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Summary: To acclimate to waterlogged conditions, wetland plants form a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) that can enhance oxygen transport to the root apex. We hypothesized that one or more hormones are involved in the induction of the barrier and searched for such hormones in rice.We previously identified 98 genes that were tissue‐specifically upregulated during ROL barrier formation in rice. The RiceXPro database showed that most of these genes were highly enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). We then examined the effect of ABA on ROL barrier formation by using an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor (fluridone, FLU), by applying exogenous ABA and by examining a mutant with a defective ABA biosynthesis gene (osaba1).FLU suppressed barrier formation in a stagnant solution that mimics waterlogged soil. Under aerobic conditions, rice does not naturally form a barrier, but 24 h of ABA treatment induced barrier formation. osaba1 did not form a barrier under stagnant conditions, but the application of ABA rescued the barrier. In parallel with ROL barrier formation, suberin lamellae formed in the exodermis.These findings strongly suggest that ABA is an inducer of suberin lamellae formation in the exodermis, resulting in an ROL barrier formation in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic studies reveal the formation of ammonium ylide, during the reactions of (2-(dimethylamino)alkyl)phenylcarbenes. Intramolecular interaction between the carbonic center and the proximal amine nitrogen is responsible for the formation of ammonium ylide. Use of CHCl3 helps trap the ammonium ylide, generating ammonium salts and dichlorocarbene.