.8 times as long as width, longer than segment I, approximate relative length of segments from basal to apex: 12.0: 10.5: 7.5: 4.0: 4.5: 5.0: 5.0: 5.0: 5.0: 5.0: 15.0. Thorax: pronotum (Fig. 1) moderately transverse (pronotum length = 0.54���0.79 mm (mean = 0.65 mm), pronotum width = 0.68���0.91 mm (mean = 0.84 mm), pronotum width / pronotum length = 1.29 (mean), N = 15), wider than head (pronotum width / head width = 1.49 (mean), N = 15), widest just after middle; surface coarsely and shallowly punctured, with weak longitudinal rows of punctures along midline. Intercoxal process of mesoventrite (Fig. 7) with strong carina along midline. Intercoxal process of metaventrite (Figs. 6���7) broad and short, rounded apically. Metaventrite (Fig. 7) smooth, pubescent like elytra. Elytra (Fig. 5) wider than long (elytra length = 0.54���0.70 mm (mean = 0.62 mm), elytra width = 0.77���1.11 mm (mean = 0.98 mm), N = 15) with a pair of yellowish small spots extending from posterior margin close to elytral suture; surface shallowly punctured and with inconspicuous setae; posterior margin weakly rounded. Legs (Fig. 1): short (hind tibia length = 0.44���0.65 mm (mean = 0.55 mm), N = 15), dozens of long spines on fore and midtibia, respectively; relative lengths of tarsal segments from basal to apical: 4.5: 3.0: 3.0: 3.0: 8.5 in foretarsus, 9.0: 5.0: 5.0: 5.0: 11.0 in midtarsus, 13.0: 8.0: 8.0: 8.0: 14.5 in hindtarsus. Abdomen (Fig. 1): weakly glossy, covered by short and thin setae. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 14) clearly serrate, with approximately 8 macrosetae on each side. Sternite VIII (Fig. 16) with approximately 8 macrosetae; posterior margin pointed triangularly. Median lobe of aedeagus as in Figs. 18���19: elongated and narrowed toward apex; flagellum inside projecting, longer than median lobe of aedeagus; basal plate of flagellum small and short; sclerite Z with long attachment, waving apically; apical lobe in lateral view moderately bent, narrowing subapically; basal swelling of median lobe circularly rounded; median lobe in ventral view moderately tear-shaped; basal swelling of median lobe small; apical lobe looks short isosceles. Apical lobe of paramerite (Fig. 20) long and slender, bearing 4 long setae. [Female]: tergite VIII (Fig. 15) with weakly serrate posterior margin, with 7 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 17) rounded posteriorly, with 8 macrosetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 21): apical invagination of spermatheca small but deep; spermathecal head spherical, as long as spermathecal neck; attachment of spermathecal duct inconspicuous; (sn) clearly narrowing toward basal portion of spermathecal stem, stem moderately curved to almost angled at its base; coiled portion of moderate length, composed of maximally 20 thin coils, not strongly extended laterally; coils directly connected with thin membranous portion of spermathecal duct; each part of spermatheca except for (sm) entirely and moderately sclerotized; inner wall of (sh) finely striate. Diagnosis. This species is similar to the other Japanese species of the subgenus Coprochara, but can be easily distinguished from them by the following character states: surface smooth and glossy (Fig. 1); elytral posterior margin rounded with a pair of yellowish spots on dorsal surface of elytra (Figs. 1, 5); intercoxal process of metaventrite moderately rounded apically (Figs. 6���7); tergite VIII without thick spines in posterior half (Figs. 14��� 15). [Male]: sclerite Z inside the median lobe with long waving attachment at apex (Figs. 18���19). [Female]: spermatheca with maximally 20 thin coils, not greatly extended laterally (Fig. 21). Confirmed distribution by the present study. [JAPAN]: Hokkaid��, Honsh��, Shikoku, Ky��sh��, [RUSSIA]: Kamchatka Peninsula. Other localities in the literature. [EUROPE]: Austria, Azerbaijan, Azores, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, the Nertherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia: South European Territory, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine (Maus, 1998; Smetana, 2004; Assing, 2006; Prado e Castro et al., 2010; Tamutis et al., 2011), [NORTH AFRICA]: Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Madeira Archipelago (Smetana, 2004), [ASIA]: Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Russia: Far East, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan (Maus, 1998; Smetana, 2004; Park et al., 2011), [NORTH AMERICA]: Alaska, Canada, Hawaii, Mexico, USA (Klimaszewski, 1984; Navarrete et al., 2002; Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007), [SOUTH AMERICA]: Venezuela (Navarrete et al., 2002). Remarks. Aleochara verna is very common and widely distributed in the Holarctic region. The distribution ranges through all of Europe and North Africa, across northern India and the Russian Far East to North America (Maus, 1998; Smetana, 2004). In Japan, reliable records had been reported from only two localities, Gunma and Kanagawa Prefectures (Maus, 1998; Park et al., 2011). Numerous records are added from all of Japan, from northern Hokkaid�� to southern Ky��sh��, Japan. This species was originally described from Missouri, USA. As the type specimen was destroyed, the neotype was designated by Klimaszewski (1984). The distribution of this species in the Palearctic region is unclear; it has been suggested that A. verna is not a Nearctic, but a Palearctic species (Maus, 1998). The taxonomic status of A. verna was unstable until Lohse (1986) and thus far several cases of confusion have occurred, e.g., misidentifications of species in Europe and the proposed use of many synonyms for some species and subspecies under A. verna (Klimaszewski, 1984; Welch 1997; Maus, 1998). Recent studies such as Welch (1990, 1997) and Maus (1998) have allowed the precise identification of the Coprochara -complex, including A. verna, in the Palearctic region. The Japanese specimens examined have a blackish body with a pair of small yellow markings on the elytra; no geographical variations were detected. This species is commonly found in Japan; many records have been reported as ��� Aleochara bipustulata ���. However, true specimens of A. bipustulata were not found in the present study. Therefore, the distribution of A. bipustulata in Japan is doubtful and it should be excluded from the Japanese fauna (see Discussion). Park et al. (2011) redescribed and recorded A. verna from South Korea, with diagnoses of A. verna and ��� A. bipustulata ���. Following the Japanese example, Korean specimens of ��� A. bipustulata ��� should be reexamined. In Japan, Aleochara verna might be the most efficient candidate as a biological control agent due to its abundance, and wide distribution range, and the availability of information that has been accumulated in previous studies on the species. Bionomics. Species of the subgenus Coprochara occur predominantly in the dung of herbivorous vertebrates and in a wide range of organic materials (Klimaszewski & Jansen, 1994). Aleochara verna is considered as inhabiting in the same environment. Adults were collected from human feces and other animal droppings such as cow, horse, dog, and woodchuck, as well as carrion (Klimaszewski, 1984). The first author collected the species from cow dung in a pasture at Aso, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. He also confirmed that A. verna was attracted to small prawns (leavings from a packed lunch) on a walkway in 2009 at Mt. Sobo, Japan. SY also collected specimens of this species on a walkway in summer 2011 on the same mountain, and observed dozens of individuals walking actively on rocks and pebbly surface on the summit (Fig. 42: arrow). The altitudinal range of A. verna is quite wide. Klimaszewski (1984) noted that adult specimens were collected at altitudes from less than 200 m to nearly 4,000 m. Japanese specimens were found at altitudes from 0 (seashore) to over 2,000 m. Host records. Comprehensive dipteran host records for A. verna were provided by Maus et al. (1998). This paper gives the following four families as its hosts: Anthomyiidae, Scathophagidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2013, Revision of the Subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the Genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), pp. 201-222 in Zootaxa 3641 (3) on pages 210-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/223165

Aleochara (Emplenota) hayamai Yamamoto & Maruyama n. sp. (Figs. 3, 38���45, 93���94, 97, 103) Type series. Holotype, 3, JAPAN: Koura-kaigan, Koura, Kashima-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken, Honsh�� (35.521 N, 132.975 E), 18 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (by hand with aspirator; under flotsam on sandy beach in the hot daytime; KUM). Paratypes, JAPAN: [Honsh��]: 2 3, Mito beach, Hasse-machi, Miura-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.177 N, 139.620 E), 14 V 2009, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 3, Inugu (D��go Is., Oki-shot��), Okinoshima-ch��, Oki-gun, Shimane-ken (36.219 N, 133.372 E *), 10 XI 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 4 3, 3 ��, Kakanokuketo, Shimane-ch��, Matsue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.578 N, 133.051 E), 1 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (shingle beach; cHayam); 2 3, 2 ��, same data, but 9 VI 2009; 2 3, same data, but 18 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (cYam); 1 3, same data, but 19 VII 2010; 1 3, Kaka (Katsura-jima), Shimane-ch��, Matsue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.566 N, 133.052 E), 19 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (by hand pick; sandy beach; under seaweed around evening; cYam); 18 3, 4 ��, Koura-kaigan, Koura, Kashimach��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.521 N, 132.975 E), 8-10 VI 2009, Hayama-T. (FIT; cHayam); 31 3, 26 ��, same data, but 18-20 VI 2009; 3 3, same data, but 3-5 VII 2009; 4 3, 8 ��, same data, but 16-18 VII 2009; 8 3, 4 ��, same data, but 17 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (by hand pick up with aspirator; under flotsam on sandy beach; KUM); 1 3, 2 ��, same data, but 18 VII 2010 (same data as holotype); 2 3, Sakaura-kaigan, Sakaura-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.508 N, 132.861 E), 20 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 ��, same data, but 15 V 2009; 1 ��, river mouth of Sakaura-gawa, Sakaura-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.508 N, 132.861 E), 13 IV 2008, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 3, same data, but 31 IV 2008; 1 3, same data, but 17 V 2008; 1 3, 31 VIII 2008; 1 3, same data, but 5 VIII 2009; 2 3, 1 ��, Owashi-hama, Nakayama, Taisha-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.433 N, 132.634 E), 24 III 2009, Hayama-T. (shingle beach; cHayam); 1 3, 1 ��, Akaishihana, Hinomisaki, Taisha-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.411 N, 132.650 E *), 2 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 7 ��, same data, but 2-8 V 2009 (FIT); 1 3, Kiami-ch��, Masuda-shi, Shimane-ken (34.676 N, 131.747 E), 10-11 V 2009, Hayama-T. (FIT; cHayam). [Ky��sh��]: 1 3, Odo-k��en park, Odo- 2 ch��me 6, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.596 N, 130.311 E), 28 VI 2009, Yamamoto-S. (from seaweed on sandy beach with Aleochara (E.) segregata; cYam); 2 3, Sato (Kamikoshikijima), Sato-machi, Satsumasendai-shi, Kagoshima-ken (31.844 N, 129.919 E), 11-12 IV 1973, Furuki-Y. (EEEU). Description. Body (Fig. 3): small to medium sized, slender body; surface of pronotum and elytra somewhat densely haired by rather short and thin setae; fore-body (head, pronotum and elytra) weakly shining due to extremely minute hexagonal microstructures. Colour (Fig. 3): gland colour complete black; legs dark brown to reddish brown, tarsal segments orange brown to reddish brown: maxillary and labial palpi blackish brown to yellowish brown; antennae blackish brown and partly reddish brown. Head: impunctured area along midline not uniquely elevated at all. Antennae (Fig. 42): entirely slender; slightly longer than combined length of head and pronotum; segment I, nearly 2.8 times as long as broad; segment II somewhat shorter than I; segment III as same length as II; segments IV and V long barrel shape, clearly longer than width; segments VI to VII short barrel shape; segments VIII to X transverse; last segment somewhat long, about 1.7 times as long as broad; relative length (width) of segments from basal to apical: 11 (4): 7 (3): 6.5 (3): 4 (3): 4.5 (3.5): 4 (4): 4 (4): 5 (5): 6 (5): 4.5 (5): 10 (6). Thorax: pronotum somewhat strongly convex above, with moderately rounded posterior margin; slightly wider than long (PW/PL = 1.23), clearly broader than head (PW/HW = 1.38), widest just behind middle; surface with extremely minute hexagonal reticulations with inconspicuous punctures. Metaventrite, about 1.6 times as long as mesoventrite. Inter coxal process of mesoventrite sharply pointed with very short carina along midline, about 0.3 times as long as mesoventrite. Inter coxal process of metaventrite broad and somewhat long, and apical margin pointed moderately. Legs: relative lengths of tarsomeres from basal to apical: 4.5: 3: 3: 3: 10 in foretarsus, 6: 5: 5: 5: 13 in midtarsus, 8: 6: 6: 6: 16 in hindtarsus. