Search

Additional file 8: Figure S3. Representative single flight trajectories of female mosquitoes exposed to CO2, 1-octen-3-ol and indole, respectively. A Schematic of the flight tunnel and the overall region of interest (ROI) located between 500 and 1300 mm on the X-axis (shaded gray box). The three odor treatments are color-coded. B Example trajectories of mosquitoes exposed to CO2 or to a combination of CO2 + 1-octen-3-ol, or CO2 + 1-octen-3-ol + indole. These trajectories were recorded in the ROI within the flight tunnel and projected into each of the three 2-dimensional planes (from left to right, Y-X, Z-X, and Z-Y). Speed is color-coded according to the speed index. The last coordinate of the trajectory is shown in black and marked with an arrow. The dashed line indicates trajectory segments outside the ROI.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Diagrams of the odor delivery system. A The odor delivery system is composed of interlocking top and bottom rings attached to a removable chemical holder (overview, top, bottom and side views are provided). Dimensions are provided in millimeters. B The rings are locked in place across the glove of the person conducting the experiment. The glove within the inner area of the ring is removed, exposing the skin surface. A plastic net is intercalated between the rings and serves to physically protect the skin from mosquito bites.

Additional file 4: Table S1. Scripts and functions used to calculate flight parameters.

Additional file 7: Figure S2. High indole concentrations exhibit significant repellency over time. Cumulative number of mosquito landings per elapsed minute (see Fig. 4b). Points represented are mean ± SEM (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using a non-parametric test followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (P values shown on the histograms).

The conservation of the mosquito indolergic receptors across the Culicinae and Anophelinae mosquito lineages, which spans 200 million years of evolution, is a testament to the central role of indolic compounds in the biology of these insects. Indole and skatole have been associated with the detection of oviposition sites and animal hosts. To evaluate the potential ecological role of these two compounds, we have used a pharmacological approach to characterize homologs of the indolergic receptors Or2 and Or10 in the non-hematophagous elephant mosquito Toxorhynchites amboinensis. We provide evidence that both receptors are narrowly tuned to indole and skatole like their counterparts from hematophagous mosquitoes. These findings indicate that indole and skatole are operating in a non-animal-host seeking context in Toxorhynchites and underscore the importance of understanding their roles in hematophagous mosquitoes.

Figure S1. Number of genes significantly change between #32 or #44 and WT pulp at PB. Fig. S2. Gene Ontology (GO) groups of significantly lower (A) or higher (B) at PB in MaMADS2 repressed fruits than in WT. Fig. S3. Expression of ACO homologs in banana fruits during ripening. Fig. S4. Expression of CRE1 homologs in banana fruits during ripening. Fig. S5. Expression of TIR homologs in banana fruits during ripening. Fig. S6. Expression of DELLA homologs (A) and levels of GA9 (B) in banana fruits during ripening. Table S1. Banana genes annotation and chromosome location. (PPTX 833 kb)