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The present flow problem analyzes the impact of radiative heat and mass transfer with inclined magnetic field on thermal exchange and entropy production of two immiscible nature of electrically conducting couple stress fluid in a static porous saturated conduit. In this model, the lower and upper porous regions of the rectangular channel are occupied by two different types of couple stress fluids. The static horizontal parallel plates of the porous duct are completely isothermal and the flow of immiscible fluid through the porous duct develops because of a constant pressure gradient at the entry zone of the duct. The Brinkman model is utilized in the modeling of fluid flow through porous saturated domain and Rosseland's approximation is utilized to compute the radiative thermal exchange effect on nonmiscible couple stress fluid. In this work, authors have analyzed the effect of various thermo-physical parameters such as the Hartmann number (Ha), permeability parameter (Da), Schmidt number (Sc), Soret number (Sr) and couple stress parameter ( s i , i = 1 , 2) on the entropy generation characteristics, Bejan number distribution, thermal behavior, concentration distribution and flow characteristics of immiscible couple stress fluid which passes through the porous channel. The parameters Ha, Da, s i , Sc, Sr correspond to magnetic field effect, permeability of porous media, couple stress, mass diffusion and thermal diffusion, respectively. The most significant findings of this research work are as follows: • In a porous saturated channel, the immiscible couple stress fluid velocity, entropy production number and thermal profile get enhanced on increasing the couple stress parameter. • On increasing the Hartmann number and decreasing the permeability of porous region, the thermal properties and entropy production number both decrease. • The couple stress fluid's concentration field and Bejan number distribution get decreased on enhancing Soret number Sr and Schmidt number Sc. • The entropy generation near the wall of the channel rapidly increases on increasing the Schmidt number and Soret number. The emerging finding of this research work exhibits excellent agreement with previously published work. This research work can be utilized in food processing, petroleum products and chemical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One significance of the fluid flow in a curved channel is the generation of centrifugal forces. However, nothing is known on the hydrodynamic study of a couple stress fluid flowing in a porous curved channel. The proposed work, concerns with the flow of couple stress fluid in a porous curved channel and analysing the generating centrifugal force. Here, the flow of fluid in the porous curved channel takes place due to the constant pressure gradient. In this work, the effect of the radius of curvature and permeability parameters are examined on the flow velocity and temperature profiles of the considered fluid. The aim of this study is to analyse the flow pattern of the couple stress fluid, measure the rate of heat transfer, and volumetric flow rate, when fluid flow through porous curved channel. The proposed model is useful in the biofluid mechanics, nuclear reactors, and in oil and chemical industries. The present model, i.e., the flow of couple stress fluid in a porous curved channel, governs by the highly non-linear coupled differential equations which are solved by using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). Through this work, it is concluded that couple stress fluid's velocity and temperature is smaller in magnitude than that of the Newtonian fluid. Further, it is noticed that the fluid's flow velocity and temperature in porous curved channel is reduced significantly on increasing the curvature parameter, permeability parameter, and on reducing the couple stress parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is to examine the entropy production characteristics, thermal profile, and flow behaviour of two non‐miscible natures of Newtonian and micropolar fluids, which take place through a rectangular porous enclosure channel. The flow region is divided into two distinct porous zones of the channel and is subjected to a constant oriented magnetic field. The Eringen's micropolar fluid is taking place in the upper porous zone, whereas in the lower porous zone, the Newtonian fluid is flowing. The wall surface of a rectangular porous channel is isothermal, and the flow of immiscible fluid through a porous channel takes place because of a constant pressure gradient. No slip condition is imposed on the static walls and continuity of vorticity, velocity, shear stress component, thermal distribution, and thermal flux are prescribed at the interface. Here, the production of entropy due to fluid friction and thermal exchange for non‐miscible Newtonian and micropolar fluids is evaluated. The characteristics of various estimated parameters on thermal and flow properties, such as Bejan number distribution, flow velocity, entropy production, and thermal profile, are discussed. The obtained results show that entropy production is directly proportional to viscous dissipation and Reynolds number, whereas it has a reverse nature with micropolarity parameter, inclination angle parameter, and Hartman number. Our results corroborate with previous published results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the entropy production characteristics of two non-miscible fluids in an inclined porous channel with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and viscosity. The porous region of the channel is divided in two regions. In region-1 and region-2, the Couple stress and Newtonian fluid take place due to constant pressure gradient, respectively, under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. Here, the Darcy–Brinkman model is used for the flow of immiscible fluid through the porous media. In this work, we used a semi-analytical method named as homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve the coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The goal of the considered problem is to examine the consequences of a variety of thermophysical parameters, including Hartmann number, varying viscosity parameter, varying thermal conductivity parameters, and Grashof number on the characteristics of entropy generation, Bejan number distribution, thermal behavior and flow characteristics of non-miscible couple stress and Newtonian fluid passing through a porous channel. The novel aspect of this study is the formation of entropy and Bejan number as a result of non-miscible Newtonian and couple stress fluids with varying thermal conductivity and viscosity in porous media. In terms of rheological investigation, a semi-analytical simulation for changeable thermal and flow properties in an immiscible Newtonian and couple stress fluid via an inclined porous channel is a brand-new concept, and the behaviors of such flows have not been examined yet. From this study, it is concluded that on raising the variable thermal conductivity, Hartmann number and the permeability of the porous medium, the flow velocity, thermal characteristics and entropy generation number decrease. The authors also come to the significant conclusion that non-miscible Newtonian and couple stress fluids have larger entropy production numbers, flow velocities, and temperature profiles for higher values of Grashof number, variable viscosity parameter, and couple stress parameter. The findings of this work have also been graphically validated