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 38) very weakly emarginated medially, with around 7 to 8 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 40) with about 12 macrosetae; posterior margin very strongly pointed toward apex, forming triangular. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 43���44) C-curved (sponge-gourd shape) in lateral view (Fig. 43); moderately narrowed apically in ventral view (Fig. 44); a pair of subapico-ventral projections thick, robust and straight in lateral view (Fig. 43); basal swelling of aedeagus, circularly rounded in lateral view (Fig. 43); apical lobe of median lobe very short isosceles shape in ventral aspect (Fig. 44); flagellum extremely longer than the whole length of median lobe (Figs. 43���44). [Female]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 39) slightly rounded, but very weakly emarginated medially, with about 7 macrosetae. Posterior margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 41) rounded or weakly pointed, with around 8 macrosetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 45): spermathecal head as long as apical portion of spermathecal stem; basal portion of spermathecal stem very short and curved; sclerotized portion of spermathecal stem thin and erect; each part of spermatheca except for membraneous portion of spermathecal duct (sm) entirely and very weakly sclerotized; (sm) extremely long in length. Measurements (male: n= 10): BL, 2.94���4.65 (4.00�� 0.49); FBL, 1.66���2.07 (1.87 �� 0.15); HL, 0.46���0.68 (0.56 �� 0.07); HW, 0.53���0.69 (0.60 �� 0.05); AL, 1.11���1.51 (1.30 �� 0.14); PL, 0.59���0.78 (0.69 �� 0.06); PW, 0.60���0.92 (0.83 �� 0.06); EL, 0.57���0.77 (0.67 �� 0.06); EW, 0.94���1.27 (1.08 �� 0.10); HTL, 0.57���0.79 (0.66 �� 0.07). Measurements (female: n= 10): BL, 3.23���4.64 (4.04 �� 0.38); FBL, 1.50���2.11 (1.91 �� 0.20); HL, 0.44���0.62 (0.55 �� 0.05); HW, 0.51���0.66 (0.60 �� 0.04); AL, 1.03���1.32 (1.18 �� 0.09); PL, 0.53���0.73 (0.66 �� 0.07); PW, 0.68���0.91 (0.83 �� 0.07); EL, 0.62���0.77 (0.69 �� 0.05); EW, 0.87���1.18 (1.07 �� 0.10); HTL, 0.55���0.78 (0.68 �� 0.07). Distribution. [JAPAN]: Honsh��, Ky��sh��, D��go Is., Kamikoshiki-jima. See, Fig. 103. Diagnosis. Aleochara hayamai is a peculiar species and can be easily discriminated from other Japanese Emplenota species by following character states: small to medium size body (not large species); gland colour completely black and somewhat strongly shining even in mat area of the forebody (hexagonal structures on dorsal surface very minute compared to the other Japanese Emplenota species), and deep punctures of dorsal surface on forebody inconspicuous (Fig. 3); longitudinal impunctured area of head along midline not uniquely elevated at all; lateral margin of pronotum somewhat convex toward anterolaterally; antennae entirely slender, especially segments IV to V which close to long barrel shape rather than spherically short barrel shape (Fig. 42); legs somewhat long and slender (HTL = 0.67). [Male]: sternite VIII (Fig. 40) sharply pointed toward posterior, making sharp triangular; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 43���44) unique with extremely long flagellum; subapico-ventral projections of median lobe robust and straight in lateral view (Fig. 43). [Female]: spermatheca (Fig. 45) unique in shape; very weakly sclerotized uniformely, with short basal portion of spermathecal stem and extraordinary long membraneous portion of spermathecal duct. Etymology. The species, Aleochara hayamai, is dedicated to Mr. Takeshi Hayama (Okinawa-ken), who found this species for the first time during his ecological survey of coastal insects in Shimane-ken. Remarks. Numerous individuals were collected by Mr. T. Hayama in Shimane-ken (Honsh��). He researched the entire coastal region of Shimane-ken to study coastal insect ecology and succeeded in collecting a few specimens of A. hayamai. Mr. Hayama discovered its peculiarity and sent us the specimen. We examined more than 2,000 specimens of Emplenota from all over Japan, but this species seems to be rare except in Shimane-ken and we found it from only three other localities. Aleochara hayamai has similar external characters to other Japanese species, however, the species is outstanding by having huge and peculiar male genitalia., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595

Subtribe Aleocharina Fleming, 1821 Aleocharidae Fleming, 1821: 49 (type genus: Aleochara Gravenhorst, 1802) Piochardiae Fenyes, 1918: 20 (type genus: Piochardia Heyden, 1870) Diagnosis. The subtribe is distinguished by the following characteristics: 5 - 5 - 5 tarsal formula (4-5 - 5 in Tinotus Sharp, 1833) (Hanley, 2002; Klimaszewski et al., 2002); maxillary palpus 4 -segmented, plus apical pseudosegment (looks 5 -segmented); labial palpus 3 -segmented, plus apical pseudosegment (looks 4 -segmented); ligula bilobed apically, shorter than the segment I of the labial palpus; lateral projections of labial apodeme elongated (Maruyama, 2004); median lobe of the aedeagus without dorsal apodeme (Maruyama, 2004); at least some species have a reticulated velum on the paramerite of the male aedeagus (Seevers, 1978; Ashe & Maus, 1998). Comments. This subtribe is composed of 21 genera and is distributed throughout all zoogeographic regions. The subtribe Aleocharina is easily distinguished from the other two subtribes comprised of termitophiles, namely Compactopediina Kistner, 1970, and Hodoxenina Kistner, 1970, in the tribe Aleocharini, by a rather generalized body shape (with some exceptions). Recently, however, a myrmecoid genus of the subtribe Aleocharina, Myrmecostica Maruyama, 2011, was described from Borneo (Maruyama et al., 2011). The phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe remain uncertain. The phylogenetic concept of this subtribe is very unstable due to uncertain limits of the genus Aleochara and related taxa (Ashe & Maus, 1998). The monophyly of Aleocharina is still not established (Ashe & Maus, 1998), and no autapomorphy has been detected for it. Kanao et al. (2011) showed that Compactopediina belongs to the Tetrasticta Kraatz, 1857 genus group of Aleocharina (sensu Maruyama, 2004 a) and suggested non-monophyly of Aleocharina. In Japan, 5 genera, 6 subgenera (all subgenera belong to Aleochara), and 27 species of this subtribe have hitherto been recorded., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595, {"references":["Fleming, J. (1821) Insecta. Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of sciences. Volume Fifth [Part 1]. A. Constable and Company, Edinburgh, pp. 41 - 56 + pl. 85.","Gravenhorst, J. L. C. (1802) Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum Brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit. Brunsuigae, Carolus Reichard, 206 pp.","Fenyes, A. (1918 - 1921) Coleoptera. Fam. Staphylinidae, subfam. Aleocharinae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 173 a - c. M. Nijhoff, The Hague and L. Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels, 453 pp. + 7 pls.","Hanley, R. S. (2002) A new species of Mexican Tinotus from the refuse piles of Atta ants, including an annotated world catalog of Tinotus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Aleocharini). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 56 (4): 453 - 471.","Klimaszewski, J., Pelletier, G. & Sweeney, J. (2002) Genus Tinotus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from America north of Mexico: review of the types, distribution records, and key to species. The Canadian Entomologist, 134, 281 - 298.","Seevers, C. H. (1978) A generic and tribal revision of the North American Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Fieldiana Zoology, 71, 1 - 289.","Kanao, T., Maruyama, M. & Hashim, R. (2011) A new genus of Compactopediina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) associated with Longipeditermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Peninsular Malaysia with a key to and phylogenetic analysis of all genera of the subtribe. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 42, 349 - 364.","Maruyama, M. (2004 a) Redescription of the genus Creochara (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Aleocharini) and its systematic position. The Canadian Entomologist, 136, 621 - 637."]}

Aleochara (Triochara) zerchei (Assing, 1995) (Figs. 57 ���60, 79��� 85, 105) Triochara zerchei Assing, 1995: 230 (diagnostic key to species of Triochara), 231 (original description; type locality: ��� RUSSIA: Primorskiy Kray, Ryazanovka, 14km SW Slavyanka, 42.48 N 131.12 E ���); Paśnik, 2001: 232 (record from North Korea). Aleochara (Triochara) zerchei (Assing, 1995); Maus & Ashe, 1998 c (online) (world checklist of subgenus); Maruyama, 2002: 18 (record from Japan (Hokkaid��)); Park & Ahn, 2004: 196 (record from South Korea); Smetana, 2004: 358 (catalogue of Palaearctic species of Aleocharinae); Frank & Ahn, 2011: 10 (figure of living individual), 20 (checklist of coastal Staphylinidae of world). ��� Aleochara (Triochara) trisulcata (Weise, 1877) ���; Ahn et al., 2000: 245 (redescription; as A. trisulcata; misidentification of A. zerchei, corrected by Park & Ahn (2004)). Type specimens. Not examined. Non-type specimens. JAPAN: [Hokkaid��]: 1 ��, 1 sex?, Yanbetsu (near Nikuru-numa), Koshimizu-ch��, Shari-gun (43.918 N, 144.538 E), 27 VII 1993, Haga-K. (under seaweed on sandy beach; KUM); 4 sex?, Hamakoshimizu, Koshimizu-ch��, Shari-gun (43.935 N, 144.450 E), 3 X 1996, Kat��-T. (KUM); 1 3, Mokoto (near Mokoto-eki railway station), Abashiri-shi (43.970 N, 144.322 E), 2 VII 1994, Haga-K. (under seaweed; KUM); 1 sex?, Abashiri, Abashiri-shi (43.979 N, 144.304 E *); 24 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (45 �� 58 �� 45 ��N, 144 �� 18 �� 13 ��E: mistyping?; under seaweed (Sargassum sp.), eel grass (Zostera sp.); HUM: HK-09-MO-056/SA); 2 sex?, Koitoi, Shiranuka-ch��, Shiranuka-gun (42.982 N, 144.163 E), 19 VIII 2005, Kishimoto-K. (KUM); 1 sex?, Kotan, Atsutaku, Ishikari-shi (43.355 N, 141.427 E), 9 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (43 �� 21 �� 18 ��N, 141 �� 25 �� 37 ��E; under seaweed on sandy beach; HUM: HK-09-MO-029/SA); 1 3, 2 ��, Zenibako, Otaru-shi (43.144 N, 141.161 E), 30 V 1977, Nishikawa- N. (KUM); 1 sex?, Minato-machi, Rankoshi-ch��, Isoya-gun (42.880 N, 140.364 E), 23 IV 1999, Sasaki-K. (KUM); 1 sex?, Koj��-hama, Shiraoi-ch��, Shiraoi-gun (42.462 N, 141.218 E), 30 VII 1953, Shuto-S. (SCM); 1 sex?, Nanaehama, Nanaehama, Hokuto-shi (41.815 N, 140.702 E), 15 VIII 1977, Nishikawa-N. (KUM). [Honsh��]: 1 sex?, Kodomariaoiwa, Nakadomari-machi, Kitatsugaru-gun, Aomori-ken (41.165 N, 140.329 E *), 15 IV 2004, Abe-A. (KUM); 1 sex?, Sichirinaga-hama (near Benzu-numa), Kizukuritateoka, Tsugaru-shi, Aomori-ken (40.867 N, 140.286 E), 1 VII 2006, Hayashi-M. (sandy beach; cKaw); 1 sex?, Rikuch��-Yagi, Taneichi, Hirono-ch��, Kunohegun, Iwate-ken (40.349 N, 141.764 E), 28 VI 2010, ��hara-M. (40 �� 20 �� 56 ��N, 141 �� 45 �� 49 ��E; sandy beach; under seaweed (Laminaria sp., Sargassum sp.) and eel grass (Zostera sp.); HUM: HN- 10 -MO-044/SA); 1 sex?, Raga, Tanohata-mura, Shimohei-gun, Iwate-ken (39.939 N, 141.940 E *), 30 V 1998, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 sex?, Omoto, Iwaizumi-ch��, Shimohei-gun, Iwate-ken (39.850 N, 141.974 E), 27 VI 2010, ��hara-M. (39 �� 50 �� 59 ��N, 141 �� 58 �� 27 ��E; sandy beach; HUM: HN- 10 -MO-042/SA); 2 sex?, Idoura bay, Fujizuka, Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi-ken (38.181 N, 140.962 E), 8 VIII 2009, Ozaki-T. (KUM); 5 sex?, Isohara, Kitaibaraki-shi, Ibaraki-ken (36.790 N, 140.752 E), 24 V 1998, Ohmomo-S. (KUM); 1 sex?, Hebara, Katuura-shi, Chiba-ken (35.165 N, 140.334 E), 12 V 1991, Takeda-T. (KUM); 1 3, 1 ��, 1 sex?, Ubara, Katsuura-shi, Chiba-ken (35.137 N, 140.275 E), 6 