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We present foundations of globally valued fields, i.e., of a class of fields with an extra structure, capturing some aspects of the geometry of global fields, based on the product formula. We provide a dictionary between various data defining such extra structure: syntactic (models of some unbounded continuous logic theory), Arakelov theoretic, and measure theoretic. In particular we obtain a representation theorem relating globally valued fields and adelic curves defined by Chen and Moriwaki., Comment: 51 pages

Affine logic is a fragment of continuous logic, introduced by Bagheri, in which only affine functions are allowed as connectives. This has the effect of endowing type spaces with the structure of compact convex sets. We study extremal models of affine theories (those that only realize extreme types), and the ways and conditions under which all models can be described from the extremal ones. We introduce and develop the general theory of measurable fields of metric structures and their direct integrals. One of our main results is an extremal decomposition theorem for models of simplicial theories, that is, affine theories whose type spaces form Choquet simplices. We prove that every model of a simplicial theory can be (uniquely) decomposed as a direct integral of extremal models. This generalizes known decomposition results (ergodic decomposition, tracial von Neumann factor decomposition), and moreover, holds without any separability hypothesis. Two extreme kinds of simplicial theories are Bauer theories, whose extreme types form a closed set, and Poulsen theories, whose extreme types form a dense set. We show that Keisler randomizations of continuous theories are, essentially, the same thing as affine Bauer theories. We establish a dichotomy result: a complete simplicial theory is either Bauer or Poulsen. As part of our analysis, we adapt many results and tools from continuous logic to the affine or extremal contexts (definability, saturation, type isolation, categoricity, etc.). We also provide a detailed study of the relations between continuous logic and affine logic. Finally, we present several examples of simplicial theories arising from theories in discrete logic, Hilbert spaces, probability measure-preserving systems, and tracial von Neumann algebras., Comment: 133 pages

We establish a separation principle for the output feedback stabilisation of state-affine systems that are observable at the stabilization target. Relying on control templates (recently introduced in [4]), that allow to approximate a feedback control while maintaining observability, we design a closed loop hybrid state-observer system that we show to be semi-globally asymptotically stable. Under assumption of polynomiality of the system with respect to the control, we give an explicit construction of control templates. We illustrate the results of the paper with numerical simulations.

These notes form part of a joint research project on the logic of fields with many valuations, connected by a product formula. We define such structures and name them {\em globally valued fields} (GVFs). This text aims primarily at a proof that {\em the canonical GVF structure on $k(t)^{alg}$ is existentially closed}. This can be read as saying that a variety {\em with a distinguished curve class} is a good approximation for a formula in the language of GVFs, in the same way that a variety is close to a formula for the theory ACF of algebraically closed fields.

Given a continuous and isometric action of a Polish group $G$ on an adequate Polish topometric space $(X,\tau,\rho)$ and $x \in X$, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for $\overline{Gx}^\rho$ to be co-meagre; we also obtain a criterion that characterizes when such a point exists. This work completes a criterion established in earlier work of the authors.

In this short note we compare the expressive power of real-valued continuous logic (or just continuous logic, in recent literature) with that of compact-valued continuous logic, proposed by Chang and Keisler. We conclude that the two logics have the same expressive power, and moreover, that this remains true if we replace the plethora of potential quantifiers of compact-valued logic with a single ''primordial'' one.

We prove a reconstruction theorem valid for arbitrary theories in continuous (or classical) logic in a countable language, that is to say that we provide a complete bi-interpretation invariant for such theories, taking the form of an open Polish topological groupoid. More explicitly, for every such theory $T$ we construct a groupoid $\mathbf{G}^*(T)$ that only depends on the bi-interpretation class of $T$, and conversely, we reconstruct from $\mathbf{G}^*(T)$ a theory that is bi-interpretable with $T$. The basis of $\mathbf{G}^*(T)$ (namely, the set of objects, when viewed as a category) is always homeomorphic to the Lelek fan. We break the construction of the invariant into two steps. In the second step we construct a groupoid from any \emph{reconstruction sort}, while in the first step such a sort is constructed. This allows us to place our result in a common framework with previously established ones, which only differ by their different choice of a reconstruction sort.