through the previously established work. The results of the present analysis can be used in petroleum industry, lubrication theory, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an investigation on the generalized Couette flow of two immiscible Newtonian fluids in an anisotropic porous medium. The flow occurs between two parallel plates, driven by the combined effects of an axial pressure gradient and the movement of the upper plate. The region between the plates is filled with an anisotropic porous medium characterized by directional permeability. An exact solution is derived for the proposed problem by considering appropriate boundary and interface conditions. The slip condition is employed at the lower plate of the channel which has a significant role in the flow mechanics of fluids flowing through porous medium. The effects of directional permeability on the flow of immiscible fluids are explored, and specific cases are presented. This study reveals a significant influence of directional permeability on the flow velocity of both fluids. Furthermore, quantitative conclusions are drawn regarding the shear stress at the lower and upper wall of the channel, with implications for the anisotropic nature of blood arteries. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fluid flow in anisotropic porous media and have potential applications in various engineering domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant health care is the science of anticipating and diagnosing the advent of life‐threatening diseases in plants. The fatality rate of plants can be reduced by diagnosing them for any signs early on. The early detection of such diseases is one possibility for lowering plant mortality rates. Machine learning (ML), a type of artificial intelligence technology that allows researchers to enhance and develop without being explicitly programmed, is used in this study to build early prediction models for plant disease diagnosis. Due to the similarities of crops throughout the early phonological phases, crop classification has proved problematic. ML can be applied to a variety of tasks recognize different types of crops at low altitude platforms with the help of drones that provide high‐resolution optical imagery. The drones are employed to photograph phonological stages, and these greyscale photographs are then utilized to develop grey level co‐occurrence matrices‐based characteristics. In this article, the proposed plant disease detection models are developed using ML approaches such as random forest‐nearest neighbours, linear regression, Naive Bayes, neural networks, and support vector machine. The performance of the generated plants disease risk evaluation model is calculated using unbiased metrics such as true positive rate, true negative rate, precision, recall, and F1‐score method are all factors to consider. The results revealed that the ensemble plants disease model outperforms the other proposed and developed plant disease detection models. The proposed and developed plant disease prediction models aimed to predict disease detection in the early stages, allowing for early preventive actions and predictive maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to analyse the flow of immiscible micropolar fluid through an inclined porous channel in presence of uniform magnetic field. The flow model have divided in two different porous regions and permeability of each porous region is taken different. The two immiscible electrically conducting micropolar fluids which have different densities and viscosities, take place through these two porous regions. The flow in an inclined porous channel is caused by a constant pressure gradient which acts on entrance section of flow domain. The flow of the micropolar fluids in the respective regions is governed by Brinkman's equation. The governing flow equations of the proposed model are solved analytically by reliable techniques and exact solution of flow field, flow rate and wall shear stress is evaluated by using well‐known boundary conditions. In this work, authors examined the influence of existing parameters such as permeability parameters, Hartmann number, gravitational parameter, viscosity ratio and so forth, which describes the physical significance of the presented model, on velocity profile, flow rate and wall shear stresses and these effect presented by graphs. The results are validated with the findings of past published article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the significance of different blood viscosity models along with different Reynolds numbers in the simulation of blood flow in a multi-stenosed Left Coronary Artery (LCA) model. Computational fluid dynamics techniques were implemented to derive the hemodynamic outcomes of the diseased three-dimensional Left Coronary Artery (LCA) models comprising of multiple stenoses. The three-dimensional LCA model was reconstructed using the angiographic images of a healthy person, and three viscosity models, i.e., Carreau, Quemada, and Modified Cross, were considered for carrying out blood flow simulation through it. In this work, the behavior of blood velocity was analyzed by increasing the level of blockage in each of the considered blood viscosity model. It is noticed that the increase in velocity is in proportion with the rise in Reynolds number. This study shows that the Quemada model records the maximum velocity magnitude with the other two rheological models for higher Reynolds numbers. In this work, the area-averaged wall shear stress (AAWSS) along the left anterior descending segment between the areas of double stenoses for different Reynolds numbers was also analyzed. Two peaks of AAWSS were seen for all the Reynolds numbers indicating the two sections of constrictions. The obtained highest peak reflects the primary blockage. Also, an emphasis is laid to prefer the Carreau model over the Quemada and Modified Cross model. This work is purely computational based that might be helpful in providing an insightful understanding of blood flow conduct at the diseased stage in the cardiovascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the flow behaviour of two immiscible fluids is analysed through an inclined channel which is made of two rigid plates. The flow model consists of two porous regions of different permeability. Newtonian and micropolar fluids are allowed to flow in the region‐I and region‐II, respectively. The flow of Newtonian and micropolar fluid in respective porous region is governed by the Brinkman's equation. An exact solution of the proposed mathematical model is obtained by using well‐known and appropriate boundary conditions. The expressions for linear velocity, microrotational velocity, flow rate and stresses are evaluated. The effect of various emerging non‐dimensional parameters like viscosity ratio, couple stress parameter, gravitational parameter, Reynolds number, and so on, on linear velocity, microrotational velocity, flow rate and stresses is presented graphically. The results are validated with the help of the previous established results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment seeking choices of individuals is one of the biggest hindrance in the global strategy to eliminate Tuberculosis (TB) by 2030. The individuals have a choice to take treatment under Directly Observed Treatment, short course (DOTS) which is the preferred strategy for curing and reducing the risk of TB cases. However, undergoing treatment under DOTS requires some changes in the routine behaviour of the infected individual which results in a 'treatment