IV 1993, Takeda-T. (KUM); 1 sex?, Amatsu-kaigan, Amatsu, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba-ken (35.122 N, 140.154 E), 3 XI 1990, Takeda-T. (KUM); 1 sex?, T��j��-kaigan (in front of an aquarium: Kamogawa Seaworld), Higashi-ch��, Kamogawashi, Chiba-ken (35.115 N, 140.121 E), 27 IX 1987, Haga-K. (under flotsam on sandy beach; KUM); 1 sex?, Heisaura, Sakai, Tateyama-shi, Chiba-ken (34.948 N, 139.801 E), 1 IV 1997, Maruyama-M. (cMar); 1 3, 1 ��, 20 sex?, same place, but 26 XII 2007, Ono-H. (cOno); 4 sex?, Miura-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.180 N, 139.655 E *), 26 III 1966, Kiry��-R. (SCM); 1 sex?, Kurihama, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.225 N, 139.713 E *), 25 IV 1965, Kiry��-R. (SCM); 1 ��, Naga-hama swimming beach, Nagai- 2 ch��me 13, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-Ken (35.190 N, 139.615 E), 7 IV 1975, Tao-M. (KUM); 8 sex?, Hiratsuka beach, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.315 N, 139.355 E), 28 IX 1958, Sibata-Y. (SCM); 1 3, Sh��nan-kaigan, Kanagawa-Ken (35.315 N, 139.351 E *), 2 VII 1976, Niizato (KUM); 6 sex?, Tsumekizaki, Shimoda-shi, Shizuoka-ken (34.659 N, 138.987 E), 21 IV 2003, Maruyama- M. (cMar); 2 sex?, Mukaiawagasaki, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa-ken (36.640 N, 136.622 E *), 12 IV 1948, Takaba-S. (cHayas); 1 3, 3 sex?, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa-ken (36.656 N, 136.636 E *), 15 VI 1961, Hayashi-Y. (cHayas); 1 3, 1 sex?, Kanaiwa, Kanazawa-shi, Ishikawa-ken (36.607 N, 136.589 E), 15 VII 1961, Hayashi-Y. (cHayas); 27 sex?, Echizen-kaigan, Fukui-ken (36.036 N, 136.012 E *), 17 IX 2001, Hoshina-H. (sandy beach; under wood logs; KUM); 1 sex?, river mouth of Kushida-gawa, Matsunase-ch��, Matsuzaka-shi, Mie-ken (34.605 N, 136.582 E), 28 IV 2002, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 2 sex?, Nagusano-hama, Kemi, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama-ken (34.165 N, 135.182 E), 14 V 2002, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 sex?, Kada-kaigan, Kada, Wakayamashi, Wakayama-ken (34.280 N, 135.074 E), 19 IV 2003, Kawakami-Y. (cHayas); 1 ��, Takashino-hama, Takaishishi, ��saka-fu (34.531 N, 135.432 E), 4 IX 1958, Kimura-Y. (cHayas); 1 3, 2 ��, 4 sex?, Hamadera, Nishi-ku, Sakaishi, ��saka-fu (34.543 N, 135.439 E), 5 V 1965, It��-T. (cHayas); 1 ��, 1 sex?, shores of Sakai, ��saka-fu (34.582 N, 135.465 E *), 20 VI 1956, Sawada-K. (cHayas); 1 ��, 12 sex?, Minato-ku, ��saka-shi, ��saka-fu (34.667 N, 135.447 E), 7 IV 1957, Shibata-T. (cHayas); 1 3, 7 sex?, Nishinomiya, Hy��go-ken (34.724 N, 135.331 E), 14 IV 1957, Shibata-T. (cHayas); 2 sex?, K��shien-hama, K��shienhama- 1 ch��me, Nishinomiya-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.712 N, 135.349 E), 27 V 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 sex?, same data, but 29 IV 2003; 2 sex?, Sumaura-kaigan, Sumaurad��ri, Suma-ku, K��be-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.637 N, 135.103 E), 19 IV 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, same data, but 27 V 2010; 1 sex?, Gunge-hama (Awaji-shima), Gunge, Awaji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.475 N, 134.845 E), 5 V 2000, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 sex?, Marutahama coast (Awaji-shima), Amanishi-machi, Minamiawaji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.201 N, 134.732 E), 13 V 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 sex?, Matue-kaigan, Matsue, Akashi-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.654 N, 134.955 E), 10 V 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 3 sex?, Yagi, ��kubo-ch��, Akashi-shi, Hy��goken (34.670 N, 134.933 E), 9 V 1999, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 4 sex?, river mouth of Kako-gawa, Youta, Onoe-ch��, Kakogawa-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.737 N, 134.811 E), 1 VI 1999, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 4 3, 1 ��, Matogata-kaigan, Matogata, Matogata-ch��, Himeji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.769 N, 134.746 E), 16 V 2010, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 2 sex?, Kugui, Higashi-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken (34.584 N, 134.086 E *), 31 III 2003, Fujitani-Y. (KUM); 13 sex?, same data, but 9 V 2003 (under seaweed on beach); 13 sex?, same data, but 28 V 2003; 2 3, 2 ��, 1 sex?, Kogushi, Minami-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken (34.591 N, 134.037 E), 11 III 1977, Watanabe-A. (KUM); 1 3, Inazumi, Sugeura, Mihonoseki-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.564 N, 133.166 E *), 1-2 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (sandy beach; cHayam); 4 sex?, Sotozono-kaigan, Sashiumi, Kory��-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.333 N, 132.664 E), 12-13 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (under seaweed; cHayam); 1 sex?, Kuromatsu-ch��, G��tsu-shi, Shimane-ken (132.310 N, 35.057 E), 2 V 2009, Hayama-T. (from seaweed; cHayam); 11 sex?, Kiami-ch��, Masuda-shi, Shimane-ken (34.676 N, 131.750 E *), 15-16 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (FIT on supratidal zone; cHayam); 1 sex?, same locality, but 10 V 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 sex?, Ch��d�� coast, Aiohigashi, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken (33.996 N, 131.450 E), 4 V 2003, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw). [Shikoku]: 13 sex?, Tosadomariura (��ge-jima), Naruto-ch��, Narutoshi, Tokushima-ken (34.232 N, 134.639 E), 29 IX 1972, Tomokuni-M. and Sakai-M. (EEEU); 1 sex?, river mouth of Yoshino-gawa (between Nada-bashi bridge and Daij��-zeki sluice), Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken (34.089 N, 134.561 E), 3 V 1999, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 3 sex?, estuary of Yoshino-gawa, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima-ken (34.074 N, 134.595 E *), 15 V 2007, Changdo-H. (EEEU); 1 sex?, ��ura, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken (33.996 N, 132.771 E), 15 IV 2010, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 sex?, Takahama-machi, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken (33.898 N, 132.709 E *), 14 V 2002, Kurihara-T. (sandy beach; EEEU); 1 sex?, Mori, Iyo-shi, Ehime-ken (33.740 N, 132.678 E), 20 III 2001, Sakai-M. (EEEU). [Ky��sh��]: 10 sex?, Noko (Nokono-shima), Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.608 N, 130.299 E *), 13 V 1998, Fujimoto-H. (KUM); 1 sex?, same locality, but 4 V 2008, ��kawa- A. (KUM); 1 sex?, same place name (33.608 N, 130.299 E), but 20 III 2009, Yamamoto-S. (from a seaweed mass on sandy beach with Aleochara (Emplenota) segregata and A. (T.) trisulcata; cYam). Other specimens. JAPAN: 2 sex? (specimens on the same paper card), Japan./G Lewis./ 1910 - 320.// Aleochara / trisulcata /Weise [HW]//Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. (ex. D. Sharp Colln./by exchange with/Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.) [FMNH]; 1 sex?, Japan /mus./germ. [HW]// trisulcata Ws [HW]/det. Bernhauer//Chicago NHMus/M. Bernhauer/Collection. [FMNH]; 1 sex?, trisulcata /Wse. Japan /Standinger [HW]//Chicago NHMus/M. Bernhauer/ Collection. [FMNH]; 1 sex?, aleochara / trisulcata Wse / Japan./V. Standinger [HW]//Chicago NHMus/M. Bernhauer/ Collection. [FMNH]; 3 sex?, BEPPU /NO.-KIUSHIU [Beppu-shi, ��ita-ken, Ky��sh��]// Japan /Reitter.//Chicago NHMus/M. Bernhauer/Collection. [FMNH]; 1 sex?, BEPPU /NE-KYUSHU [Beppu-shi, ��ita-ken, Ky��sh��]// Japan / Reitter// trisulcata Ws. [HW]/det. Bernhau//Chicago NHMus/M. Bernhauer/Colletion. [FMNH]; 2 sex?, BEPPU / NE-KYUSHU// Japan /Reitter.//Chicago NHMu/M. Bernauer/Collection. [FMNH]. RUSSIA: Kuril Islands: [Urup Is.]: 1 3, 3 ��, 5 sex?, near river mouth of Bystraya, Novo-Kurylisk bay (46.223 N, 150.319 E), 8 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (46 �� 12 �� 84 ��N, 150 �� 18 �� 69 ��E; hand pick up; feces of cows; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -MO- 8); 1 3, Otkrytyy bay (45.864 N, 149.793 E), 4 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (N 45 �� 51 �� 49 ��, E 149 �� 46 �� 95 ��; hand pick up; under logs and rocks on shore; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-002); 1 3, Otkrytyy bay (45.851 N, 149.770 E), 5 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (45 �� 51 ��0 4 ��N, 149 �� 46 �� 12 ��E; under logs and rocks on shore; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-005). Redescription. Body (Fig. 57): small to somewhat large, normally medium sized; strongly sclerotized; narrowly subparallel sided but moderately thick; entire body shining somewhat strongly, but some individuals shining weakly due to scratches or rough surface entirely. Colour (Figs. 57���60): gland colour light black to grayish brown with almost same (sometimes lighter) colour in elytra; legs, especially tarsal segments, light brown to reddish brown: maxillary and labial palpi reddish brown to brownish brown; antennae dark brown to reddish brown. Head (Fig. 57): longitudinal deep furrows on each side of midline, connected by somewhat deep transverse impression (or furrow) at base. Antennae: moderately thick and quite robust; clearly shorter than combined length of head and pronotum; segment I, about 1.9 times as long as broad; segment II clearly shorter than I; segment III prominently shorter than II; segment IV spherically transverse; segment V to X strongly transverse; segment XI, about 1.5 times as long as broad; relative length (width) of segments from basal to apical: 9.5 (5): 6 (4): 5.5 (3.5): 3 (3.5): 3 (4): 3 (5): 3 (5): 3 (5.5): 3 (5.5): 3.5 (6): 7.5 (5). Thorax: pronotum (Figs. 57���58) slightly wider than long (PW/PL = 1.17), a little broader than head (PW/HW = 1.32); surface blackishly shining in most cases, but sometimes nearly mat because of numerous scratches or many large punctures, or too many undulations making rough surface in somecases; dorsal surface lack of hexagonal reticulations as well as shallow distinct punctures, but some deep-distinct punctures and shallow-waving furrows forming three-dimensional patterns; patterns very diverse and varying greatly within the species, [Typical type (see, Fig. 58)]: impunctured area largely similar to half-moon shape on each side, but with cutting off by an oblique row of setae or punctures around middle of each half-moon pattern, forming two pairs of impunctured areas (yellow coloured: Fig. 58), [Other types]: patterns irregular and each impunctured area small and inconspicuous, or lack of impunctured area and having rough surface entirely in some cases; longitudinal three furrows along midline, sometimes weak, wavy and inconspicuous (blue line: Fig. 58). Inter coxal process of mesoventrite (Figs. 59���60) elongated and subparallel sided with rounded apex. Surface of mesoventrite (Figs. 59���60) mat and weakly shining. Inter coxal process of metaventrite (Fig. 59) quite short with rounded anterior margin, about 1 / 4 as long as mesocoxal cavity. Legs: midtibia as long as metaventrite; hindtibia short, about 0.8 times as long as elytra; relative lengths of tarsomeres from basal to apical: 6: 3: 3: 3: 7 in foretarsus, 7: 4: 4: 4: 10 in midtarsus, 8: 5: 5: 5: 11 in hindtarsus. Abdomen: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Figs. 79���80), with a row of thin and long several sensory setae. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 79) nearly truncate or wavy, with around 8 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 81) with about 5 large macrosetae and around 4 thin macrosetae; posterior margin produced weakly and medially. