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Copper telluride thin lms were deposited using a modi ed chemical technique with copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate [CuSO45H2O] and sodium tellurite [Na2TeO3] as cationic and anionic sources, respectively. The modi ed chemical technique is based on immersing the substrate in distinct cationic and anionic precursors. The preparative parameters, such as concentration, pH, immersion time, immersion cycles, and so on, were tuned to produce high-quality copper telluride thin lms at room temperature. X-ray di raction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used to study the lms’ structural, compositional, optical, and electrical transport properties.

A Co(III)-catalyzed site-selective C5 and C6 benzannulation of substituted pyridones with 1,6-diynes via dual C--H bond activation has been reported. The scope of the benzannulation reaction was examined with various substituted 2-pyridyl pyridones and 1,6-diynes. The combination of cuprous acetate and silver carbonate plays a crucial role in the success of the reaction. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed and supported by deuterium labelling studies and radical trapping experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hearing impairment is caused by damage in the inner ear (can be even birth defect), ear infection, ruptured eardrum and so on. It can be prevented using early detection thus, helps in avoiding severe psychosocial, educational, and linguistic repercussions. Infants, who are not diagnosed of hearing impairment before six months of age, will have delays in speech and language development. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hearing impairment in highrisk neonates and to establish the fact that, these neonates have higher prevalence of hearing impairment as compared to normal population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. The duration of the study was six months, from December 2012 to May 2013. A total of 500 babies including 297 normal and 203 high-risk babies were enrolled into the study. All the neonates were screened using Behavioural Observation Audiometry (BOA) and Distortion Product Oto-acoustic Emission (DPOAE) preferably within three days of life. Those, who failed under this test, underwent for Brain stem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA). Data was collected in the Microsoft Excel and analysis done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: The mean age of the newborns on admission, was 3.86±4.25 days and the mean weight was 2560±510 g. Out of 500 newborns screened, 58 babies had abnormal results with the first screening test. When these 58 babies subjected to BERA, eight babies showed Hearing Loss (HL). Sepsis, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay >5 days and use of aminoglycosides >7 days were the important risk factors associated with hearing impairment. Prevalence of hearing impairment in the present study was came out to be 16/1000. This finding was statistically significant with p-value<0.05. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of hearing impairment in high-risk newborns, majority of which were bilateral. The authors recommend multistage screening in all newborns at birth or within month's time at all level of healthcare facility. Newborns with sepsis, NICU stay >5 days and use of aminoglycosides >7 days should have mandatory audiologic evaluation at discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral cancer is known as one of the most common cancers, with a poor prognosis, related to delayed clinical diagnosis, either due to the lack of particular biomarkers related to the disease or costly therapeutic alternatives. Aims and Objectives: In this study association of single nucleotide polymorphism (Taq1, T>C) in Vitamin D receptor gene with oral cancer and pre oral cancer was studied. Materials and Methods: Total 230 patients of precancerous oral lesions (Leukoplakia 70, Oral Sub mucous fibrosis 90, Lichen Planus 70), 72 oral cancer patients and 300 healthy control subjects were genotyped by PCR-RFLP methods. Chi-square test was used for calculation of genotype and allele frequencies. Results: Mutant genotype CC as well as C allele were found to significantly decrease the risk of oral disease (P value=0.04, OR=0.60 and P value=0.02, OR=0.75 respectively). In particular, compared to non smokers, smokers with TC & CC genotypes were at decrease risk of oral diseases (P value=0.0001, OR=0.04). The mutant allele genotype CC as well as the mutant allele C showed protective association with leukoplakia (P value=0.01, OR=0.39 & P value=0.009, OR=0.59 respectively). However, individual with CC genotype had developed high cell differentiated grade at diagnosis (OR= 3.78, P value= 0.008). Conclusions: This study concludes that VDR (Taq1) polymorphism is associated with oral cancer and pre oral cancer susceptibility in North Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral cancer is alarming disease in the developing countries like India. DNA repair capacity may affect by genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and thus may cause to cancer. XRCC3 involves in homologous recombination repair pathway and repair DNA damage and crosslinks while, NBS1 participate in repair of double strand DNA break and starts