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5. Portable Spectroscopy for Food Safety and Adulteration Screening

Author

Moskowitz, Joshua and Yakes, Betsy Jean

Subjects
Food Safety, Portable Spectrosocopy, Food Adulteration, Portable Spectroscopy
Abstract

In this review we discuss various applications of portable vibrational spectroscopy in food adulteration analyses and authentication confirmation. These applications generally involve the adulteration of a food product with materials which may be of lesser monetary value and may also be detrimental to human health. Portable spectroscopic testing for food authentication opens potential for rapid and on-site analyses of food products at various stages in the food production chain. These portable techniques also require the development of data analysis methods for each individual application, which will also be discussed in this review. Specific food safety applications for portable spectroscopy to be discussed include adulteration detection and evaluation of authenticity. Adulteration detection examples focus on the commonly adulterated milk powder and spice commodities, as well as the potential for component substitution (e.g., artificial sweeteners). For authentication, examples from marine oil dietary supplements, olive oils, honeys, coffees, and grains are presented along with examples of speciation (e.g. fish) and growth conditions (bell peppers)., Journal of Regulatory Science, Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022): Special Issue on Regulatory Applications of Portable Tools and Methods to Monitor Toxic Substances in Consumer Products

Published
2023
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8. Evaluation of portable vibrational spectroscopy for identifying plasticizers in dairy tubing

Author

Yakes, Betsy Jean, Moskowitz, Joshua, Crump, Eric, Ellsworth, Zachary, Carlos, Katherine, and Begley, Timothy

Subjects
Plasticizers, Spectrum Analysis, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Phthalic Acids, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, General Chemistry, General Medicine, Polyvinyl Chloride, Toxicology, Plastics, Food Science
Abstract

Plasticisers are commonly used to increase the flexibility of a wide variety of food contact materials including the plastic tubing, liners, and gaskets used in the dairy industry. In recent years, some classes of plasticisers have come under scrutiny due to the potential for transfer of these compounds into the milk itself, which can then be further processed into foods such as powdered milks and cheeses, infant formula, and baked goods. One such set of plasticisers that is being evaluated for frequency of use, potential routes of exposure, and risk to consumers is ortho-phthalates, hereafter referred to as phthalates. In order to better understand the actual use of phthalate versus non-phthalate plasticised tubing, a robust, rapid, and portable analytical method is necessary for on-site screening. Laboratory Raman and near-infrared spectrometers have been used extensively for polymer and additive evaluation, and advances in portable/hand-held technology could lead to feasible plasticiser evaluation in the field. This research overviews efforts to evaluate six portable spectroscopy devices for their ability to identify phthalate versus non-phthalate plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dairy tubing, liners, and gaskets. The most successful method, a hand-held Raman spectrometer along with a plasticiser spectral library or a chemometric model, can rapidly and accurately identify phthalate containing PVC and has the potential to be employed as a future field screening technique for regulators and the dairy industry.

Published
2022
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22. Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mussels and Oysters Using the Qualitative Neogen Lateral-Flow Immunoassay: An Interlaboratory Study

Author

Dorantes-Aranda, Juan José, primary, Tan, Jessica Y C, additional, Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M, additional, Campbell, Katrina, additional, Ugalde, Sarah C, additional, Harwood, D Tim, additional, Bartlett, Jill K, additional, Campàs, Mònica, additional, Crooks, Steven, additional, Gerssen, Arjen, additional, Harrison, Keith, additional, Huet, Anne-Catherine, additional, Jordan, Timothy B, additional, Koeberl, Martina, additional, Monaghan, Tim, additional, Murray, Sam, additional, Nimmagadda, Rama, additional, Ooms, Corinne, additional, Quinlan, Rae K, additional, Shi, Feng, additional, Turner, Andrew D, additional, Yakes, Betsy Jean, additional, and Turnbull, Alison R, additional

Published
2018
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23. Pathology and Epidemiology of Oxalate Nephrosis in Cheetahs