For a locally compact group $G$, we show that it is possible to present the class of continuous unitary representations of $G$ as an elementary class of metric structures, in the sense of continuous logic. More precisely, we show how non-degenerate $*$-representations of a general $*$-algebra $A$ (with some mild assumptions) can be viewed as an elementary class, in a many-sorted language, and use the correspondence between continuous unitary representations of $G$ and non-degenerate $*$-representations of $L^1(G)$. We relate the notion of ultraproduct of logical structures, under this presentation, with other notions of ultraproduct of representations appearing in the literature, and characterise property (T) for $G$ in terms of the definability of the sets of fixed points of $L^1$ functions on $G$.

We generalise the correspondence between $\aleph 0$-categorical theories and their automorphism groups to arbitrary complete theories in classical logic, and to some theories (including, in particular, all $\aleph 0$-categorical ones) in continuous logic.

In this paper we develop the "local part" of our local/global approach to globally valued fields (GVFs). The "global part", which relies on these results, is developed in a subsequent paper.We study virtual divisors on projective varieties defined over a valued field $K$, as well as sub-valuations on polynomial rings over $K$ (analogous to homogeneous polynomial ideals). We prove a Nullstellensatz-style duality between projective varieties equipped with virtual divisors (analogous to projective varieties over a plain field) and certain sub-valuations on polynomial rings over $K$ (analogous to homogeneous polynomial ideals). Our main result compares the \emph{volume} of a virtual divisor on a variety $W$, namely its $(\dim W + 1)$-fold self-intersection, with the asymptotic behaviour of the volume of the dual sub-valuation, restricted to the space of polynomial functions of degree $m$, as $m \rightarrow \infty$.

If F is a type-definable family of commensurable subsets, subgroups or sub-vector spaces in a metric structure, then there is an invariant subset, subgroup or sub-vector space commensurable with F. This in particular applies to type-definable or hyper-definable objects in a classical first-order structure.

We study the Fourier--Stieltjes algebra of Roelcke precompact, non-archimedean, Polish groups and give a model-theoretic description of the Hilbert compactification of these groups. We characterize the family of such groups whose Fourier--Stieltjes algebra is dense in the algebra of weakly almost periodic functions: those are exactly the automorphism groups of $\aleph_0$-stable, $\aleph_0$-categorical structures. This analysis is then extended to all semitopological semigroup compactifications $S$ of such a group: $S$ is Hilbert-representable if and only if it is an inverse semigroup. We also show that every factor of the Hilbert compactification is Hilbert-representable., Comment: 23 pages

We prove that, whenever $G$ is a Polish group with metrizable universal minimal flow $M(G)$, there exists a comeagre orbit in $M(G)$. It then follows that there exists an extremely amenable, closed, coprecompact $G^*$ of $G$ such that $M(G) = \hat{G/G^*}$.

We study when a continuous isometric action of a Polish group on a complete metric space is, or can be, transitive. Our main results consist of showing that certain Polish groups, namely $\mathrm{Aut}^*(\mu)$ and $\mathrm{Homeo}^+[0,1]$, such an action can never be transitive (unless the space acted upon is a singleton). We also point out "circumstantial evidence" that this pathology could be related to that of Polish groups which are not closed permutation groups and yet have discrete uniform distance, and give a general characterisation of continuous isometric action of a Roeckle-precompact Polish group on a complete metric space is transitive. It follows that the morphism from a Roeckle-precompact Polish group to its Bohr compactification is surjective.

We develop an analogue of the classical Scott analysis for metric structures and infinitary continuous logic. Among our results are the existence of Scott sentences for metric structures and a version of the Lopez-Escobar theorem. We also derive some descriptive set theoretic consequences: most notably, that isomorphism on a class of separable structures is a Borel equivalence relation iff their Scott rank is uniformly bounded below $\omega_1$. Finally, we apply our methods to study the Gromov-Hausdorff distance between metric spaces and the Kadets distance between Banach spaces, showing that the set of spaces with distance $0$ to a fixed space is a Borel set., Comment: This preprint replaces and greatly expands our previous preprint "A Lopez-Escobar theorem for continuous logic" (without Doucha). Please only cite this current version. The previous material is contained in Section 6 in updated form. The paper is submitted as of July 2016. Key words: continuous logic, infinitary logic, Scott rank, Scott sentence, Lopez-Escobar theorem

Given a separable metrisable space X, and a group G of homeomorphisms of X, we introduce a topological property of the action of G on X which is equivalent to the existence of a G-invariant compatible metric on X. This extends a result of Marjanovic obtained under the additional assumption that X is locally compact.