seeking dilemma'. In this work, we explore the consequences of human choice of treatment on TB incidence by developing a compartmental model conjoined with timed strategic prisoner's dilemma game. We classify the infected individuals into two categories, the individuals who cooperate (go directly to the DOTS for the treatment) and the individuals who defect (do not go directly to the DOTS for the treatment). We analyse the repercussion of this treatment seeking dilemma on the success of the 'end TB strategy'. We also analyse the effectiveness of WHO strategy of public–private mixing (PPM) on TB incidence. • Developed a deterministic compartmental TB model coupled with PD-replicator dynamics. • We analyse the impact of population's treatment-seeking dilemma on TB incidence. • Validated our model by fitting the TB data (incidence and mortality) for India. • We analysed the efficiency of DOTS for scaling down TB incidence in India. • Mere expansion of DOTS centres cannot assure decrease in TB incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytic solution for the two-layered model of pulsatile blood flow in stenotic arteries is discussed. The blood flow in narrow arteries is assumed to obey the two-fluid model: non-Newtonian viscoelastic as Jeffrey fluid in core region, and Newtonian as plasma fluid in peripheral region. The present study is aimed to develop an oscillatory viscoelastic model of blood flow and obtain the analytic expressions for velocity of pulsatile blood flow in a stenotic artery. The velocity of pulsatile blood flow is used to discuss the wall shear stress and volume flow rate through stenotic artery and to relate relaxation time, retardation time, height of the stenosis with the velocity, volume flow rate and wall shear stress. The solution of the model boundary value problem is obtained by the method of special functions under the assumption of steady oscillations. It is found that the velocity is directly proportional to relaxation time and on the other hand retardation time is inversely proportional. For non-zero time period, the wall shear stress increases as relaxation time increases and decreases as retardation time increases. It reveals a significant influence of relaxation and retardation time on oscillatory blood flow in stenotic artery under the pathological state of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase (MPST) catalyzes the desulfuration of 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP) and transfers sulfane sulfur from an enzyme-bound persulfide intermediate to thiophilic acceptors such as thioredoxin and cysteine. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a signaling molecule implicated in many physiological processes, can be released from the persulfide product of the MPST reaction. Two splice variants of MPST, differing by 20 amino acids at the N terminus, give rise to the cytosolic MPST1 and mitochondrial MPST2 isoforms. Here, we characterized the poorly-studied MPST1 variant and demonstrated that substitutions in its Ser-His-Asp triad, proposed to serve a general acid-base role, minimally affect catalytic activity. We estimated the 3-MP concentration in murine liver, kidney, and brain tissues, finding that it ranges from 0.4 μmol·kg-1 in brain to 1.4 μmol·kg-1 in kidney. We also show that N-acetylcysteine, a widely-used antioxidant, is a poor substrate for MPST and is unlikely to function as a thiophilic acceptor. Thioredoxin exhibits substrate inhibition, increasing the KM for 3-MP ~15-fold compared with other sulfur acceptors. Kinetic simulations at physiologically-relevant substrate concentrations predicted that the proportion of sulfur transfer to thioredoxin increases ~3.5-fold as its concentration decreases from 10 to 1 μM, whereas the total MPST reaction rate increases ~7-fold. The simulations also predicted that cysteine is a quantitatively-significant sulfane sulfur acceptor, revealing MPST's potential to generate low-molecular-weight persulfides. We conclude that the MPST1 and MPST2 isoforms are kinetically indistinguishable and that thioredoxin modulates the MPST-catalyzed reaction in a physiologically-relevant concentration range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a micropolar fluid through the membrane composed of impermeable cylindrical particles coated by porous layer is considered. The flow of a fluid is taken parallel to an axis of cylinder and a uniform magnetic field is applied in transverse direction of the flow. The problem is solved by using the cell model technique for the flow through assemblage of cylindrical particles. The solution of the problem has been obtained by using no‐slip condition, continuity of velocity and stresses at interfaces along with Happle's no‐couple stress condition as the boundary conditions. The expressions for the linear velocity, micro‐rotational velocity, flow rate and hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane are achieved in this work. The obtained solution for velocities is used to plot the graph against various transport parameters such as, Hartmann number, coupling parameter, porosity, scaling parameter etc. The effect of these transport parameters on the flow velocity, micro‐rotational velocity, and the hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane have been presented and discussed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have discussed the effect of width of the layers on the micropolar–Newtonian fluid flow through the porous layered rectangular pipe. The mathematical model of our problem represents the sandwiching of non-Newtonian fluid between the Newtonian fluid layers. The horizontal porous channel is divided into three porous layers with different permeabilities, and the problem is modeled in such a way that the width of each layer can be varied. The flow in the respective porous region took place due to the constant pressure gradient along the direction of the flow. Brinkman equation has been used for the fluids flowing through the porous medium. The problem is solved analytically, and the expressions for the flow velocity, volumetric flow rate and shearing stresses at the walls of the horizontal plates are obtained in the closed form. The impact of width of the middle porous layer is seen on the mean flow velocity, velocity profile, interfacial velocities and interfacial shear stresses. The present work has a setup that will be useful in oil recovery process, filtration of the contaminated ground water and some medical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, it has been discovered that one of the primary causes of a variety of inflammatory illnesses, including periodontitis, is an excess of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). It is recognised that the host's response to pathogens plays an equal or even bigger part in determining how connective tissue breaks down. The process of Polymorphonuclear (PMN) phagocytosis greatly increases ROS formation through the metabolic pathway known as the "respiratory burst." Because the antioxidant defense system is unable to neutralise these high levels or activities of ROS, Oxidative Stress (OS) and tissue damage ensue. ROS can directly affect tissue through Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) damage, protein breakdown, and the oxidation of essential enzymes. Numerous aldehydes can be produced as byproducts of LPO, including Malondialdehyde (MDA), propanal, hexanal, and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). They can be detected in bodily fluids and suggest a pro-oxidant state. MDA is a by-product created by the enzymatic