Author

Mitchell, Emily P., primary, Church, Molly E., additional, Nemser, Sarah M., additional, Yakes, Betsy Jean, additional, Evans, Eric R., additional, Reimschuessel, Renate, additional, Lemberger, Karin, additional, Thompson, Peter N., additional, and Terio, Karen A., additional

Published
2017
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25. Effects of the Adulteration Technique on the Near-Infrared Detection of Melamine in Milk Powder

Author

Scholl, Peter F., primary, Bergana, Marti Mamula, additional, Yakes, Betsy Jean, additional, Xie, Zhuohong, additional, Zbylut, Steven, additional, Downey, Gerard, additional, Mossoba, Magdi, additional, Jablonski, Joseph, additional, Magaletta, Robert, additional, Holroyd, Stephen E., additional, Buehler, Martin, additional, Qin, Jianwei, additional, Hurst, William, additional, LaPointe, Joseph H., additional, Roberts, Dean, additional, Zrybko, Carol, additional, Mackey, Andrew, additional, Holton, Jason D., additional, Israelson, Greg A., additional, Payne, Anitra, additional, Kim, Moon S., additional, Chao, Kuanglin, additional, and Moore, Jeffrey C., additional

Published
2017
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31. Non-targeted detection of milk powder adulteration using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: melamine case study.

Author

Karunathilaka, Sanjeewa R., Farris, Samantha, Mossoba, Magdi M., Moore, Jeffrey C., and Yakes, Betsy Jean

Subjects
DRIED skim milk, FAT content of milk, FOOD inspection, RAMAN spectroscopy, PRINCIPAL components analysis
Abstract

Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was explored as a rapid, non-targeted screening method for the detection of milk powder (MP) adulteration using melamine as an example contaminant. Raman spectroscopy and an unsupervised pattern-recognition method, principal component analysis (PCA), allowed for the differentiation of authentic MPs from adulterated ones at concentrations > 1.0% for dry-blended (DB) samples and > 0.30% for wet-blended (WB) ones. Soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), a supervised pattern-recognition method, was also used to classify test samples as adulterated or authentic. Combined statistics at a 97% confidence level from the SIMCA models correctly classified adulteration of MP with melamine at concentrations ≥ 0.5% for DB samples and ≥ 0.30% for WB ones, while no false-positives from authentic MPs were found when the spectra in the 600–700 cm–1range were pre-processed using standard normal variate (SNV) followed by a gap-segment derivatisation. The combined technique of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics proved to be a useful tool for the rapid and cost-efficient non-targeted detection of adulteration in MP at per cent spiking levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2017
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41. Impact of Protein Shedding on Detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisby a Whole-Cell Immunoassay Incorporating Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Author

Yakes, Betsy Jean, Lipert, Robert J., Bannantine, John P., and Porter, Marc D.

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe etiological agent of Johne's disease is Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis. Controlling the spread of this disease is hindered by the lack of sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods for M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis. By using a recently optimized sandwich immunoassay (B. J. Yakes, R. J. Lipert, J. P. Bannantine, and M. D. Porter, Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15:227-234, 2008), which incorporates a new monoclonal antibody for the selective capture and labeling of M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisand surface-enhanced Raman scattering for sensitive readout, detection limits of ~630 and ~740 M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosiscells/ml are achieved in phosphate-buffered saline and whole milk samples, respectively, after spiking with heat-treated M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis. Surprisingly, these detection limits are 3 orders of magnitude lower than expected based on theoretical predictions. Experiments designed to determine the origin of the improvement revealed that the major membrane protein targeted by the monoclonal antibody was present in the sample suspensions as shed protein. This finding indicates that the capture and labeling of shed protein function as a facile amplification strategy for lowering the limit of detection for M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisthat may also be applicable to the design of a wide range of highly sensitive assays for other cells and viruses.

Published
2008
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42. Detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisby a Sonicate Immunoassay Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Author

Yakes, Betsy Jean, Lipert, Robert J., Bannantine, John P., and Porter, Marc D.