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 83���84) compactly elongated, elongated pyriform in ventral view (Fig. 84); a pair of subapico-ventral projections sharply pointed in lateral view (Fig. 83); apical lobe of median lobe extremely short-isosceles shape in ventral view (Fig. 84); flagellum nearly as same length as the whole length of median lobe (Figs. 83���84). [Female]: tergite VIII (Fig. 80) gently rounded toward posterior and slightly emarginated medially, with around 3 large macrosetae and around 5 thin macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 82) with 4 large macrosetae and around 3 thinner macrosetae; posterior margin very weakly pointed. Spermatheca (Fig. 85): spermathecal head large, about twice longer than apical portion of spermathecal stem (sa); spermathecal neck inconspicuous, clearly shorter than (sa); basal portion of spermathecal stem simple. Measurements (male: n= 10): BL, 3.19���3.91 (3.62 �� 0.25); FBL, 1.55 ���2.00 (1.79 �� 0.14); HL, 0.44���0.58 (0.51 �� 0.04); HW, 0.52���0.67 (0.61 �� 0.05); AL, 0.77���0.92 (0.83 �� 0.05); PL, 0.61���0.78 (0.70 �� 0.06); PW, 0.70���0.89 (0.81 �� 0.07); EL, 0.55���0.78 (0.64 �� 0.07); EW, 0.89���1.02 (0.95 �� 0.05); HTL, 0.44���0.55 (0.51 �� 0.04). Measurements (female: n= 10): BL, 3.19���4.47 (3.79 �� 0.49); FBL, 1.58���2.09 (1.82 �� 0.18); HL, 0.43���0.57 (0.49 �� 0.05); HW, 0.51���0.67 (0.60 �� 0.05); AL, 0.69���0.83 (0.75 �� 0.05); PL, 0.58���0.75 (0.67 �� 0.05); PW, 0.70���0.89 (0.79 �� 0.06); EL, 0.55���0.73 (0.66 �� 0.06); EW, 0.82���1.09 (0.93 �� 0.09); HTL, 0.43���0.55 (0.49 �� 0.04). Confirmed distribution by authors. [JAPAN]: Hokkaid��, Honsh��, Shikoku, Ky��sh��, Awaji-shima (See, Fig. 105 for Japanese distribution); [RUSSIA]: Kuril Islands: Urup Is. Other localities in literature. [SOUTH KOREA]: Gangwon (Kangwon) Province, North Gyeongsang Province, Jeju Province (Ahn et al., 2000: as A. trisulcata; Park & Ahn, 2004); [NORTH KOREA]: Chagang Province (Pa��nik, 2001); [RUSSIA]: Far East: Sakhalin, Primorsky Krai (Assing, 1995). Diagnosis. This species is extremely similar to the former species, Aleochara trisulcata, in many points especially in external appearance. However, our study revealed some important character states to distinguish A. zerchei from other two species as follows: longitudinal subparallel furrows on head connected with a somewhat deep impression (not by a clearly sharrow and incospicuous furrow); impunctured area on pronotum (Fig. 58) largely similar to a half-moon shape on each side, but with cutting off by an oblique row of setae around middle of each half-moon pattern, or lacking impunctured areas and having rough surface entirely; longitudinal sulci on dorsal surface of pronotum shallow, sometimes more or less making wavy lines (Fig. 58); posterior margin of tergite VIII (Figs. 79���80) lack of a row of thick sensory setae but instead have thin and long setae. [Male]: posterior margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 81) weakly pointed; a pair of subapico-ventral projections on median lobe narrowly and sharply pointed in lateral view (Fig. 83). [Female]: base of spermathecal stem (sb) (Fig. 85) very simple and not strongly curved. Remarks. This species is sympatrically distributed with A. trisulcata in most localities in Japan, although A. zerchei was known only from Hokkaid�� by the previous study (Maruyama, 2002). Ahn et al. (2000) misidentified A. zerchei as A. trisulcata and this was later corrected by Park and Ahn (2004) as A. zerchei in combination with real records of A. trisulcata. Aleochara zerchei and A. trisulcata have often been confused, and re-examination of the material used in the previous studies is needed., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 35-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595, {"references":["Assing, V. (1995) The Palaearctic species of Emplenota Casey, Polystomota Casey, Triochara Bernhauer and Skenochara Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 45, 217 - 237.","Pasnik, G. (2001) The North Korean Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) diversity and biogeography. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 44, 185 - 234.","Maus, C. & Ashe, J. S. (1998 c) Aleochara (Triochara). Version 11 September 1998 (under construction). Available from http: // tolweb. org / Aleochara _ % 28 Triochara % 29 / 9905 / 1998.09.11 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http: // tolweb. org / (accessed 20 July 2012).","Maruyama, M. (2002) Littoral rove beetles of Hokkaido. Insects and Nature, 37 (12), 17 - 21. (in Japanese, with English title and summary).","Park, J. S. & Ahn, K. J. (2004) Taxonomic note on littoral Aleochara Gravenhorst species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Entomological Research, 34 (3), 195 - 198.","Smetana, A. (2004) Aleocharinae. In: Lobl, I & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 353 - 494.","Frank, J. H. & Ahn, K. J. (2011) Coastal Staphylinidae (Coleoptera): a worldwide checklist, biogeography and natural history. ZooKeys, 107, 1 - 98.","Weise, J. (1877) Japanische Staphilinidae [sic] und Pselaphidae. In: Beitrage zur Kaferfauna von Japan, meist auf R. Hiller's Sammlungen basiert. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 21, 88 - 100.","Ahn, K. J, Jeon, M. J. & Kim, H. J. (2000) New records of intertidal Aleochara Gravenhorst species and key to the species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Korean Journal of Entomology, 30 (4), 243 - 247."]}

Aleochara (Emplenota) segregata Yamamoto & Maruyama n. sp. (Figs. 5, 30���37, 93���94, 97, 102) ��� Aleochara (Emplenota) fucicola Sharp, 1874 ���; Ahn et al., 2000: 243 (diagnosis with figures; later regarded as misidentification of ��� A. puetzi ��� by Park & Ahn, 2004, but actually misidentification of A. segregata; re-examination of specimens is needed). ��� Aleochara (Emplenota) puetzi Assing, 1995 ���; Park & Ahn, 2004: 195 (key to littoral Aleochara species of Korea), 196 (redescription, but misidentification of A. segregata; re-examination of specimens is needed). Type series. Holotype, 3, JAPAN: Ikinomatsubara- 1 ch��me, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken, Ky��sh�� (33.580 N, 130.293 E), 28 VI 2009, Yamamoto-S. (collected by an aspirator; from drafted seaweed on fine sandy beach in day time; KUM). Paratypes, JAPAN: [Hokkaid��]: 1 ��, Matue (Okushiri-t��), Okushiri-ch��, Okushiri-gun (42.072 N, 139.471 E), 12 VII 2008, ��hara-M. (42 ��04�� 18 ��N, 139 �� 28 �� 17 ��E; under seaweed; 5 3, 6 ��, Sawara, Mori-machi, Kayabe-gun (42.123 N, 140.647 E), 15 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (42 ��07�� 23 ��N, 140 �� 38 �� 50 ��E; under seaweed (Sargassum sp.); HUM: HK-09-MO-040/SA); HUM: HK-09-MO-032/SA); 2 3, Esashi-ch��, Hiyama-gun (41.857 N, 140.125 E *), 4 VI 1977, Nishikawa-N. (KUM); 1 ��, Hakodate-shi (41.760 N, 140.693 E *), 13 V 1971, Hirano-Y. (KUM); 1 3, 1 ��, Hon-ch��, Kikonai-ch��, Kamiiso-gun (41.676 N, 140.439 E), 12 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (41 �� 40 �� 33 ��N, 140 �� 26 �� 22 ��E; under seaweed (Laminaria sp., Sargassum sp.) and eel grass (Zostera sp.); HUM: OK- 08-MO-015). [Honsh��]: 1 3, Rikuch��-Yagi, Taneichi, Hirono-ch��, Kunohe-gun (40.349 N, 141.764 E), 28 VI 2010, ��hara-M. (40 �� 20 �� 56 ��N, 141 �� 45 �� 49 ��E; under seaweed (Laminaria sp., Sargassum sp.) and eel grass (Zostera sp.) on sandy beach: HUM: HN- 10 -MO-044/SA); 2 ��, Raga, Tanohata-mura, Shimohei-gun, Iwate-ken (39.939 N, 141.940 E *), 30 V 1998, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 3, J��doga-hama, Hitachihama-ch��, Miyako-shi, Iwate-ken (39.649 N, 141.981 E), 29 V 1998, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 3 ��, Isohara, Kitaibaraki-shi, Ibaraki-ken (36.790 N, 140.752 E), 24 V 1998, Ohmomo-S. (KUM); 1 3, Majima, Murakami-shi, Niigata-ken (38.273 N, 139.449 E *), 5 V 2000, no collector���s name (KUM); 1 ��, Benten-misaki (Sadoga-shima), Higashikowashimizu, Sado-shi, Niigataken (38.008 N, 138.546 E), 4 V 1998, Kinoshita-T. (cWat); 1 3, same data, 5 V 1998, Tsuyuki-S. (cWat); 1 3, Hamaogi-kaigan, Hamaogi, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba-ken (35.118 N, 140.144 E), 24 IV 1990, Takeda-T. (KUM); 1 3, 1 ��, same data, but 6 IV 1993; 2 3, 1 ��, Heisaura, Sakai, Tateyama-shi, Chiba-ken (34.948 N, 139.801 E), 1 IV 1997, Maruyama-M. (cMar); 1 ��, Shinmaiko-hama, Yawata, Futtsu-shi, Chiba-ken (35.250 N, 139.866 E), 11 VI 1995, Emoto-K. (cWat); 5 3, 4 ��, Shibasaki-bashi bridge, Kanaya, Futtsu-shi, Chiba-ken (35.174 N, 139.819 E), 14 VI 2009, Ono-H. (cOno); 1 3, 1 ��, Kaneda swimming beach, Kaneda, Minamishitaura-machi, Miura-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.167 N, 139.660 E), 19 III 2001, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 2 3, 2 ��, J��gashima (J��ga-shima), Misakimachi, Miura-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.132 N, 139.621 E), 10 IV 2003, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 ��, Mito beach, Hassemachi, Miura-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.177 N, 139.620 E), 29 V 2007, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 5 3, 4 ��, same data, but 5 VI 2007; 1 3, 1 ��, same data, but 14 V 2009 (collected with Aleochara (E.) hayamai); 3 3, 1 ��, same data, but 12 VI 2009; 3 3, 1 ��, Arasaki, Nagai, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.194 N, 139.600 E *), 12 VI 2009, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 3, 3 ��, Sh��nan-kaigan, Kanagawa-Ken (35.315 N, 139.351 E *), 2 VII 1976, Niizato (KUM); 1 3, Eno-shima, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa-ken (35.300 N, 139.485 E *), 11 VI 2001, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 1 3, 3 ��, Mitsuishi, Manazuru, Manazuru-shi, Ashigarashimo-gun, Kanagawa-ken (35.138 N, 139.163 E), 15 VII 1989, Watanabe-T. (cWat); 2 3, Shira-hama, Shirahama, Shimoda-shi, Shizuoka-ken (34.689 N, 138.973 E), 13 III 1989, Oda-H. (KUM); 33 3, 18 ��, Tsumeki-zaki, Shimoda-shi, Shizuoka-ken (34.659 N, 138.987 E), 21 IV 2003, Maruyama-M. (cMar); 1 3, 1 ��, river mouth of Kushida-gawa, Matsunase-ch��, Matsuzaka-shi, Mie-ken (34.605 N, 136.581 E), 29 IV 2002, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, Maizuru, Ky��to-fu (35.514 N, 135.387 E *), 3 V 1980, Hayashi-Y. (cHayas); 1 3, Shimakage, Miyazu-shi, Ky��to-fu (35.576 N, 135.250 E *), 31 III 2000, Yasukawa- K. (KUM); 1 ��, Shionomisaki, Kushimoto-ch��, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama-ken (33.445 N, 135.756 E *), 17 V 1964, Yasui-M. (cHayas); 1 ��, Kada-kaigan, Kada, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama-ken (34.280 N, 135.074 E), 4 IX 2003, Wada-T. (KUM); 1 ��, Niriga-hama, Isonoura, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama-ken (34.259 N, 135.094 E), 15 V 2007, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 ��, river mouth of Ashiya-gawa, Minamihama-ch��, Ashiya-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.708 N, 135.309 E), 27 V 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, Sumaura-kaigan, Sumaurad��ri, Suma-ku, K��be-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.637 N, 135.103 E), 16 VI 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 ��, same data, but 15 IV 2004; 4 3, same data, but 27 V 2010; 2 3, 1 ��, Maiko-hama, Tarumi-ku, K��be-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.638 N, 135.027 E), 16 VI 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 2 3, Nada-kaigan (Awaji-shima), Nada, Minamiawaji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.207 N, 134.812 E *), 1 IV 1977, Kaneda (KUM); 1 ��, same locality, but 3 X 1972, Tomokuni-M. and Sakai-M. (EEEU); 1 3, Gunge-hama (Awaji-shima), Gunge, Awaji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.475 N, 134.845 E), 5 V 2000, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 2 3, 1 ��, Sumoto coast (Awaji-shima), Sumoto-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.343 N, 134.902 E *), 23 V 1998, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 ��, river mouth of Akashi-gawa, Akashi, Akashi-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.644 N, 134.975 E), 9 IV 2002, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 ��, Yagi, ��kubo-ch��, Akashi-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.670 N, 134.933 E), 9 V 1999, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, Matogata beach, Matogata, Matogata-ch��, Himeji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.769 N, 134.746 E), 16 V 2010, Kawakami-Y. (KUM); 1 3, Fukudomari, Matogata-ch��, Himeji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.769 N, 134.737 E), 2 VI 2000, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 ��, Shirahama, Shirahama-ch��, Himeji-shi, Hy��go-ken (34.777 N, 134.708 E), 2 VI 2000, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, 3 ��, river mouth of Chigusa-gawa, Onzaki, Ak��-shi, Hy��goken (34.731 N, 134.393 E), 15 VI 1999, Kawakami-Y. (cKaw); 1 3, 1 ��, Kugui, Higashi-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama-ken (34.584 N, 134.086 E *), 31 III 2003, Fujitani-Y. (KUM); 5 3, 2 ��, same data, but 9 V 2003 (under seaweed on beach); 3 3, 2 ��, same data, but 28 V 2003; 1 3, Inazumi, Sugeura, Mihonoseki-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.564 N, 133.166 E *), 1-2 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (sandy beach; cHayam); 2 3, Okidomari, Tako, Shimane-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.604 