We extend Ahlbrandt and Ziegler's reconstruction results to the metric setting: we show that separably categorical metric structures are determined, up to bi-interpretability, by their automorphism groups.

We generalise the Vandermonde determinant identity to one which tests whether a family of hypersurfaces in $\mathbf{P}^n$ has an unexpected intersection point.

We investigate the automorphism groups of $\aleph\_0$-categorical structures and prove that they are exactly the Roelcke precompact Polish groups. We show that the theory of a structure is stable if and only if every Roelcke uniformly continuous function on the automorphism group is weakly almost periodic. Analysing the semigroup structure on the weakly almost periodic compactification, we show that continuous surjective homomorphisms from automorphism groups of stable $\aleph\_0$-categorical structures to Hausdorff topological groups are open. We also produce some new WAP-trivial groups and calculate the WAP compactification in a number of examples.

We point out how the "Fundamental Theorem of Stability Theory", namely the equivalence between the "non order property" and definability of types, proved by Shelah in the 1970s, is in fact an immediate consequence of Grothendieck's "Crit{\`e}res de compacit{\'e}" from 1952. The familiar forms for the defining formulae then follow using Mazur's Lemma regarding weak convergence in Banach spaces.

We give a short argument why the tensor product valuation on $K \otimes_k L$ is multiplicative when $k$ is an algebraically closed valued field and $K$ and $L$ are valued extensions (all valuations being in $\bR$). When the valuation on $k$ is non trivial we use the fact that $ACVF$, the theory of algebraically closed (non trivially) valued fields, has quantifier elimination.

We study the question of when the space of embeddings of a separable Banach space $E$ into the separable Gurarij space $\mathbf G$ admits a generic orbit under the action of the linear isometry group of $\mathbf G$. The question is recast in model-theoretic terms, namely type isolation and the existence of prime models. We characterise isolated types over $E$ using tools from convex analysis. We show that if the set of isolated types over $E$ is dense, then a dense $G\_\delta$ orbit exists, and otherwise all orbits are meagre. We then study some (families of) examples with respect to this dichotomy. We also point out that the class of Gurarij spaces is the class of models of an $\aleph\_0$-categorical theory with quantifier elimination, and calculate the density character of the space of types over $E$, answering a question of Avil{\'e}s et al.

We establish several results regarding dividing and forking in NTP2 theories. We show that dividing is the same as array-dividing. Combining it with existence of strictly invariant sequences we deduce that forking satisfies the chain condition over extension bases (namely, the forking ideal is S1, in Hrushovski's terminology). Using it we prove an independence theorem over extension bases (which, in the case of simple theories, specializes to the ordinary independence theorem). As an application we show that Lascar strong type and compact strong type coincide over extension bases in an NTP2 theory. We also define the dividing order of a theory -- a generalization of Poizat's fundamental order from stable theories -- and give some equivalent characterizations under the assumption of NTP2. The last section is devoted to a refinement of the class of strong theories and its place in the classification hierarchy.

We give a construction of the Gurarij space, analogous to Katetov's construction of the Urysohn space. The adaptation of Katetov's technique uses a generalisation of the Arens-Eells enveloping space to metric space with a distinguished normed subspace. This allows us to give a positive answer to a question of Uspenskij, whether the linear isometry group of the Gurarij space is a universal Polish group.

We develop \emph{Fra\"iss\'e theory}, namely the theory of \emph{Fra\"iss\'e classes} and \emph{Fra\"iss\'e limits}, in the context of metric structures. We show that a class of finitely generated structures is Fra\"iss\'e if and only if it is the age of a separable approximately homogeneous structure, and conversely, that this structure is necessarily the unique limit of the class, and is universal for it. We do this in a somewhat new approach, in which ''finite maps up to errors'' are coded by \emph{approximate isometries}.

We develop the basics of an analogue of descriptive set theory for functions on a Polish space $X$. We use this to define a version of the small index property in the context of Polish topometric groups, and show that Polish topometric groups with ample generics have this property. We also extend classical theorems of Effros and Hausdorff to the topometric context.

We study functions on topometric spaces which are both (metrically) Lipschitz and (topologically) continuous, using them in contexts where, in classical topology, ordinary continuous functions are used. We study the relations of such functions with topometric versions of classical separation axioms, namely, normality and complete regularity, as well as with completions of topometric spaces. We also recover a compact topometric space $X$ from the lattice of continuous $1$-Lipschitz functions on $X$, in analogy with the recovery of a compact topological space $X$ from the structure of (real or complex) functions on $X$.