or non enzymatic breakdown of Arachidonic Acid (AA) and larger Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs). MDA is the most studied OS tissue damage indicator. After it is formed, MDA can either be broken down by enzymes or combine with DNA or proteins in cells and tissues to form adducts that can cause harm to biological molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a two-phase model of blood flow through a porous layered artery in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The characteristic of suspensions in blood allows us to assume blood as a micropolar fluid in the core region and plasma as a Newtonian fluid in the peripheral region of a blood vessel. The wall of a blood vessel is porous and composed of a thin Brinkman transition layer followed by a Darcy porous layer of different permeabilities. A magnetic field of uniform strength is transversally applied to the direction of blood flow. The authors obtained an analytical solution of the problem of blood flow through the composite porous walled artery. Analytical expressions for the flow velocity, microrotational velocity, flow rate, and stresses at the wall have been obtained in the closed form using the modified Bessel function. The effects of various flow parameters on the two-fluid model of blood flow are analyzed graphically. An important conclusion which is drawn from the solution of the present problem is that the different permeabilities of Darcy and Brinkman regions of the porous layered artery have a significant effect on the flow. The present work is validated from the previously published literature studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Role of Fe at Dy site in Dy 2−x Fe x Ti 2 O 7 for structural and magnetic perturbations. • Unaffected crystal electric field on RE in spite of structural distortions. • Spin dynamics depends on the nature and dynamics of neighboring magnetic ions. Abstract Geometrically frustrated Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 spin ice is known for robust magnetic behavior where structural and dielectric properties are coupled with its magnetism. Herein, effects of Fe substitution, at the magnetic Dy site (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) in Dy 2 Ti 2 O 7 compound have been systematically examined in terms of structural distortions and magnetic perturbations through structural, dielectric, optical and magnetic studies. The experimental findings suggest that Fe substitution does not change the crystal electric field acting on the rare earth ion, though it produces significant structural distortions. These findings suggest that spin dynamics non-monotonically depends on the nature and dynamics of neighboring magnetic ion's spin (Fe spin in this case), because of existing strong spin correlations. This dependency provides a new possibility to tune or modify the spin dynamics of the correlated magnetic states in these materials via magnetic perturbations, which can be controlled by the externally applied magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural communities in developing countries extract provisioning ecosystem services from the natural environment to meet their subsistence needs, generate cash income and create employment opportunities. Caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis , known as yartsagunbu in Tibet and in the literature on this subject, is a medicinal resource extracted by the mountain communities of the Himalaya. Studies of the contribution of the fungus to local livelihoods in the Indian Himalaya are scarce. We investigated trade and harvest and analysed the contribution of caterpillar fungus to household economies in 32 villages in Dhauliganga Valley, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, in the Western Himalaya. Caterpillar fungus harvesting has become an integral part of local livelihoods in the study area, and on average contributes c. 74% of household cash income. The majority of harvesters perceived that harvesting had become more difficult during 2010–2015 as a result of competition and a decline in abundance of the species. The mean annual per capita harvest declined by 54 pieces during 2011–2015. Increasing harvesting and trade, coupled with the dependency of local communities on the fungus, may result in greater extraction of the resource for short-term economic benefits, and could eventually lead to depletion and ecological damage. Harvesting of the fungus has already created environmental, legal and social challenges, although it has become a lucrative livelihood opportunity. The ongoing decline of the fungus threatens local livelihoods. Good governance and livelihood security should be integrated with biodiversity conservation when devising government policies and plans for sustainable management of the caterpillar fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present problem is concerned with two-phase fluid flow through a horizontal porous channel in the presence of uniform inclined magnetic field. The micropolar fluid or Eringen fluid and Newtonian viscous fluid are flowing in the upper and lower regions of the horizontal porous channel, respectively. In this paper, the permeability of each region of the horizontal porous channel has been taken to be different. The effects of various physical parameters like angles of inclination of magnetic field, viscosity ratio, micropolarity parameter, etc., on the velocities, micro-rotational velocity of two immiscible fluids in horizontal porous channel, wall-shear stress, and flow rate have been discussed. The result obtained for immiscible micropolar–Newtonian fluids are compared with the results of two immiscible Newtonian fluids. The obtained result may be used in production of oil from oil reservoirs, purification of contaminated ground water, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the motion of a viscous steady incompressible fluid through a membrane, where the membrane is built up by impermeable spheroidal particles covered by a porous layer. In this work, we discuss the hydrodynamic permeability of a membrane built up by spheroidal particles. Cell model technique has been used to find the hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane. The emphasis is placed on the hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane and its controlling parameters like the permeability of the porous medium, particle volume fraction, deformation parameters, stress jump coefficient. The dependency of the hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane on the above controlling parameters is discussed graphically. Some previous results for hydrodynamic permeability and drag force are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an approximation algorithm based on the Legendre and Chebyshev artificial neural network to explore the approximate solution of fractional Lienard and Duffing equations with a Caputo fractional derivative. These equations show the oscillating circuit and generalize the spring–mass device equation. The proposed approach transforms the given nonlinear fractional differential equation (FDE) into an unconstrained minimization problem. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm minimizes the mean square error. The proposed techniques examine various non-integer order problems to verify the theoretical results. The numerical results show that the proposed approach yields better results than existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is an analysis of the flow model often occurs in crude oil extraction, blood flow in the arteries, filtration of underground different fluids flowing together. In this analysis, a model of three-layered porous horizontal channel is considered. This problem is significant because of the different permeability functions used for each porous layer of the channel and flow of different Newtonian fluids takes place in these porous regions. The problem is solved for the general case which can be reduced into several particular cases. The flows inside the channel and in every porous layer is governed by the Brinkman's momentum equation for the porous medium. The momentum equations in each region of the present model are the Airy's inhomogeneous differential equations respectively. An analytical closed form solution of the flow in each region have been obtained. Authors have discussed various results of velocity profile, flow rate and wall shear stresses graphically. Our results agree with the previous published results. • Magnetic field reduces the velocity of immiscible and miscible both nature of Newtonian fluids. • Width of porous layers can be use in controlling the velocity of the non-miscible nature of Newtonian fluids. • Electric conductivity and viscosity ratio both reduces the velocity of non-miscible Newtonian fluids. • The selection of porous material plays an important role to control the flow characteristics. • The setup of present model has important applications in crude oil extraction and filtration of fluids flowing together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is an analysis of the flow model often occurs in crude oil extraction, blood flow in the arteries, filtration of underground different fluids flowing together. In this analysis, a model of three-layered porous horizontal channel is considered. This problem is significant because of the different permeability functions used for each porous layer of the channel and flow of different Newtonian fluids takes place in these porous regions. The problem is solved for the general case which can be reduced into several particular cases. The flows inside the channel and in every porous layer is governed by the Brinkman's momentum equation for the porous medium. The momentum equations in each region of the present model are the Airy's inhomogeneous differential equations respectively. An analytical closed form solution of the flow in each region have been obtained. Authors have discussed various results of velocity profile, flow rate and wall shear stresses graphically. Our results agree with the previous published results. • Magnetic field reduces the velocity of immiscible and miscible both nature of Newtonian fluids. • Width of porous layers can be use in controlling the velocity of the non-miscible nature of Newtonian fluids. • Electric conductivity and viscosity ratio both reduces the velocity of non-miscible Newtonian fluids. • The selection of porous material plays an important role to control the flow characteristics. • The setup of present model has important applications in crude oil extraction and filtration of fluids flowing together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Developmental Defects of Enamel in the primary dentition may be associated and predictors of dental caries and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess the Prevalence of Developmental Defects of Enamel and its Association with, Dental-Caries and Nutritional Status in Pre- School Children of Lucknow, India. Materials and Methods: Multistage Sampling was done. A total of 302 pre-school (Rural and Urban) children were examined. Type III examination was conducted with WHO Probe. Developmental Enamel Defects (DED) and Dental Caries were assessed using WHO (1997) Proforma. Results: The prevalence of DED of any type was 39.9% with that of demarcated opacities being the highest, followed by hypoplasia. The most frequently affected teeth were maxillary anterior teeth, while the least affected teeth were mandibular incisors. The mean dmft was 3.5. A positive association between DED and caries was observed. Association between Dental Caries & BMI was non-significant whereas Pearson correlation showed a negative correlation between the two. Conclusion: The prevalence of enamel defects and caries was high, as the enamel defects were strongly associated with caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the two-step trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cysteine. It is also one of three major enzymes responsible for the biogenesis of H2S, a signaling molecule. We have previously demonstrated that CBS is activated in cells challenged by oxidative stress, but the underlying molecular mechanism of this regulation has remained unclear. Results: Here, we demonstrate that S-glutathionylation of CBS enhances its activity ∼2-fold in vitro. Loss of this post-translational modification in the presence of dithiothreitol results in reversal to basal activity. Cys346 was identified as the site for S-glutathionylation by a combination of mass spectrometric, mutagenesis, and activity analyses. To test the physiological relevance of S-glutathionylation-dependent regulation of CBS, HEK293 cells were oxidatively challenged with peroxide, which is known to enhance the trans-sulfuration flux. Under these conditions, CBS glutathionylation levels increased and were correlated with a ∼3-fold increase in CBS activity. Innovation: Collectively, our results reveal a novel post-translational modification of CBS, that is, glutathionylation, which functions as an allosteric activator under oxidative stress conditions permitting enhanced synthesis of both cysteine and H2S. Conclusions: Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism for increased cysteine and therefore glutathione, synthesis via glutathionylation of CBS. They also demonstrate the potential for increased H2S production under oxidative stress conditions, particularly in tissues where CBS is a major source of H2S. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 350-361. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide oxidation is expected to play an important role in cellular switching between low steady-state intracellular hydrogen sulfide levels and the higher concentrations where the physiological effects are elicited. Yet despite its significance, fundamental questions regarding how the sulfide oxidation pathway is wired remain unanswered, and competing proposals exist that diverge at the very first step catalyzed by sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQR). We demonstrate that, in addition to sulfite, glutathione functions as a persulfide acceptor for human SQR and that rhodanese preferentially synthesizes rather than utilizes thiosulfate. The kinetic behavior of these enzymes provides compelling evidence for the flow of sulfide via SQR to glutathione persulfide, which is then partitioned to thiosulfate or sulfite. Kinetic simulations at physiologically relevant metabolite concentrations provide additional support for the organizational logic of the sulfide oxidation pathway in which glutathione persulfide is the first intermediate formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a unique pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that has a regulatory heme cofactor. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of Arg-266, a residue at the heme pocket end of α-helix 8, for communication between the heme and PLP sites. In this study, we have examined the role of the conserved Thr-257 and Thr-260 residues, located at the other end of α-helix 8 on the heme electronic environment and on activity. The mutations at the two positions destabilize PLP binding, leading to lower PLP content and ∼2- to ∼500-fold lower activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Activity is unresponsive to PLP supplementation, consistent with the pyridoxine-nonresponsive phenotype of the T257M mutation in a homocystinuric patient. The H2S-producing activities, also impacted by the mutations, show a different pattern of inhibition compared with the canonical transsulfuration reaction. Interestingly, the mutants exhibit contrasting sensitivities to the allosteric effector, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet); whereasT257Mand T257I are inhibited, the other mutants are hyperactivated by AdoMet. All mutants showed an increased propensity of the ferrous heme to form an inactive species with a 424 nm Soret peak and exhibited significantly reduced enzyme activity in the ferrous and ferrous-CO states. Our results provide the first evidence for bidirectional transmission of information between the cofactor binding sites, suggest the additional involvement of this region in allosteric communication with the regulatory AdoMet-binding domain, and reveal the potential for independent modulation of the canonical transsulfuration versus H2S-generating reactions catalyzed by CBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid past a porous spherical particle enclosing a solid core, using particle-in-cell method. The Brinkman's equation in the porous region and the Stokes equation for clear fluid are used. At the fluid-porous interface, the stress jump boundary condition for the tangential stresses along with continuity of normal stress and velocity components are employed. No-slip and impenetrability boundary conditions on the solid spherical core have been used. The hydrodynamic drag force experienced by a porous spherical particle enclosing a solid core and permeability of membrane built up by solid particles with a porous shell are evaluated. It is found that the hydrodynamic drag force and dimensionless hydrodynamic permeability depends not only on the porous shell thickness, particle volume fraction γ and viscosities of porous and fluid medium, but also on the stress jump coefficient. Four known boundary conditions on the hypothetical surface are considered and compared: Happel's, Kuwabara's, Kvashnin's and Cunningham's (Mehta-Morse's condition). Some previous results for the hydrodynamic drag force and dimensionless hydrodynamic permeability have been verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper concerns the slow viscous flow through an aggregate of concentric clusters of porous cylindrical particles with Happel boundary condition. An aggregate of clusters of porous cylindrical particles is considered as a hydro-dynamically equivalent to solid cylindrical core with concentric porous cylindrical shell. The Brinkman equation inside the porous cylindrical shell and the Stokes equation outside the porous cylindrical shell in their stream function formulations are used. The drag force acting on each porous cylindrical particle in a cell is evaluated. In certain limiting cases, drag force converges to pre-existing analytical results, such as, the drag on a porous circular cylinder and the drag on a solid cylinder in a Happel unit cell. Representative results are then discussed and presented in graphical forms. The hydrodynamic permeability of the membrane built up from porous particles is evaluated. The variation of hydrodynamic permeability with different parameters is graphically presented. Some new results are reported for flow pattern in the porous region. Being in resemblance with the model of colloid particles with a coating of porous layers due to adsorption phenomenon, results obtained through this model can be useful to study the membrane filtration process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pectin lyase acts on the pectic substances that occur as structural polysaccharides in the middle lamella and primary cell walls of higher plants. This enzyme has potential applications in food, paper and textile industries. Since new applications of this enzyme are emerging there is a scientific need to explore the important aspects of the enzyme specifically the catalytic efficiency and possible sources. Though the research work on pectin lyase has been done for the last six decades but there is no exclusive review on pectin lyase so far available in the literature. This review tries to fill this gap by providing all relevant information exclusively for pectin lyase. The topics covered in this review are a brief description of the substrate pectin, enzymes related to pectin lyase, assay procedures, sources, purification and characterization, structural aspects, substrate specificity, molecular biology, biotechnological applications and future prospects of pectin lyases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An alkaline pectin lyase secreted by Aspergillus flavus MTCC 7589 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using ammonium sulphate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on sephadex G-100. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were found to be 8.0 and 50°C. The enzyme was found to be stable for 24h in the pH range 4.0–10.0. The enzyme does not loose activity up to 50°C if exposed for 1h. Addition of ammonium sulphate in the range of 0.1–2.0M increased the thermostability of the enzyme, 0.6 and 1.8M of ammonium sulphate providing complete stability at 60 and 70°C respectively. The values of K m and k cat of the enzyme were 0.59mg/ml and 52.2s−1 respectively. The molecular weight was found to be 38±01kDa. The purified enzyme showed efficacy in retting of Crotalaria juncea fibers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper concerns the Stokes flow of an incompressible viscous fluid past a swarm of porous nanocylindrical particles enclosing a solid cylindrical core with Kuwabara boundary condition. An aggregate of porous nanocylindrical particles is considered as a hydro-dynamically equivalent to a solid cylindrical core with concentric porous cylindrical shell. The Brinkman equation inside the porous cylindrical shell and the Stokes equation outside the porous cylindrical shell in their stream function formulations are used. Explicit expressions for the stream functions in both regions have been investigated. The drag force acting at each nanoporous cylindrical particle in a cell is evaluated. Also, we solved the same problem by using Happel boundary condition on the hypothetical cell. In certain limiting cases, drag force converges to pre-existing analytical results, such as the drag on a porous circular cylinder and the drag on a solid cylinder in Kuwabara's cell or Happel's cell. Representative results are then discussed and compared for both cases and presented in graphical form by using Mathematica software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work concerns with an entropy production of two-phase non-miscible Newtonian and micropolar fluid in a rectangular conduit. In this model, the flow regime is divided in two distinct parts in such a way that Newtonian fluid takes place in the lower portion of the channel whereas non-Newtonian micropolar fluid flows in upper half of the channel. The walls of rectangular channel are kept at constant temperature and a constant pressure gradient is applied at the entrance zone of the rectangular conduit. The no slip boundary conditions are imposed on static walls of the channel and linear velocity, shear stress, microrotational velocity and thermal flux are considered continuous at the interface