the cell-cycle checkpoint signaling. Aims and Objectives: This study was to conducted to find the association of XRCC3, NBS1 polymorphisms with oral disease. Materials and Methods: This study included 230 patients of precancerous oral lesions (Leukoplakia 70, Oral Sub mucous fibrosis 90, Lichen Planus 70), 72 oral cancer and 300 healthy control samples and genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP methods. Chi-square test was used for calculation of genotype and allele frequencies. Odds ratio and P values were calculated with Epi-Info programme (http://wwwn.cdc.gov/epiinfo/). Results: TT genotype of XRCC3 was associated with high risk of precancerous lesions and oral cancerous lesions (P value=0.0001, OR=9.68, 95% CI=2.82-33.21; and P value=0.0001, OR=13.10, 95% CI=3.38-50.73 respectively). We did not observe any interactions of XRCC3 polymorphism with demographic parameters in influencing the risk of oral diseases. Variant allele genotypes (CG, GG) of NBS1 (C>G) polymorphism showed protective association with Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), lichen planus as well as oral cancer (OR=0.31, OR=0.01; OR=0.39, OR=0.03; OR=0.43, OR=0.31 respectively). Particularly, tobacco chewer with CG & GG genotypes were at decrease risk of oral diseases (P value=0.02, OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.12-0.80). Compared to CC/CC combined genotype CG/CC, CG/CT, GG/CC and CG/CT genotypes decreased the risk of oral disease (OR=0.05, 0.47, 0.26 & 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: This study concludes that SNP in XRCC3, NBS1 affects susceptibility to oral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genetic variations in nucleotide excision repair genes can alter the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN).Materials and Methods: The present study has genotyped 334 subjects from North Indian population for xeroderma pigmentosum complementation Group C (XPC) rs2228001A>C, XPC rs77907221 polyadenylate (PAT) deletion/insertion (D/I), xeroderma pigmentosum complementation Group D - rs13181A>C, and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation Type G rs17655 G>C polymorphisms with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction-fragment length polymorphism or allele-specific PCR methods.Results: Compared to D allele, I allele for XPC PAT D/I polymorphism was associated with significantly decreased the risk of SCCHN (odds ratios = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.48-0.94, P = 0.03). Haplotype CI constituted from XPC polymorphisms was also associated with decreased risk of SCCHN (P = 0.004). In contrast, haplotype Crohn's disease significantly increased the risk for SCCHN (P < 0.00). A significant early onset of SCCHN was observed in individuals with CC genotype for XPC A>C polymorphism (P = 0.004).Conclusion: Our results suggest a possible risk modulation for SCCHN with XPC polymorphisms in North Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objective: To assess the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with inflammatory markers, neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocytes ratio (MLR) in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients., Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Medicine, SMS Hospital, and an attached group of hospitals (Jaipur, Rajasthan, India) after informed consent from the Ethics Committee of the institute. After obtaining informed consent from patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 200 diabetic patients were included in the study using the simple randomization method. Following a detailed history and diagnosis, vital demographic information, and blood tests were collected from patients via a predesigned preliminary questionnaire. The following blood tests were collected: white blood cell (WBC), Hb, hematocrit (HCT), red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophils, lymphocytes, HbA1c, blood glucose, NLR ratio, and MLR ratio. Data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22., Results: The mean age of patients with controlled diabetes mellitus was 54.10 years, while that of patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was 55.3 years. Glycemic control was more in the age group of 51-60 years. Around 54% of males and 46% of females were included in the present study, and no association was found between the two genders with poor and good glycemic control. Around 63.29% of participants with uncontrolled diabetes have an increased NLR, and 61.39% of participants with uncontrolled diabetes have an increased MLR. A strong association was found between the NLR and MLR with the glycemic control., Conclusion: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus had a positive association with inflammatory markers, that is, NLR and MLR., Statement of Significance: Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder in Asian countries. It leads to many acute and chronic complications in uncontrolled diabetes. Markers like the NLR ratio and MLR ratio are inexpensive and easily available for blood investigation. Hence, these markers are quite useful in differentiating controlled and uncontrolled diabetes and, therefore, useful in predicting blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes mellitus., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024.)