Abstract

ABSTRACTA sandwich immunoassay for the rapid, low-level detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosishas been developed. M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisis the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and one of the major obstacles in controlling the spread of this disease is the inability to rapidly detect small amounts of bacteria or other diagnostic markers shed during the subclinical stage of infection. This paper details the development and performance of an assay for sonicated M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosislysate that is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). There are two key components of the assay: (i) an immobilized layer of monoclonal antibodies that target a surface protein on the microorganism; and (ii) extrinsic Raman labels (ERLs) that are designed to selectively bind to captured proteins and produce large SERS signals. By correlating the number of M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisbacilli present prior to sonication to the amount of total protein in the resulting sonicate, the detection limit determined for total protein can be translated to the microorganism concentration. These findings yield detection limits of 100 and 200 ng/ml (estimated to be 500 and 1,000 M. aviumsubsp. paratuberculosisbacilli/ml) for sonicate spiked in phosphate buffer and sonicate spiked in whole milk, respectively. Moreover, the time required to complete the assay, which includes sample preparation, antigen extraction, ERL incubation, and readout, is less than 24 h. The potential for incorporation of this novel assay into diagnostic laboratories is also briefly discussed.

Published
2008
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43. Tetrodotoxin detection in puffer fish by a sensitive planar waveguide immunosensor.

Author

Elliott, Christopher T., Campbell, Katrina, Reverté, Laia, Campàs, Mònica, Yakes, Betsy Jean, Deeds, Jonathan R., Katikou, Panagiota, Kawatsu, Kentaro, and Lochhead, Michael

Subjects
*TETRODOTOXIN, *PUFFERS (Fish), *PLANAR waveguides, *CALIBRATION, *TOXIN receptors
Abstract

A nanoarray planar waveguide biosensor was developed for the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). This technique, specifically designed for the first time for TTX, provided a compact versatile user friendly device that obtained a test result in ten minutes. The device consisted of nanoprinted toxin-conjugate arrays constructed in the manner of an indirect competitive immunoassay, for the analysis of puffer fish samples under high flow conditions. The applicability to natural samples was investigated through the study of matrix effects and toxin recovery. The biosensor enabled the detection of TTX from 0.4 to 3.29 μg g −1 puffer fish tissue. The sensitivity attained demonstrates this assay as a rapid and sensitive screening method to detect TTX in different species of puffer fish, well below the Japanese maximum permitted level (2 μg g −1 ) and the estimated safety level used in the EU and the US (0.8 μg g −1 ). Assay repeatability and reproducibility were assessed at 0.4 and 0.8 μg g −1 , showing relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 15% and toxin recovery within 85–115%. The appropriate correlation of data obtained from the biosensor compared to that reported by ELISA, RBA, SPR biosensor and LC–MS/MS for the analysis of 12 puffer fish samples, proved the feasibility and reliability of this immunosensor to support monitoring programs and research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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44. Evaluation of surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of tetrodotoxin in food matrices and comparison to analytical methods.

Author

Yakes BJ, Deeds J, White K, and Degrasse SL

Subjects
Food Contamination analysis, Immunoassay methods, Food Analysis methods, Seafood analysis, Surface Plasmon Resonance methods, Tetrodotoxin analysis
Abstract

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight neurotoxin found in a number of animal species, including pufferfish. One emerging method for TTX detection employs surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensors. SPR, an optical technique that allows for label-free, real-time, multiplexed analysis, can have detection limits that rival many of the conventional transduction methods. Preliminary SPR approaches for TTX were successful, yet suffered from low throughput and used noncommercial instrumentation. To advance this method for broader use, the immunoassay was transferred to a commercial instrument and optimized for improved detection. This manuscript outlines the assay development and results for complex matrices relevant to seafood safety (pufferfish) and food adulteration (milk, apple juice). In addition, results are compared to those obtained using receptor binding assay, ELISA, HPLC-FD, and LC/MS/MS detection techniques. Results highlight the advantages of SPR assays, including rapid screening capability with low reagent consumption and low- to subppb detection limits.

Published
2011
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