N, 133.096 E *), 3 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (from seaweed; cHayam); 2 3, Konami-kaigan, Nonami, Shimane-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.588 N, 133.098 E), 6 V 2008, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 ��, Kakanokuketo, Shimane-ch��, Matsue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.578 N, 133.050 E), 9 VI 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 ��, same data, but 19 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (shingle beach; under flotsom; cYam); 41 3, 56 ��, Koura-kaigan, Koura, Kashima-ch��, Matue-shi, Shimane-ken (35.5201 N, 132.975 E), 8-10 VI 2009, Hayama-T. (FIT; cHayam); 2 ��, same data, but 3-5 VII 2009; 12 3, 36 ��, same data, but 18-20 VI 2009; 1 3, 1 ��, same data, but 16-18 VII 2009; 3 3, 1 ��, same locality, but 17 VII 2010, Yamamoto-S. (under flotsam on sandy beach; cYam); 1 3, same data, but 18 VII 2010; 2 ��, Sakaura-kaigan, Sakaura-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.508 N, 132.861 E), 4 VII 2008, Hayama-T. (shingle beach with shore reefs; cHayam); 1 3, same data, but 15 IV 2009 (from seaweed); 1 3, 4 ��, same data, but 20 IV 2009; 1 3, river mouth of Sakaura-gawa, Sakaura-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.508 N, 132.861 E), 24 III 2009, Hayama-T. (shingle beach; cHayam); 1 3, river mouth of Mitsu-gawa, Mitsu-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.498 N, 132.826 E), 30 IV 2008, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 2 ��, river mouth of Inome-gawa, Inome-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.441 N, 132.710 E), 21 III 2008, Hayama-T. (shingle beach; cHayam); 5 3, Owashi-hama, Nakayama, Taisha-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.433 N, 132.634 E), 10 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 2 3, Akaishihana, Hinomisaki, Taisha-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimaneken (35.411 N, 132.650 E *), 2 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 2 3, same data, but 2-8 V 2009 (FIT; cHayam); 1 ��, Sotozono-kaigan, Sashiumi, Kory��-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.333 N, 132.664 E), 12-13 IV 2009, Hayama- T. (YPT; cHayam); 2 3, Kumura-kaisuiyokuj�� swimming beach, Kumura, Taki-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.296 N, 132.637 E), 5 X 2008, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 2 3, 1 ��, Kumura, Taki-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.296 N, 132.637 E *), 18 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 3, Kuchitaki, Taki-ch��, Izumo-shi, Shimane-ken (35.271 N, 132.581 E), 18 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 1 3, 1 ��, Iwami-kaigan, Kushiro-ch��, Hamada-shi, Shimane-ken (34.955 N, 132.127 E *), 16-17 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (YPT; cHayam); 1 3, 1 ��, Kiami-ch��, Masudashi, Shimane-ken (34.676 N, 131.750 E *), 15 VI 2008, Hayama-T. (cHayam); 2 3, 1 ��, same data, but 15-16 VI 2008 (FIT); 1 3, 1 ��, same data, but 10 V 2009; 7 ��, same data, but 10-11 V 2009 (FIT); 7 3, 11 ��, Yoshimi, Shimonoseki-shi, Yamaguchi-ken (34.064 N, 130.905 E *), 1 VI 1980, Naomi-S.I. (KUM). [Shikoku]: 3 3, 5 ��, Ariake-hama, Muromoto-ch��, Kanonji-shi, Kagawa-ken (34.139 N, 133.642 E), 9 IV 2011, Fujimoto-H. (sandy beach; KUM); 21 3, 10 ��, Iwagi (Akahone-jima), Kamijima-ch��, Ochi-gun, Ehime-ken (34.234 N, 133.159 E *), 2 V 2009, Sat��-Y. (EEEU); 3 ��, same locality, but 7 V 2009, Senda-Y. (EEEU); 1 ��, H��j��tsuji, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime-ken (33.974 N, 132.770 E), 16 VI 2008, Senda-Y. (EEEU). [Ky��sh��]: 3 3, 4 ��, Watari, Fukutsu-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.786 N, 130.454 E), 21 IV 2012, Yamamoto-S., Maruyama-M., Kanao-T. (from seaweed on small sandy beach with Aleochara (Triochara) trisulcata; KUM); 4 3, 6 ��, Watari, Fukutsu-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.790 N, 130.447 E), 21 IV 2012, Yamamoto-S., Maruyama-M., Kanao-T. (from seaweed on huge sandy beach with A. (T.) trisulcata; KUM); 1 ��, Mitoma, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.703 N, 130.417 E), 3 VI 2001, Ogata- S. (KUM); 2 3, 1 ��, Shikano-shima, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.675 N, 130.312 E *), 24 VIII 1980, Naomi-S.I. (KUM); 3 3, 1 ��, Shimomaga-hama, Katsuma, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.684 N, 130.290 E), 15 V 2011 (11: 30), Yamamoto-S. (seaweed on sandy beach together with A. (T.) trisulcata; cYam); 25 3, 56 ��, same data, but 9 VII 2011 (15:00- 16:00; from seaweed and flotsam on beach); 28 3, 39 ��, same data, but 21 III 2012 (14:00); 3 3, 7 ��, Odo-k��en park, Odo- 2 ch��me 6, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.596 N, 130.311 E), 28 VI 2009, Yamamoto-S. (from decaying seaweed along sandy seashore; cYam); 24 3, 26 ��, Ikinomatsubara- 1 ch��me, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.580 N, 130.293 E), 28 VI 2009, Yamamoto-S. (from seaweed on sandy beach; same data as holotype; cYam); 3 3, 6 ��, Noko (Nokono-shima), Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka-ken (33.608 N, 130.299 E), 20 III 2009, Yamamoto-S. (from a seaweed mass on sandy beach with A. (T.) trisulcata and A. (T.) zerchei; cYam]; 1 ��, Hong�� (Sakito-jima), Sakito-ch��, Saikai-shi, Nagasaki-ken (33.003 N, 129.550 E *), 23 X 1977, Imasaka-S. (KUM). [Ry��ky��]: 1 ��, Nakatane-ch�� (Tanega-shima), Kumagegun, Kagoshima-ken (30.515 N, 130.980 E), 8-13 V 1996, Maruyama-M. (cMar). Description. Body (Fig. 5): medium to relatively large size, normally medium sized. Uniformly densely haired except for head along midline; surface of pronotum and elytra covered with numerous somewhat long hairs densely; head, pronotum and elytra with distinct punctures on dorsal surface densely. Colour (Fig. 5): gland colour blackish brown to dark gray; legs, especially tarsal segments, reddish brown to dark brown: maxillary and labial palpi reddish brown to yellowish brown; antennae blackish brown and partly reddish brown. Head: head capsule somewhat rectangle; surface entirely rather flattened, but impunctured area along midline longitudinally swollen (weakly carinate); surface sparsely covered with thin and somewhat long setae except for swollen area; uniformly observed comparatively large hexagonal reticulations on dorsal surface. Antennae: moderately thick and long; segment I, nearly 2.1 times as long as broad; segment II clearly shorter than I; segment III as same length as II; segment IV spherical or short barrel shape, as long as width; segments V and VI short barrel shape; sebments VII to X clearly transverse; segment XI, about 1.6 times as long as broad; relative length (width) of segments from basal to apical: 10.5 (5): 7 (4): 7 (4): 4 (4): 4.5 (5): 4.5 (5): 4 (5): 3.5 (5): 4 (6): 4.5 (6): 9 (5.5). Thorax: pronotum somewhat wider than long (PW/PL = 1.24), a little broader than head (PW/HW = 1.36); surface mat with large hexagonal reticulations with somewhat shallow distinct punctures. Metaventrite, about 1.5 times as long as mesoventrite. Apex of inter coxal process of mesoventrite sharply pointed with very short and inconspicuous carina along midline, about 0.3 times as long as mesoventrite. Inter coxal process of metaventrite very broad and short, less than one third as long as mesocoxal cavity, and rounded apically. Legs: relative lengths of tarsomeres from basal to apical: 5.5: 3: 4.5: 4.5: 10.5 in foretarsus, 7.5: 5.5: 5.5: 5.5: 13.5 in midtarsus, 9.5: 6.5: 6.5: 7.5: 16.5 in hindtarsus. [Male]: outer margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 30) nearly truncate, with around 7 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 32) with about 5 macrosetae and around 10 thin macrosetae; posterior margin strongly pointed with rounded apex. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 34���35) elongated and slightly narrowing toward apex in lateral view (Fig. 34), subparallel sided in ventral view (Fig. 35); a pair of subapico-ventral projections gently curved in lateral view (Fig. 34); basal swelling of aedeagus, circularly pointed in lateral view (Fig. 34); apical lobe short and abruptly narrowing toward apex in ventral view (Figs. 35���36); flagellum clearly shorter than the whole length of median lobe (Figs. 34���35). [Female]: tergite VIII (Fig. 31) with moderately rounded margin, with around 7 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 33) with about 7 macrosetae; posterior margin slightly pointed. Spermatheca (Fig. 37): entirely thick; spermathecal head about two to three times longer than apical portion of spermathecal stem; spermathecal neck shorter than (sh); basal portion of spermathecal stem short, slightly narrowing toward base, lacking any bent around middle and base; lack of sclerotized portion of spermathecal stem; each part of spermatheca entirely and moderately sclerotized except for membraneous portion of spermathecal duct (sm); (sm) moderate in length. Measurements (male: n= 10): BL, 3.28���4.96 (4.11 �� 0.58); FBL, 1.57���2.35 (1.92 �� 0.23); HL, 0.44���0.66 (0.55 �� 0.08); HW, 0.52���0.71 (0.62 �� 0.06); AL, 0.95���1.23 (1.13 �� 0.09); PL, 0.56���0.78 (0.68 �� 0.07); PW, 0.71 ���1.00 (0.86 �� 0.09); EL, 0.57���0.84 (0.67 �� 0.08); EW, 0.93���1.27 (1.11 �� 0.12); HTL, 0.53���0.75 (0.63 �� 0.07). Measurements (female: n= 10): BL, 3.25���4.63 (4.18 �� 0.49); FBL, 1.64���2.15 (1.92 �� 0.16); HL, 0.42���0.65 (0.57 �� 0.07); HW, 0.56���0.71 (0.64 �� 0.05); AL, 0.92���1.26 (1.10 �� 0.10); PL, 0.60���0.80 (0.70 �� 0.06); PW, 0.75���0.99 (0.85 �� 0.07); EL, 0.56���0.85 (0.70 �� 0.09); EW, 0.96���1.22 (1.12 �� 0.09); HTL, 0.54���0.72 (0.63 �� 0.06). Distribution. [JAPAN]: Hokkaid��, Honsh��, Shikoku, Ky��sh��, northern Ry��ky��, Okushiri-t��, Sadoga-shima, Awaji-shima, Tanega-shima. See, Fig. 102. Other localities in literature. [SOUTH KOREA]: Gangwon (Kangwon) Province, Chungnam Province, Gyeongnam Province, Jeonnam Province, Jeju Province (Ahn et al., 2000; Park & Ahn, 2004; both as ��� A. puetzi ���; re-examinations are needed). Diagnosis. This new species is similar to the other species, especially A. fucicola and A. puetzi, also in male genitalia. We found several distinguishable character states from other Emplenota species below: varying from medium to relatively large size (not very small or very large); entire body pubescent with weak but dense punctures on dorsal surface of head, pronotum and elytra (Fig. 5); impunctured area along midline of head longitudinally and prominently swollen above, forming carina, but other areas flattened compared to A. fucicola; antennae relatively thick and robust, with short barrel or spherical shape of segment IV; mesoventrite with quite short carina, about 0.27 times as long as mesoventrite; inter coxal cavity of mesoventrite sharply pointed. [Male]: sternite VIII (Fig. 32) strongly pointed with rounded apex; subapico-ventral projections on median lobe gently rounded in lateral view (Fig. 34); median lobe subpararell sided in ventral view (Fig. 35); apex of median lobe short in lateral view (Fig. 34); apical lobe isosceles shape, but narrowing abruptly at base in ventral aspect (Figs. 35���36): basal portion of median lobe pointed oblongly, towards to ventral margin of median lobe in lateral aspect (Fig. 34). [Female]: spermatheca (Fig. 37) quite thick and wide, without erect and sclerotized stem (ss). Etymology. The species is named after the Latin adjective segregatus meaning separated. Because of the close similarity of the external appearances among A. segregata, A. fucicola, and A. puetzi, some researchers have often confused these taxa (e.g., Ahn et al., 2000; Park & Ahn, 2004). Remarks. This new species is very similar to Aleochara (Emplenota) fucicola and A. (E.) puetzi in general appearance. Therefore, the species has generated some problems regarding the taxonomy of Emplenota species occurring in adjacent regions of Japan (see, remarks for A. fucicola and A. puetzi). Carina like longitudinal elevation on the dorsal surface of the head characterises this species in morphology, but observation under a microscope is needed to confirm the character state. The species has a wide-ranging distribution in Japan, from the northern (Hokkaid��) to the southern islands (Tanega-shima, northern Ry��ky��). In addition, this species may be the most common Emplenota species in Japan, because large numbers of specimens have been collected by many researchers. Previous records of the Asian Emplenota specimens need to be reexamined to be confirmed, especially those recorded from China and the Korean peninsula., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595, {"references":["Sharp, D. S. (1874) The Staphylinidae of Japan. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1874, 1 - 103.","Ahn, K. J, Jeon, M. J. & Kim, H. J. (2000) New records of intertidal Aleochara Gravenhorst species and key to the species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Korean Journal of Entomology, 30 (4), 243 - 247.","Park, J. S. & Ahn, K. J. (2004) Taxonomic note on littoral Aleochara Gravenhorst species in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Entomological Research, 34 (3), 195 - 198.","Assing, V. (1995) The Palaearctic species of Emplenota Casey, Polystomota Casey, Triochara Bernhauer and Skenochara Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 45, 217 - 237."]}