We discuss the notion of \emph{uniform canonical bases}, both in an abstract manner and specifically for the theory of atomless $L_p$ lattices. We also discuss the connection between the definability of the set of uniform canonical bases and the existence of the theory of beautiful pairs (i.e., with the finite cover property), and prove in particular that the set of uniform canonical bases is definable in algebraically closed metric valued fields.

We define and study the notion of \emph{ample metric generics} for a Polish topological group, which is a weakening of the notion of ample generics introduced by Kechris and Rosendal in \cite{Kechris-Rosendal:Turbulence}. Our work is based on the concept of a \emph{Polish topometric group}, defined in this article. Using Kechris and Rosendal's work as a guide, we explore consequences of ample metric generics (or, more generally, ample generics for Polish topometric groups). Then we provide examples of Polish groups with ample metric generics, such as the isometry group $\Iso(\bU_1)$ of the bounded Urysohn space, the unitary group ${\mathcal U}(\ell_2)$ of a separable Hilbert space, and the automorphism group $\Aut([0,1],\lambda)$ of the Lebesgue measure algebra on $[0,1]$. We deduce from this and earlier work of Kittrell and Tsankov that this last group has the automatic continuity property, i.e., any morphism from $\Aut([0,1],\lambda)$ into a separable topological group is continuous.

We study model-theoretic stability and independence in Banach lattices of the form $L_p(X,U,\mu)$, where $1 \leq p < \infty$. We characterize non-dividing using concepts from analysis and show that canonical bases exist as tuples of real elements.

We study model theoretic properties of valued fields (equipped with a real-valued multiplicative valuation), viewed as metric structures in continuous first order logic. For technical reasons we prefer to consider not the valued field $(K,|{\cdot}|)$ directly, but rather the associated projective spaces $K\bP^n$, as bounded metric structures. We show that the class of (projective spaces over) metric valued fields is elementary, with theory $MVF$, and that the projective spaces $\bP^n$ and $\bP^m$ are bi\"interpretable for every $n,m \geq 1$. The theory $MVF$ admits a model completion $ACMVF$, the theory of algebraically closed metric valued fields (with a non trivial valuation). This theory is strictly stable (even up to perturbation). Similarly, we show that the theory of real closed metric valued fields, $RCMVF$, is the model companion of the theory of formally real metric valued fields, and that it is dependent.

We give a model-theoretic account for several results regarding sequences of random variables appearing in Berkes & Rosenthal \cite{Berkes-Rosenthal:AlmostExchangeableSequences}. In order to do this, {itemize} We study and compare three notions of convergence of types in a stable theory: logic convergence, i.e., formula by formula, metric convergence (both already well studied) and convergence of canonical bases. In particular, we characterise $\aleph_0$-categorical stable theories in which the last two agree. We characterise sequences which admit almost indiscernible sub-sequences. We apply these tools to $ARV$, the theory (atomless) random variable spaces. We characterise types and notions of convergence of types as conditional distributions and weak/strong convergence thereof, and obtain, among other things, the Main Theorem of Berkes & Rosenthal. {itemize}

We present an adaptation of continuous first order logic to unbounded metric structures. This has the advantage of being closer in spirit to C. Ward Henson's logic for Banach space structures than the unit ball approach (which has been the common approach so far to Banach space structures in continuous logic), as well as of applying in situations where the unit ball approach does not apply (i.e., when the unit ball is not a definable set). We also introduce the process of single point \emph{emboundment} (closely related to the topological single point compactification), allowing to bring unbounded structures back into the setting of bounded continuous first order logic. Together with results from \cite{BenYaacov:Perturbations} regarding perturbations of bounded metric structures, we prove a Ryll-Nardzewski style characterisation of theories of Banach spaces which are separably categorical up to small perturbation of the norm. This last result is motivated by an unpublished result of Henson.

The primary purpose of this article is to show that a certain natural set of axioms yields a completeness result for continuous first-order logic. In particular, we show that in continuous first-order logic a set of formulae is (completely) satisfiable if (and only if) it is consistent. From this result it follows that continuous first-order logic also satisfies an \emph{approximated} form of strong completeness, whereby $\Sigma\vDash\varphi$ (if and) only if $\Sigma\vdash\varphi\dotminus 2^{-n}$ for all $n<\omega$. This approximated form of strong completeness asserts that if $\Sigma\vDash\varphi$, then proofs from $\Sigma$, being finite, can provide arbitrary better approximations of the truth of $\varphi$.