part of the channel. An analytical solution of the concerned governing partial differential equation which has been reduced in an ordinary differential equation for the considered problem, is obtained. Moreover, the momentum and energy equations are utilized to obtain the entropy production number and Bejan number. However, the impact of numerous hydrodynamic and thermal parameters such as inclination angle parameter, Reynolds number, micropolarity parameter, Hartmann number, viscous dissipation parameter on the fluid flow, thermal exchange, entropy production number and Bejan number are figure out graphically. The findings is verified with the previously estabished results. The present analysis is utilized in petroleum industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis in humans when they consume contaminated food or water. When exposed to various stressors, both from living organisms (biotic) and the environment (abiotic), Salmonella Typhimurium produces Universal Stress Proteins (USPs). These proteins are gaining recognition for their crucial role in bacterial stress resistance and the ability to enter a prolonged state of growth arrest. Additionally, USPs exhibit diverse structures due to the fusion of the USP domain with different catalytic motifs, enabling them to participate in various reactions and cellular activities during stressful conditions. In this particular study, researchers cloned and analyzed the uspA gene obtained from poultry-derived strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. The gene comprises 435 base pairs, encoding a USP family protein consisting of 144 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the uspA genes of Salmonella Typhimurium and those found in other bacterial species. We used molecular dynamics simulations and 3D structure prediction to ensure that the USPA protein was stable. Furthermore, we also carried out motif search and network analysis of protein–protein interactions. The findings from this study offer valuable insights for the development of inhibitors targeted against Salmonella Typhimurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Vigna represented by more than 100 species is a source of nutritious edible seeds and sprouts that are rich sources of protein and dietary supplements. It is further valuable because of therapeutic attributes due to its antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. A highly diverse and an extremely ecological niche of different species can be valuable genomic resources for productivity enhancement. It is one of the most underutilized crops for food security and animal feeds. In spite of huge species diversity, only three species of Vigna have been sequenced; thus, there is a need for molecular markers for the remaining species. Computational approach of microsatellite marker discovery along with evaluation of polymorphism utilizing available genomic data of different genotypes can be a quick and an economical approach for genomic resource development. Cross-species transferability by e-PCR over available genomes can further prioritize the potential SSR markers, which could be used for genetic diversity and population differentiation of the remaining species saving cost and time. We present VigSatDB —the world's first comprehensive microsatellite database of genus Vigna , containing >875 K putative microsatellite markers with 772 354 simple and 103 865 compound markers mined from six genome assemblies of three Vigna species, namely, Vigna radiata (Mung bean), Vigna angularis (Adzuki bean) and Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea). It also contains 1976 validated published markers. Markers can be selected on the basis of chromosomes/location specificity, and primers can be generated using Primer3core tool integrated at backend. Efficacy of VigSatDB for microsatellite loci genotyping has been evaluated by 15 markers over a panel of 10 diverse genotype of V. radiata. Our web genomic resources can be used in diversity analysis, population and varietal differentiation, discovery of quantitative trait loci/genes, marker-assisted varietal improvement in endeavor of Vigna crop productivity and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the pivotal role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming orthodontic practice, focusing on its profound impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient care. AI-powered algorithms, coupled with machine learning techniques, have revolutionized orthodontic workflows, enhancing efficiency, precision, and patient outcomes. By analysing vast datasets, AI facilitates predictive modelling for treatment outcomes, aiding orthodontists in devising personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient needs. Moreover, AI-driven image analysis techniques enable automated cephalometric analysis, intraoral scanning, and 3D imaging interpretation, significantly reducing diagnostic errors and streamlining treatment processes. Furthermore, AI-enabled virtual treatment simulations empower patients to visualize treatment outcomes and actively participate in decision-making processes. The integration of AI into orthodontic practice also extends to tele orthodontics, enabling remote monitoring and virtual consultations, thereby enhancing accessibility and convenience for patients. Despite the transformative potential of AI, challenges such as data privacy, algorithm bias, and the need for clinician training must be addressed to ensure its ethical and effective implementation. Nevertheless, the advent of AI heralds a new era in orthodontics, characterized by unprecedented levels of efficiency, accuracy, and patient satisfaction. This paper underscores the revolutionary impact of AI on orthodontic practice and highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with its integration into clinical workflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalma volcanics (DVs) has intruded the older Singhbhum Group of Metapelites. Despite DVs being rich in mineralisation, its boundaries are not clearly demarcated. Gravity and magnetic surveys have been attempted for mapping the boundaries in DVs. These surveys were made in the northern fringe of the DVs over an area of ∼0.70 km2 along 13 parallel lines at 50 m spacing. The data was acquired at ∼25 m spacing. The surveys were taken for determination of lithological boundaries, depths and nature of causative source using Euler depth solutions and radially averaged power spectrum (RAPS). Residual anomaly maps of gravity and magnetic intensity show the same trend as that of Bouguer gravity anomaly and total magnetic intensity anomaly map indicating towards shallow sources. The magnetic map in general follows the same pattern as that of gravity anomaly maps. The map shows coincident high gravity and magnetic anomalies. These anomalies together with resistivity signatures confirm that the northern fringe of DVs hosts volcanogenic massive sulphide settings. The Euler depth solution delineated the lateral boundaries and nature of the source. It seems that the source is of spherical nature lying within a depth range of 25-40 m. The obtained lithological (vertical) units from RAPS are between Lower DVs, Upper DVs and Singhbhum Group Metapelites at depths of ∼15, ∼25 and ∼40 m, respectively. The metallogeny is associated with the Upper DVs and the corresponding delineated lithological (vertical) unit is indicative of the top of the ore body. Good agreement is observed with the geological succession from the drilling data and resistivity data. The findings suggest that the