Aleochara (Triochara) nubis (Assing, 1995) (Figs. 61 ���64, 86���92, 98��� 100, 104) Triochara nubis Assing, 1995: 230 (diagnostic key to species of genus), 232 (original description; type locality: ��� RUSSIA, Sakhalin, Korsakov distr., Ismenhyroye lake���); Naomi et al., 2000: 107 (record from Paramushir Is., Kuril Islands). Aleochara (Triochara) nubis (Assing, 1995); Maus & Ashe, 1998 c (online) (world checklist of subgenus; bionomics); Maruyama, 2002: 18 (record from Japan (Hokkaid��)); Smetana, 2004: 358 (catalogue of Palaearctic species of Aleocharinae); Frank & Ahn, 2011: 20 (checklist of coastal Staphylinidae of world). Type specimens. Not examined. Non-type specimens. JAPAN: [Hokkaid��]: 3 3, 1 ��, 4 sex?, Hamamatsu, Nemuro-shi (43.206 N, 145.528 E), 14 VI 2010, Yamamoto-S. (under seaweed on sandy beach; cYam); 2 sex?, Ochiishi, Nemuro-shi (43.607 N, 145.286 E *), 24 VIII 1999, Maruyama-M. (under seaweed on sandy beach; cMar); 1 sex?, Notsuke (Notsuke-zaki peninsulae), Betsukai-ch��, Notsuke-gun (43.607 N, 145.286 E), 14 IX 2009, ��hara-M., Yamamoto-H. and Furuta- M. (43 �� 36 �� 26 ��N, 145 �� 17 ��0 8 ��E; under seaweed (Laminaria sp.) and eel grass (Zostera sp.); HUM: HK-09-MO- 100 / SI); 1 3, 2 ��, Shibetsu, Nemuro-shi (43.656 N, 145.136 E *), 18 VII 1977, Naomi-S.I. (KUM); 1 sex?, Koitoi, Shiranuka-ch��, Shiranuka-gun, (42.982 N, 144.163 E), 19 VIII 2005, Kishimoto-K. (KUM); 1 sex?, ��tsuminatomachi, Toyokoro-ch��, Nakagawa-gun (42.667 N, 143.628 E), 26 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (42 �� 40 ��0 2 ��N, 143 �� 37 �� 41 ��E; under seaweed (Sargassum sp.); HUM: HK-09-MO-059/SA); 1 sex?, ��kishi (near ��kishi tunnel), Toyoura-ch��, Abuta-gun (42.587 N, 140.675 E *), 15 IX 1997, ��hara-M. (under seaweed on beach; KUM); 1 sex?, Sawara, Morimachi, Kayabe-gun (42.123 N, 140.647 E), 15 VII 2009, ��hara-M. (42 ��07�� 23 ��N, 140 �� 38 �� 50 ��E; under seaweed (Sargassum sp.); HUM: HK-09-MO-040/SA). Other specimens. RUSSIA: Kuril Islands: [Paramushir Is.]: 4 3, 8 ��, Medvezhiy Waterfall, Shelekhovo (50.367 N- 50.378 N, 155.611 E- 155.656 E), 18 VII 1997, Sait��-A. (50 �� 22.012 ��N - 50 �� 22.694 ��N, 155 �� 36.677 ��E - 155 �� 39.380 ��E; alt. 0-10m; CBM: CBM-ZI 81532 (- 81543)). [Kharimkotan Is.]: 3 sex?, Severgine bay (49.181 N, 154.466 E), 8 VIII 1996, ��hara-M. (49 �� 10 �� 51 ��N, 154 �� 27 �� 59 ��E; hand picking; under pebble and logs on sandy beach; IKIP; HUM: KH- 96 -MO-022B). [Kraternaya Ysnkicha Is.]: 5 3, 2 ��, 25 sex?, at entrance of the island (47.515 N, 152.817 E), 14 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (47 �� 30 �� 54 ��N, 152 �� 49 ��0 0��E; IKIP; HUM: US- 95 -MO-021). [Simshir Is.]: 1 ��, Malaya bay (47.087 N, 152.131 E), 18 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (N 47 ��05�� 14 ��, E 152 ��07�� 51 ��; hand pick up; under logs and rocks on shore; IKIP; HUM: SI- 95 -MO-032). [Chirupoi Is.]: 1 3, 1 sex?, Peschanaya bay (46.548 N, 150.906 E), 23 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (46 �� 32 �� 53 ��N, 150 �� 54 �� 22 ��E; under seaweed on sandy beach; IKIP; HUM: CH- 95 -MO-048). [Urup Is.]: 1 sex?, inland coastal margin of Natalie bay, envisions of Obzhitaya river, in small cave of rockface near river mouth at east end of cove (46.101 N, 150.175 E), 7 VIII 1995, Urbain-B.K. (46 ��05�� 85 ��N, 150 ��09�� 91 ��E; by hand with forceps; in, on, and under rocks in and around small cave along coast; alt. 1m; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -BKU-028); 1 3, near mouth of Vesetaya river, Natalii bay (46.094 N, 150.142 E), 6 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (46 ��05�� 38 ��N, 150 ��08�� 33 ��E; hand pick up; under rocks; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-006); 1 3, inland coastal margin of Otkrytyi bay; environs of Shabalina river (45.864 N, 149.794 E), 4 VIII 1995 (15:00- 16:00), Urbain-B.K. (45 �� 51 �� 51 ��N, 149 �� 46 �� 99 ��E; by hand; along coastal beach with fine sand; under logs; alt. 2m; sand temperature: 15 degree celcius; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -BKU-014); 1 3, 1 ��, Otkrytyy bay (45.864 N, 149.793 E), 4 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (45 �� 51 �� 49 ��N, 149 �� 46 �� 95 ��E; under logs and rocks on shore; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-002); 1 sex?, Tokotan, Otkrytyy bay (45.864 N, 149.793 E), 4 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (45 �� 51 �� 49 ��N, 149 �� 46 �� 95 ��E; under logs and rocks on shore; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-001); 1 3, 6 sex?, Otkrytyy bay (45.851 N, 149.770 E), 5 VIII 1995, ��hara-M. (45 �� 51 ��0 4 ��N, 149 �� 46 �� 12 ��E; under seaweed along seashore; IKIP; HUM: UR- 95 -MO-005). Redescription. Body (Fig. 61): small to large size, normally somewhat large; extremely robust and strongly sclerotized; somewhat thick but narrowly elongated; dorsal surface of entire body except for abdomen mat due to large hexagonal microstructures. Colour (Figs. 61���64): gland colour grayish black to dark gray with almost same (sometimes lighter) colour in elytra; legs, especially tarsal segments, brown to reddish brown: maxillary and labial palpi reddish brown to brownish brown; antennae dark brown to reddish brown. Head (Fig. 61): longitudinal deep furrows on each side of midline, connected by shallow transverse impression at base; dorsal surface with large hexagonal reticulations. Antennae: relatively thick and quite robust; shorter than combined length of head and pronotum; segment I, about 2.3 times as long as width; segment II prominently shorter than I, and strongly and apically dilated; segment III prominently shorter than II; segment IV slightly transverse; segment V to X moderately transverse; segment XI, about 1.3 times as long as broad; relative length (width) of segments from basal to apical: 9 (4): 6 (3): 4 (3): 2.5 (3.5): 2.5 (4): 3 (4.5): 3 (4.5): 3 (5): 3 (5): 3.5 (5): 6.5 (5). Thorax: pronotum (Figs. 61���62) slightly wider than long (PW/PL = 1.20), a little broader than head (PW/HW = 1.28); somewhat constricted both apical and posterior margin; surface blackishly, but weakly shining due to large hexagonal microstructures on entire surface and shallow punctures with setae (connected with white line: Fig. 62); shallow punctures and furrows forming three-dimensional pattern; patterns diverse and varying within the species, [Typical type (see, Fig. 62)]: each of impunctured area largely similar to half-moon shape and elevated like dooms (yellow coloured: Fig. 62) and lack of cutting off by a row of setae around middle of each half-moon pattern, [Other type]: patterns irregular (not half-moon shape as in Fig. 62) and slightly elevated above; dorsal surface with longitudinal three somewhat deep and straight furrows along midline (blue line: Fig. 62). Inter coxal process of mesoventrite (Fig. 63) elongated and somewhat sharply pointed. Surface of mesoventrite (Figs. 63���64) somewhat rough and shining weakly. Inter coxal process of metaventrite (Fig. 63) short with rounded anterior margin. Legs: hindtibia short, about 0.9 times as long as elytra (measured along midline); relative lengths of tarsomeres from basal to apical: 6: 4: 4: 4: 8 in foretarsus, 8: 5: 5: 5: 10 in midtarsus, 10: 6: 6: 6: 12 in hindtarsus. Abdomen: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Figs. 86���87), with a row of thin and long several sensory setae; surface of tergite VIII and sternite VIII pubescent. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 86) almost truncate or slightly emarginated medially, with around 11 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 88) with about 5 macrosetae and around 8 thin macrosetae; posterior margin pointed triangularly. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 90���91) elongated, moderately narrowed apically, elongated pyriform in ventral view (Fig. 91); a pair of pointed large and oval subapico-ventral projections in lateral view (Fig. 90); apical lobe of median lobe isosceles shape in ventral view (Fig. 91); flagellum slightly shorter than the whole length of median lobe (Figs. 90���91). [Female]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 87) nearly truncate, with around 3 macrosetae and around 5 thin macrosetae. Posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly pointed (Fig. 89) with 4 large macrosetae and around 4 thinner macrosetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 92): head (sh) thick and large, more than twice longer than apical portion of spermathecal stem; spermathecal neck extremely short; basal portion of spermathecal stem narrowing toward base, with strong bent (Measurements (male: n= 10): BL, 3.72���4.95 (4.39 �� 0.45); FBL, 1.82���2.23 (2.04 �� 0.14); HL, 0.53���0.65 (0.61 �� 0.04); HW, 0.61���0.74 (0.68 �� 0.04); AL, 0.79���1.07 (0.96 �� 0.09); PL, 0.64���0.81 (0.74 �� 0.06); PW, 0.77���0.97 (0.89 �� 0.07); EL, 0.66���0.80 (0.72 �� 0.05); EW, 0.89���1.13 (1.03 �� 0.08); HTL, 0.49���0.65 (0.59 �� 0.05). Measurements (female: n= 10): BL, 3.34 ���5.00 (4.12 �� 0.50); FBL, 1.86���2.24 (2.05 �� 0.11); HL, 0.54���0.72 (0.61 �� 0.05); HW, 0.63���0.79 (0.70 �� 0.04); AL, 0.82���1.11 (0.93 �� 0.09); PL, 0.62���0.87 (0.73 �� 0.07); PW, 0.78���1.01 (0.88 �� 0.06); EL, 0.62���0.80 (0.71 �� 0.05); EW, 0.91���1.23 (1.03 �� 0.09); HTL, 0.49���0.70 (0.57 �� 0.06). Confirmed distribution by authors. [JAPAN]: Hokkaid�� (see, Fig. 104); [RUSSIA]: Kuril Islands: Paramushir Is., Kharimkotan Is., Kraternaya Ysnkicha Is., Simshir Is., Chirupoi Is., Urup Is. Other localities in literature. [RUSSIA]: Far East: Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula (Assing, 1995). Diagnosis. Aleochara (Triochara) nubis is similar to A. zerchei in many points (e.g., posterior margin of tergite VIII in both sexes without a row of thick sensory setae). Although they share many characteristics, we found out some distinctions: distribution restricted to northern area (Hokkaid��, Japan (see, Fig. 104); Russian Far East; North Korea); usually large species, occasionally small; dorsal surface of forebody mat and not strongly shining; longitudinal subparallel furrows on head connected with a shallow impression (not by a deep furrow); impunctured areas (or lacking of that areas) on pronotum (Fig. 62) greatly varying within species, but prominent microstructures and hexagonal reticulations on dorsal surface; longitudinal sulci on dorsal surface of pronotum (Fig. 62) deep, normally straight lines; posterior margin of tergite VIII (Figs. 86���87) with a row of thin and long sensory setae as in A. zerchei; surface of both tergite VIII and sternite VIII (Figs. 86���89) pubescent. [Male]: posterior margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 88) pointed triangularly; subapico-ventral projections on median lobe of aedeagus large and oval, pointed apical-laterally in lateral aspect (Fig. 90). [Female]: base of (sb) very strongly curved (Fig. 92). Remarks. Assing (1995) described this halophilous species from Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, and Maruyama (2002) later recorded it for the first time from Japan (Hokkaid��). Naomi et al. (2000) reported A. nubis from the Kuril Islands, but only from Paramushir Island. In this study, we present several new distributional records for the Kuril Islands. Our data suggest a wide ranging distribution for A. nubis throughout Far East Russia to Hokkaid��. These records also show that A. nubis is distributed only in the subarctic zone in East Asia. No specimen has been found from Honsh��, Ky��sh��, or Ry��ky�� in Japan (see, Fig. 104). Mating behaviour (Fig. 100) was observed under drifted seaweed at Hamamatsu (Hokkaid��) (see, bionomics and distribution of Triochara)., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595, {"references":["Assing, V. (1995) The Palaearctic species of Emplenota Casey, Polystomota Casey, Triochara Bernhauer and Skenochara Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 45, 217 - 237.","Naomi, S. I., Kuranishi, R. B., Saito, A. & Maruyama, M. (2000) A list of the family Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) collected during the biological expedition to the Kamchatka Peninsula and the North Kuril Islands in 1996 and 1997. Natural History Research, Special Issue, 7, 101 - 111.","Maus, C. & Ashe, J. S. (1998 c) Aleochara (Triochara). Version 11 September 1998 (under construction). Available from http: // tolweb. org / Aleochara _ % 28 Triochara % 29 / 9905 / 1998.09.11 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http: // tolweb. org / (accessed 20 July 2012).","Maruyama, M. (2002) Littoral rove beetles of Hokkaido. Insects and Nature, 37 (12), 17 - 21. (in Japanese, with English title and summary).","Smetana, A. (2004) Aleocharinae. In: Lobl, I & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, pp. 353 - 494.","Frank, J. H. & Ahn, K. J. (2011) Coastal Staphylinidae (Coleoptera): a worldwide checklist, biogeography and natural history. ZooKeys, 107, 1 - 98."]}