Introduction: The world has changed tremendously for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus with the development of cutting-edge technologies like continuous glucose monitoring and flash glucose monitoring systems. Now, the details of constant fluctuations of glucose in their blood can be monitored not only by medical professionals but also by patients, and this is called glycemic variability (GV). Traditional metrics of glycemic control measurement, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fail to reflect various short-term glycemic changes like postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemic episodes, paving the way to the occurrence of various diabetic complications even in asymptomatic, well-controlled diabetic patients. This need for advanced management of diabetes and effective monitoring of these swings in blood glucose can be met by using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)., Aim and Objective: To evaluate the extent of GV in well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using a flash CGMS and to assess the correlation between GV and HbA1c., Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was carried out from May 2020 to Oct 2021 at the Department of Medicine, SMS Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India), after approval from the Ethics Committee of the institution. A total of 30 patients with well-controlled T2DM (HbA1c was ≥6.5, but ≤7.5 ) were included in the study using simple random techniques after written informed consent from patients. Patients were studied for glycemic excursions over a period of 7 days by using FreeStyle ® Libre Pro™, which is a flash glucose monitoring system. The CGM sensor was attached to the left upper arm of the patient on day 0 and removed on day 7. The data recorded in the sensor was then retrieved using pre-installed computer software and analyzed using standard CGM metrics like standard deviation (SD), percentage coefficient of variation (%CV), time above range (TAR), time below range (TBR), and time in range (TIR), out of which %CV was used to quantify GV. %CV has been used to cluster patients into four cohorts from best to worst, namely: best/low CV ≤ 10%, intermediate CV from 10 to 20%, high CV from 20 to 30%, and very high CV of >30%. Scatterplots are used to establish correlations between various parameters., Result: Data from a total of 30 patients were analyzed using CGMS and thus used for calculating standard CGM metrics; glucose readings every 15 minutes were recorded consecutively for 7-day periods, making it a total of 672 readings for each patient. Interpreting the CGM data of all 30 patients, the following results were found: the mean blood glucose of all cases is 134.925 ± 22.323 mg/dL, the mean SD of blood glucose of all cases is 35.348 ± 9.388 mg/dL, the mean of %CV of all cases is 26.376 ± 6.193%. CGM parameters of time are used in the form of percentages, and the following results were found: the mean of TAR, TBR, and TIR is 14.425 ± 13.211, 5.771 ± 6.808, and 82.594 ± 12.888%, respectively. Clustering the patients into cohorts, the proportion of patients exhibiting best/low %CV (10%) is 0, intermediate %CV (10-20%) is 16.67% (five out of 30 patients), high %CV (20-30%) is 50% (15 out of 30 patients) and very high %CV (>30%) is 33.33% (10 out of 30 patients). Also, there is no significant correlation found between HbA1c and %CV ( ρ = 0.076, p -value = 0.690); a significant negative correlation was found between %CV and TIR ( ρ = -0.604, p < 0.001S); a positive correlation of %CV with TAR and TBR is significant ( ρ = 0.816, p -value of <0.001)., Conclusion: Using a flash CGMS device and considering %CV as the parameter and primary measure of GV, the study demonstrated the overall instability of a person's glycemic control, making note of unrecognized events of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in asymptomatic well-controlled T2DM patients, revealing the overall volatile glycemic control. The most important finding of this study is that even those diabetics who are considered well-controlled experience a great degree of GV as assessed by CGM-derived metrics. This study also demonstrated that there is no significant correlation between HbA1c and GV, suggesting that patients may not have optimal control of their diabetes despite having "normal HbA1c" values; hence, GV can be considered an HbA1c-independent danger factor, having more harmful effects than sustained hyperglycemia in the growth of diabetic complications. So, by using CGM-derived metrics, the measurement of GV has the potential to complement HbA1c data. In this manner, a more comprehensive assessment of glycemic excursions can be provided for better treatment decisions, thereby facilitating optimal glycemic control, which is essential for reducing overall complications and promoting good quality of life., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2024.)

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans and the top cause of infectious death worldwide caused by M. tuberculosis complex. Tuberculosis may be pulmonary, extra-pulmonary or both. Nervous system tuberculosis is relatively rare and has protean nature of symptoms so poses diagnostic difficulty. Neurological manifestations of tuberculosis includes 1) intracranial 2) spinal 3) peripheral nerve tuberculosis. Central nervous system tuberculosis accounts about 5% of extra pulmonary cases and 1% all tuberculosis., Material: Here we are presenting the series of 10 cases which have wide variety of neuropathogenic nature of tuberculosis., Observation: Here we are presenting the series of 10 cases which have wide variety of neuropathogenic nature of tuberculosis. These includes 1) Tubercular cortical vein thrombosis -patient who is a known case of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with severe headache, seizure and altered behavior, MRI brain shows cortical vein thrombosis and normal coagulation profile (Review of literature shows only 4 cases). 2)Tubercular myelitis/ arachnoiditis-presented with low backache and bilateral lower limb weakness,CSF panel and MRI L S spine shows tubercular arachnoiditis/myelitis. 3)Tubercular peripheral neuropathy; patient who is a non- diabetic presented with pain abdomen and bilateral lower limb tingling and numbness with no past history of treatment with anti-tubercular drug, CECT abdomen shows ileocecal tuberculosis and NCS study shows sensory affection of lower limb nerve. 4)Tuberculoma-patient presented with severe headache, seizure and altered behavior, MRI brain shows tuberculoma. 5) and 6) are tubercular vascular infarct in 1 of these 2 cases patient was having multiple necrotic foci and few foci of cavitation in left hilar region which is extending into left inferior pulmonary vein and even reaching upto left atrium. 7) and 8) cases are pott's spine who presented with low backache. 9) and 10) are tubercular meningitis and tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus respectively. These patients were treated according to their diagnosis and for focal neurological deficit physiotherapy was advised. Except a case of septic foci emboli from left atrium which shows moderate recovery rest all cases shows good recovery at discharge., Conclusion: There is paucity of literature on neuropathogenic nature of tuberculosis. In this case series we are presenting the series of 10 cases of tubercular nervous system manifestations so that it will helps to diagnose the disease as early as possible and allows us to initiate the prompt treatment so that we can mitigate the significant morbidity and mortality among survivors of nervous system tubercular disease., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)