northern fringe of DVs could be a preferred target for drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a 70-kDa protein, also known as a molecular chaperone, is highly conserved. It plays a major role in cellular functions such as protein folding, regulation of protein degradation, translocation of proteins across membranes, receptor signaling, and protein assembly or disassembly. Vigna radiata is an important legume crop with available whole-genome sequence, but no such study on the HSP70 family is reported. A total of 32 V. radiate HSP70s (Vr-HSP70s) were identified and described. They are phylogenetically clustered into four subgroups. Vr-HSP70s show variations in intron/exon organization. This indicates that introns may play an essential role in gene regulating. The coexpression analysis of Vr-HSP70s revealed that these genes were involved in both abiotic and biotic stresses. Three cytoplasmic hub genes namely Vr-HSP70-C-14, Vr-HSP70-C-29, and Vr-HSP70-C-30 were found common in both stresses. Our findings provide directions for future studies to dissect functional analysis of Vr-HSP70s in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Easy availability of autologous blood is difficult in rural areas. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) has been found to be an effective alternative in major surgeries where we are expecting major blood loss. Patients and Methods: A prospective comparative study was designed to evaluate the utility of ANH patients (patients receiving autologous blood) during major operations done at MRA Medical College Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. during from September 2015 to September 2016. A total of 60 patients undergoing major surgeries were randomly assigned into two groups of thirty patients' each. Group I received homologous blood intraoperative only when required. In Group II ANH was initiated to a target hematocrit of 30% after induction of anesthesia. Various parameters such as demographic, biochemical, and hemodynamic were compared. Results: The mean value of blood withdrawn in ANH group was 650.5 ± 228 ml and it was replaced with an equal volume of 6% hydroethyl starch. There was no statistically significant variation in mean hemocrits levels in both the groups at various stages of the study. Hematocrits decreased significantly in both the groups at various stages as compared to preoperative values. The heart rate and mean blood pressure were almost similar and without statistically significant differences in both groups. Surgical blood loss in Group I was 895.29 ± 568.30 ml as compared to 765 ± 506 ml in Group II. The difference was statistically insignificant (P ≥ 0.05). The mean volume of homologous blood transfused in Group I was 850.71 ± 318.29 ml, as compared to nil in Group II which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It concludes that ANH up to a target hematocrit of 30% is safe and effective in reducing the need for homologous blood in various major surgeries in institutes in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatible nanoparticles, with magnetic cores and optically active shells, acting as multifunctional materials with a core size of 6 nm encapsulated in silver shells of varying thickness were synthesized through a novel single phase microemulsion method. Incorporation of silver shells onto the magnetite core enhances the intensity of the highest luminescence peak observed for magnetite by a significant luminescence enhancement factor. A blue photoluminescence peak observed in the visible region of spectrum brightens further with the increase in the thickness of silver shell. The magnetic properties of these core-shell nanomaterials show superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, which is a mandatory criterion for MRI contrast enhancement agents. The hyperthermic response of synthesized magnetite nanoparticles elevates its temperature to 43 °C in a sharp span of time, which is above the desired temperature for the therapeutic application of these multifunctional nanomaterials. These excellent optical and magnetic properties, of the material having a size range suitable for cellular uptake, make it a potential candidate for both diagnostic and therapeutic uses in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood samples were collected from 05 clinically healthy and 10 adult female water buffaloes naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi . Confirmation of disease free and infected status of buffaloes was made on clinical signs, observation of T. evansi parasites in the blood smear and duplex PCR based assay. Blood samples were evaluated for levels of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), differential leucocytes count (DLC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), calcium, phosphorous, magnesium sodium and potassium and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results of the study revealed substantial decrease in levels of Hb, PCV and increase in LPO, SOD, CAT and AST in infected animals compared to healthy animals. However other haematological and biochemical indices did not show significant variations in infected and healthy buffaloes. The enhanced erythrocytic oxidation and reduction of hematological indices, suggests that the enhanced oxidation of the erythrocytes may be a contributory factor in erythrocytic destruction and progression of the anaemia in T. evansi infection in water buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakreswar Geothermal Province (BGP) lies over the Archaean gneisses and schists formations. The heat flow and geothermal gradient of BGP are ∼ 230 mW/m 2 and 95 ∘ C / km , respectively. The Bakreswar hot spring (BHS) ( 23 ∘ 52 ′ 30 ″ N ; 87 ∘ 22 ′ 30 ″ E ) is located over NNW–SSE trending fault. It lies in the eastern flank of BGP and is connected by Sone–Narmada–Tapti (SONATA) and deep-seated ONGC fault systems. Earlier studies indicated that the geothermal fluid flowed towards the same path as that of deep ONGC fault. In view of this, 24 audio-magnetotelluric soundings in the frequency range 10 kHz–10 Hz were conducted at one end of the deep ONGC fault, which is about 20 km northwest of BHS. The data analysis indicated that the data are internally consistent. Analysis of dimensionality and strike are indicative of complex conductivity structures. The 3D inversion of full impedance was performed to obtain a conductivity model of the study area and resulted in root mean square (RMS) for sites close to unity. The results have been discussed by extracting cross-section along 3 to 7 profiles (four of the profiles are perpendicular to strike, whereas three profiles were oblique to the strike direction and are perpendicular to east–west trending ONGC faults). Several low conducting zones are observed in the profiles drawn parallel and perpendicular to the strike. These common conductors show consistent model features but modified resistivity and dimension. Depth slices from 200 to 1400 m suggest that the conductors in the northern part of the study area are deeper than the conductors in the south. The study area is dominated by several shallow conductors which coincide with several fractures present in the study area. The conductors are surrounded by a resistive feature that can act as an impermeable bed and probably restricts the flow of water within the zone. The four major conductors along the oblique profiles (profiles perpendicular to deep ONGC fault) coincide with deep ONGC fault, through which probably the geothermal fluid flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]