Subgenus Emplenota Casey, 1884 (Figs. 1 ���52, 93��� 97, 101��� 103) Emplenota Casey, 1884: 17 (original description; type species: Emplenota maritima Casey, 1884: 17, by original designation and monotypy); 1906: 131 (as genus; key of genera of subtribe ���Aleocharae���), 172 (as genus; historical review; diagonostic key to species of Atlantic coast); Eichelbaum, 1909: 245 (as subgenus; generic catalogue of world Staphylinidae); Fenyes, 1920: 399 (as subgenus; key of world subgengera of Aleochara), 1921: 415 (as subgenus; diagnosis; catalogue of world species); Scheerpeltz, 1925: 447 (as subgenus; catalogue of Palaearctic species of Aleocharinae); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 795 (as subgenus; catalogue of world species of Aleocharinae); Tottenham, 1949: 404 (as subgenus; generic catalogue of British Staphylinidae); Blackwelder, 1952: 147 (as subgenus; generic catalogue of world Staphylinidae); Hatch, 1957: 137 (as subgenus; key to Aleochara subgenera of Pacific Northwest), 140 (redescription of species of Pacific Northwest); Likovsky, 1974: 294 (as subgenus; key of subgenera of middle Europa); Moore & Legner, 1975: 328 (as subgenus; catalogue of Nearctic species); Seevers, 1978: 59 (as genus; key to Nearctic genera of Aleocharinae), 138 (diagnosis); Klimaszewski, 1984: 9, 10 (phylogenetic relationships of Nearctic Aleochara), 95 (as subgenus; revision of Nearctic Aleochara; redescription of subgenus), 96 (key; redescriptions of Nearctic species); Lohse, 1984: 148 (as genus; diagnosis); Lohse, 1985: 328 (as genus; key of middle European species of genera Emplenota and Polystomota); Lohse, 1989: 239 (as genus; key to genera for middle Europe), 240 (as genus; catalogue of middle European species); Assing, 1995: 219 (as genus; diagnostic key to genera), 219 (notes on genus), 220 (key to Palaearctic species), 220 (descriptions of each species); Welch, 1997: 8 (historical review of British Emplenota and related taxa); Maus & Ashe, 1998 a (online) (as subgenus; checklist of subgenus of world; diagnosis of subgenus; bionomics; discussion of phylogenetic relationships); Ashe, 2001: 360 (as subgenus; catalogue for Nearctic species); Smetana, 2004: 356 (as subgenus; catalogue for Palaearctic Aleocharinae); Dauphin, 2005: 47 (as genus; key to genera of Emplenota and Polystomota); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 26 (as subgenus; catalogue of Aleocharine species of Canada and Alaska). Polystoma Stephens, 1833: 91 (original description; type species: Aleochara obscurella Gravenhorst, 1806: 159; fixed by Stephens, 1833: 91, by monotypy); Stephens, 1835: 430 (as genus; redescription of genus); Thomson, 1861: 47 (as genus; redescription of genus), 48 (key to Scandinavian species); Mulsant & Rey, 1874: 169 (as genus; detailed redescription of genus as Polystome [misspelling]), 172 (key to species of France), 173 (redescriptions of species of France); Fowler, 1888: 21 (as subgenus; diagnosis; diagnostic key to species of British Islands); Casey, 1894: 289 (as genus; as ��� Polistoma ��� [misspelling]: see, Casey, 1906: 272; later cited by some authors as synonym of Emplenota); Ganglbauer, 1895: 45 (as subgenus; redescriptions of middle European species); Bernhauer, 1901 a: 504 (as subgenus; redescriptions of Palaearctic species); Johansen, 1914: 31 (as subgenus; catalogue and key to species of Denmark); Fenyes, 1921: 415 (as synonym of Emplenota); Scheerpeltz, 1925: 447 (as synonym of Emplenota); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 795 (as synonym of Emplenota); Tottenham, 1949: 404 (as synonym of Emplenota; note); Blackwelder, 1952: 147, 318 (as synonym of Emplenota); Palm, 1972: 443 (as subgenus; catalogue; redescriptions of species of Sweden); Moore & Legner, 1975: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Klimaszewski, 1984: 95 (as synonym of Emplenota); Lohse, 1985: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Smetana, 2004: 356 (as synonym of Emplenota); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 26 (as synonym of Emplenota). Polystomota Casey, 1906: 136 (original description; type species: Aleochara grisea Kraatz, 1856: 96; fixed by Casey, 1906: 136, by original designation and monotypy); Eichelbaum, 1909: 245 (as genus; generic catalogue of world Staphylinidae); Fenyes, 1921: 415 (as synonym of Emplenota); Scheerpeltz, 1925: 447 (as synonym of Emplenota); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 796 (as synonym of Emplenota); Blackwelder, 1952: 147, 319 (as synonym of Emplenota); Moore & Legner, 1975: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Seevers, 1978: 138 (as synonym of Emplenota); Lohse, 1985: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Lohse, 1989: 239 (as genus; key to genera and species of middle Europe); Assing, 1995: 219 (key to Asian coastal genera), 226 (as genus; key to Palaearctic species), 229 (notes on species); Welch, 1997: 9 (historical comment); Maus & Ashe, 1998 b (online) (world checklist of subgenus; diagnosis; bionomics; phylogenetic relationships); Smetana, 2004: 357 (as subgenus; catalogue of Palaearctic species); Dauphin, 2005: 47 (as genus; key of genera, Emplenota and Polystomota); Frank & Ahn, 2011: 20 (as subgenus; checklist of coastal Staphylinidae of world). Polycharina Reitter, 1909: 28 (original description; type species: Aleochara grisea Kraatz, 1856: 96; fixed by Reitter, 1909: 28, by monotypy); Fenyes, 1921: 415 (as synonym of Emplenota); Scheerpeltz, 1925: 447 (as synonym of Emplenota); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 796 (as synonym of Emplenota); Blackwelder, 1952: 147, 317 (as synonym of Emplenota); Moore & Legner, 1975: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Lohse, 1985: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota). Polystomaria Reitter, 1909: 28 (original description; type species: Aleochara obscurella Gravenhorst, 1806: 159; fixed by Reitter, 1909: 28); Scheerpeltz, 1925: 447 (as synonym of Emplenota); Fenyes, 1921: 415 (as synonym of Emplenota); Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz, 1926: 796 (as synonym of Emplenota); Blackwelder, 1952: 147, 319 (as synonym of Emplenota); Moore & Legner, 1975: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Klimaszewski, 1984: 95 (as synonym of Emplenota); Lohse, 1984: 148 (as genus; diagnosis, as Polystomaria Casey); Lohse, 1985: 328 (as synonym of Emplenota); Smetana, 2004: 356 (as synonym of Emplenota); Gouix & Klimaszewski, 2007: 26 (as synonym of Emplenota). Redescription. Body (Figs. 1���5): moderately flattened, slender and subparallel sided; whole length varying from 2.5 to 7.0 mm, normally around 3.5���4.5 mm; dorsal surface covered with minute and dense hexagonal microstructures; surface of head, pronotum and elytra covered with somewhat dense, thin hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen shining, but head, pronotum and elytra mat (uniformly hexagonal-reticulated). Colour (Figs. 1���5): uniformly blackish brown to black sometimes with lighter colour in elytra. Head: almost circular or somewhat oval (HW/HL ��� 1.14), moderately convex above, widest around middle; dorsal surface gently elevated medially, but sometimes with unique elevation partially; impunctate on medial line (e.g., Fig. 6). Eyes small, not strongly protruding laterally. Antennae (Figs. 1 ���5, 8): more or less filiform, entirely robust and long, as same as combined length of head and pronotum; segment I stout and apically dilated; and segment XI cleary long. Mouth parts: mandibles asymmetric, left one with one tooth near apex. Clypeus rounded apically. Labrum (e. g., Fig. 12) about 1.7 times as wide as long; anterior margin moderately emarginated medially; basal half semi-transparent. Labial palpus (Fig. 9) with segment I clearly longer than II; segment II dialated. Mentum (Fig. 11) much wider than long, nearly trapezoidal; anterior margin strongly emarginated; numerous pseudopores scattered randomly. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 10) distinctly segmented; segment I long and thick; segment II shorter and narrower than I; segment III slightly shorter and narrower than II; pseudosegment much shorter than other segments; lacinia with numerous hairs and with about 11 thick spines pectinately. Thorax: pronotum oval and somewhat transverse (PW/PL ��� 1.24), longer than head length (PL/HL ��� 1.25), somewhat broader than head (PW/HW ��� 1.36), widest around middle, moderately constricted near base; outer margin around middle with a pair of relatively long blackish macrosetae; surface flat and evenly pubescent but sometimes with deep and distinct punctures on dorsal surface numerously. Hypomera fully visible in lateral view. Inter coxal cavities of mesoventrite (e.g., Fig. 7) narrowly or moderately separated. Mesoventrite with short carina (Fig. 7: arrow), or not carinate. Elytra: widened toward posterior margin, much broader than long (EW/EL ��� 1.56), and somewhat wider than pronotum (EW/PW ��� 1.28); posterior margin of each elytra nearly truncate but gently rounded toward posterior margins; surface somewhat rugosely punctured both hexagonal microsculptures and prominent distinct punctures in some species; entire surface densely covered with brown setae; anterior margin with one relatively long blackish bristle. Legs (e. g., Fig. 13): short and slender with short hind tarsi; numerous spines and bristles on dorsal surface of each tibia, especially on foretibia (Fig. 13); midtibia as long as metaventrite; each tarsal segment almost same width (segment V excluding claws); hindtarsi short (hind tarsal length/mid tarsal length ��� 1.31). Hind wings: entire; veins weakly sclerotized and very obscure; posterior margin with a row of minute white hairs. Abdomen: elongated and slightly narrowed toward posterior segments, narrowing abruptly around apex, widest around segment III���IV; at least tergite III���VI (Figs. 1���5) transversely impressed at base. Surface of tergite VIII and sternite VIII simple and smooth. Posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 14 ���15, 23���24, 30���31, 38���39, 46��� 47), bearing thick and short several sensory setae (see, Fig. 14: arrow). [Male]: posterior margin of sternite VIII (Figs. 16, 25, 32, 40, 48) normally pointed, and its shape varies among species. Median lobe (Figs. 18 ���19, 27���28, 34���35, 43���44, 50��� 51) elongated, widest around base. Median lobe with a pair of subapico-ventral projections (see, Fig. 18) on median lobe; prominent inner sac with long projecting flagellum (e. g., Figs. 18 ���19, 43��� 44) at least almost as long as median lobe of aedeagus. Paramerite longer than median lobe of aedeagus; apical lobe of paramerite (Fig. 21) short and pointed, bearing with four setae. [Female]: posterior margin of tergite VIII, almost truncate, rounded or slightly emarginated; surface of tergite VIII (Figs. 15, 24, 31, 39, 47) similar to that of male. Posterior margin of sternite VIII (Figs. 17, 26, 33, 41, 49) slightly or moderately pointed. Spermatheca (Figs. 22, 29, 37, 45, 52; see, Fig. 22) with apical invagination of spermatheca (ai) sharrow; spherical head of spermatheca (sh), as long as or longer than apical portion of spermathecal stem (sa); neck of spermatheca (sn) and (sa) forming more or less in right angle; basal portion of spermathecal stem (sb), narrowing toward base; distinct collar located between (sa) and (sb); sclerotized portion of spermathecal stem (ss) short and erect in most cases; membraneous portion of spermathecal duct (sm) moderate to long length; inner wall of (sh), (sa) and collar moderately striate; each part of spermatheca except for (sm) weakly Diagnosis. The members of this subgenus are similar in habitus to those of the tribe Athetini (e.g., genera Adota Casey, 1910; Psammostiba Sawada, 1976) found in Japanese seashore, but are discriminated from them by the following character states: antennae shorter, somewhat shorter or almost same as combined length of head and pronotum; maxillary palpi with four segments and a pseudosegment; labial palpi with three segments and a pseudosegment; tarsal fomula: 5 - 5 - 5; [Male]: median lobe of aedeagus with a prominent flagellum; a pair of subapico-ventral projections on median lobe (see, Figs. 18���19); [Female]: spermatheca lack of any coiling part; spermathecal stem with a distinct collar (see, example of Fig. 22). As sympatric species of Aleochara, A. (Coprochara) squalithorax Sharp, 1888 is also similar in general appearance, but differentiated from it as follows: body clearly flattened; antennae longer and slender, more or less shorter or longer than head and pronotum combined; dorsal surface of pronotum flattened; dorsal surface of pronotum smooth (A. squalithorax Sharp, 1888 with rough surface and with elevated pronotum; see, also key of the littoral subgenera); [Male]: aedeagus with a pair of subapico-ventral projections (Figs. 18���19); [Female]: spermatheca lack of coiling portion (e.g., Fig. 22) (A. squalithorax, basally coiled numerous times). Comments. Some species have a spherical or longitudinal elevation on the dorsal surface of the head base (e.g., Fig. 6: arrow) and these are important character states for distinguishing between each species. Assing (1995) noted that different pronotal pubescence patterns can be discriminated between two geographical groups, namely, between those in North America and the eastern Palaearctic and those in the western Palaearctic. Klimaszewski (1984) redefined the subgenus and noted some important character states, including mesoventrite not carinate and antennae with fourth segment spherical; however, these characters are not important and are shared by only some species in the subgenus. Welch (1997) and Park and Ahn (2004) already pointed out the presence of a carina on the mesoventrite for some species, including Aleochara fucicola. Emplenota species are parasitoids on the dipteran families: Anthomyiidae, Coelopidae, and Sepsidae. These dipteran families have hitherto been recorded as host agents (Peschke & Fuldner, 1977; Maus et al., 1998 b; Yamazaki, 2008, 2012). Descriptions of the larvae of the European species, Aleochara (Emplenota) obscurella Gravenhorst, 1806 (as A. algarum Fauvel, 1862) are in Lesne and Mercier (1922) and Paulian (1938, 1941: 313). Pupation takes place inside the puparia of flies (Scott, 1920; Yamazaki, 2008, 2012)., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 7-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595, {"references":["Casey, T. L. (1884) Contributions to the descriptive and systematic coleopterology of North America. Part I. Collins Printing House, Philadelphia, 198 pp.","Eichelbaum, F. (1909) Katalog der Staphyliniden-Gattungen nebst Angabe ihrer Literatur, Synonyme, Artenzahl, geographischen Verbreitung und ihrer bekannten Larvenzustande. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 17, 71 - 280.","Scheerpeltz, O. (1925). Staphylinidae [II]. In: Winkler, A. (Ed.), Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae, pars 4, Winkler & Wagner, Wien, pp. 369 - 496.","Bernhauer, M. & Scheerpeltz, O. (1926) Staphylinidae. VI. (Pars 82). In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 5. Staphylinidae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 499 - 988.","Tottenham, C. E. (1949) The generic names of the British Staphylinidae with a check list of the species. Part 9. In: The generic names of British insects. Royal Entomological Society of London, London, pp. 345 - 466.","Blackwelder, R. E. (1952) The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae, with an essay on genotypy. United States National Museum Bulletin, 200, I - IV + 1 - 483.","Hatch, M. H. (1957) The beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part II: Staphyliniformia. University of Washington Publications in Biology, vol. 16. University of Washington Press, Wash, Seattle, IX + 384 pp.","Likovsky, Z. (1974). 237. Gattung: Aleochara. In: Freude, H., Harde, K. W. & Lohse, G. A. (Eds.), Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Band 5: Staphylinidae II (Hypocyphtinae und Aleocharinae), Pselaphidae. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 293 - 304.","Moore, I. & Legner, E. F. (1975) A catalogue of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (Coleoptera). University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences Special Publication, 3015, 1 - 514.","Seevers, C. H. (1978) A generic and tribal revision of the North American Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Fieldiana Zoology, 71, 1 - 289.","Klimaszewski, J. (1984) A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 129, 1 - 211.","Lohse, G. A. (1984) 14. Nachtrag zum Verzeichnis der mitteleuropaischen Kafer. Entomologische Blatter, 80 (2 - 3), 143 - 152.","Lohse, G. A. (1985) Betrachtungen uber die Gattung Emplenota Casey (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). 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Aleochara (Emplenota) yamato Yamamoto & Maruyama n. sp. (Figs. 4, 46���52, 97, 103) Type series. Holotype, 3, JAPAN: Kakanokuketo, Shimane-ch��, Matsue-shi, Shimane-ken, Honsh�� (35.578 N, 133.050 E), 1 IV 2009, Hayama-T. (shingle beach; KUM). Paratypes, 4 3, 4 ��, same data as holotype (KUM). Description. Body (Fig. 4): extremely large; robust; somewhat thickly elongated; entire surface of pronotum and elytra covered with numerous brown hairs somewhat densely, but inconspicuous; somewhat large hexagonal microstructures on dorsal surface of head, pronotum and elytra; distinct and prominent punctures on dorsal surface of head and pronotum; punctures on elytra deep. Colour (Figs. 4, 6): gland colour blackish brown to black; legs, especially tarsal segments, reddish brown: maxillary and labial palpi blackish brown to reddish brown; antennae blackish brown and partly light brown. Head (Fig. 6): somewhat wide (HW/HL = 1.25), widest at just behind eyes; impunctured area of forepart flattened but of basal part prominently and spherically swollen (not carinate; see, Fig. 6: arrow); surface sparsely covered with medium sized setae; uniformly observed huge hexagonal reticulations on dorsal surface with relatively large distinct punctures. Antennae: thick and robust; segment I, not so thick, nearly 3.0 times as long as broad; segment II clearly shorter than I; segment III clearly longer than II; segment IV short barrel shape, slightly longer than width; segments V and VI barrel like shape; segments VII to X clearly transverse; segment XI, about 2.0 times as long as broad; relative length (width) of segments from basal to apical: 9 (3): 4.5 (2.5): 6.5 (2.5): 3.5 (3): 3.5 (4): 3.5 (4): 3.5 (5): 3.5 (5): 3.5 (5): 3.5 (5): 8 (4). Thorax: pronotum moderately wider than long (PW/PL = 1.24), a little broader than head (PW/HW = 1.36); strongly constricted near base; surface mat with large hexagonal reticulations and deep distinct punctures. Inter coxal cavities of mesoventrite very narrowly separated. Apex of inter coxal process of mesoventrite extremely sharp with exceedingly short carina (almost nothing) along midline, about 0.11 times as long as mesoventrite. Metaventrite, about 1.8 times as long as mesoventrite. Inter coxal process of metaventrite broad and short, rounded apically. Legs: hindtibia somewhat long, nearly same length as elytra; relative lengths of tarsomeres from basal to apical: 7: 4: 4: 3.5: 16 in foretarsus, 11: 7.5: 7.5: 7.5: 20.5 in midtarsus, 12: 11: 8: 8: 23 in hindtarsus. [Male]: tergite VIII (Fig. 46) clearly emarginated medially at posterior margin, with around 8 macrosetae. Sternite VIII (Fig. 48) with about 7 macrosetae and around 7 thin macrosetae; posterior margin strongly rounded. Aedeagus (Figs. 50���51) extremely large; median lobe elongated and moderately narrowed toward apex, elongated pyriform in ventral view (Fig. 51); a pair of subapico-ventral projections straight, quite thick and robust in lateral aspect (Fig. 50); basal swelling of aedeagus, circularly curved and pointed in lateral view (Fig. 50); apical lobe of median lobe long and moderately curved in lateral view (Fig. 50), and clearly isosceles shape in ventral view (Fig. 51); flagellum shorter than the whole length of median lobe (Figs. 50���51). [Female]: tergite VIII (Fig. 47) strongly emarginated at posterior margin, with around 4 macrosetae. Shape of sternite VIII (Fig. 49) closely similar to that of male, but pointed somewhat weakly, with 5 macrosetae. Spermatheca (Fig. 52): spermathecal head (sh) about twice longer than apical portion of spermathecal stem; neck of spermatheca very long, somewhat longer than (sh); collar thick; basal portion of spermathecal stem (sb) slightly narrowing toward base, with bent at base; sclerotized portion of spermathecal stem short, erect and sclerotized; each part of spermatheca except for membraneous portion of spermathecal duct (sm) entirely and moderately sclerotized; (sm) moderate in length. Measurements (male: n= 5): BL, 4.80���5.99 (5.63 �� 0.47); FBL, 2.59���2.96 (2.76 �� 0.19); HL, 0.65���0.78 (0.71 �� 0.06); HW, 0.81���0.95 (0.89 �� 0.06); AL, 1.46���1.76 (1.59 �� 0.14); PL, 0.87���1.06 (0.98 �� 0.07); PW, 1.15���1.27 (1.22 �� 0.06); EL, 0.94���1.20 (1.03 �� 0.11); EW, 1.03���1.71 (1.46 �� 0.27); HTL, 0.92���1.13 (1.00�� 0.09). Measurements (female: n= 3): BL, 5.50���6.25 (5.95 �� 0.40); FBL, 2.73���2.89 (2.82 �� 0.08); HL, 0.73���0.79 (0.75 �� 0.03); HW, 0.88���0.96 (0.93 �� 0.04); AL, 1.61���1.69 (1.64 �� 0.04); PL, 0.94���1.06 (1.02 �� 0.07); PW, 1.16���1.32 (1.26 �� 0.09); EL, 1.00��� 1.15 (1.06 �� 0.08); EW, 1.56���1.66 (1.63 �� 0.06); HTL, 0.91���1.04 (0.98 �� 0.07). Distribution. [JAPAN]: Honsh�� (Shimane-ken). See, Fig. 103. Diagnosis. This species, Aleochara yamato, can be easily differentiated from other congeners by a combination of features as follows: very rare species (only one locality known so far); body extremely large (BL = 5.79; Fig. 4); dorsal surface of forebody with prominently deep and distinct punctures; dorsal surface of impunctured area of head largely flattened but of basal part prominently and spherically swollen (see, Fig. 6: arrow); head capsule transverse (HW/HL = 1.25: other Japanese species ��� 1.14); quite short carina on mesoventrite about 0.1 times as long as mesoventrite. [Male]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 46) prominently emarginated; outer margin of sternite VIII (Fig. 48) clearly rounded in the middle; median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 50���51) large and elongated; subapico-ventral projections on median lobe straight, thick and robust in lateral view (Fig. 50); apical lobe of median lobe long and moderately curved in lateral aspect (Fig. 50); basal swelling (Fig. 50) of median lobe strongly rounded toward ventral margin as in A. puetzi (Fig. 27). [Female]: posterior margin of tergite VIII (Fig. 47) strongly emarginated; spermatheca (Fig. 52) unique in shape; combined length of (sh) and (sn) very long, more than 4 times as apical portion of spermathecal stem. Etymology. The specific epithet yamato is an old name of Japan. Remarks. The species clearly differs from the other Emplenota species by having a larger body, prominent spherical swelling on the dorsal surface of the head base (see, Fig. 6), and deep punctures in the fore body. In addition, tergite VIII and sternite VIII of Aleochara yamato are unique in both sexes. Only nine specimens have been obtained to date. Type materials were collected by Mr. T. Hayama in Shimane-ken (Honsh��) as with Aleochara hayamai. Ecological information for this species, including detailed habitats and seasonal patterns, is not known., Published as part of Yamamoto, Sh��hei & Maruyama, Munetoshi, 2012, Revision of the Seashore-dwelling Subgenera Emplenota Casey and Triochara Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: genus Aleochara) from Japan, pp. 1-52 in Zootaxa 3517 on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.282595