We prove that for every simple theory $T$ (or even simple thick compact abstract theory) there is a (unique) compact abstract theory $T^\fP$ whose saturated models are the lovely pairs of $T$. Independence-theoretic results that were proved in \cite{ppv:pairs} when $T^\fP$ is a first order theory are proved for the general case: in particular $T^\fP$ is simple and we characterise independence.

We prove that the definition of supersimplicity in metric structures from \cite{pezz:Morley} is equivalent to an \textit{a priori} stronger variant. This stronger variant is then used to prove that if $T$ is a supersimple Hausdorff cat then so is its theory of lovely pairs.

The notion of a randomization of a first order structure was introduced by Keisler in the paper Randomizing a Model, Advances in Math. 1999. The idea was to form a new structure whose elements are random elements of the original first order structure. In this paper we treat randomizations as continuous structures in the sense of Ben Yaacov and Usvyatsov. In this setting, the earlier results show that the randomization of a complete first order theory is a complete theory in continuous logic that admits elimination of quantifiers and has a natural set of axioms. We show that the randomization operation preserves the properties of being omega-categorical, omega-stable, and stable.

We study theories of spaces of random variables: first, we consider random variables with values in the interval $[0,1]$, then with values in an arbitrary metric structure, generalising Keisler's randomisation of classical structures. We prove preservation and non-preservation results for model theoretic properties under this construction: i) The randomisation of a stable structure is stable. ii) The randomisation of a simple unstable structure is not simple. We also prove that in the randomised structure, every type is a Lascar type.

It is well-known that a topological group can be represented as a group of isometries of a reflexive Banach space if and only if its topology is induced by weakly almost periodic functions (see \cite{Shtern:CompactSemitopologicalSemigroups}, \cite{Megrelishvili:OperatorTopologies} and \cite{Megrelishvili:TopologicalTransformations}). We show that for a metrisable group this is equivalent to the property that its metric is uniformly equivalent to a stable metric in the sense of Krivine and Maurey (see \cite{Krivine-Maurey:EspacesDeBanachStables}). This result is used to give a partial negative answer to a problem of Megrelishvili.

We prove that $IHS_A$, the theory of infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces equipped with a generic automorphism, is $\aleph_0$-stable up to perturbation of the automorphism, and admits prime models up to perturbation over any set. Similarly, $APr_A$, the theory of atomless probability algebras equipped with a generic automorphism is $\aleph_0$-stable up to perturbation. However, not allowing perturbation it is not even superstable.

We present a framework for model theoretic forcing in a non-first-order context, and present some applications of this framework to Banach space theory.

We develop several aspects of local and global stability in continuous first order logic. In particular, we study type-definable groups and genericity.

We give a general framework for the treatment of perturbations of types and structures in continuous logic, allowing to specify which parts of the logic may be perturbed. We prove that separable, elementarily equivalent structures which are approximately $\aleph_0$-saturated up to arbitrarily small perturbations are isomorphic up to arbitrarily small perturbations (where the notion of perturbation is part of the data). As a corollary, we obtain a Ryll-Nardzewski style characterisation of complete theories all of whose separable models are isomorphic up to arbitrarily small perturbations.

We settle several questions regarding the model theory of Nakano spaces left open by the PhD thesis of Pedro Poitevin \cite{Poitevin:PhD}. We start by studying isometric Banach lattice embeddings of Nakano spaces, showing that in dimension two and above such embeddings have a particularly simple and rigid form. We use this to show show that in the Banach lattice language the modular functional is definable and that complete theories of atomless Nakano spaces are model complete. We also show that up to arbitrarily small perturbations of the exponent Nakano spaces are $\aleph_0$-categorical and $\aleph_0$-stable. In particular they are stable.

We prove that in a continuous $\aleph_0$-stable theory every type-definable group is definable. The two main ingredients in the proof are: \begin{enumerate} \item Results concerning Morley ranks (i.e., Cantor-Bendixson ranks) from \cite{BenYaacov:TopometricSpacesAndPerturbations}, allowing us to prove the theorem in case the metric is invariant under the group action; and \item Results concerning the existence of translation-invariant definable metrics on type-definable groups and the extension of partial definable metrics to total ones. \end{enumerate}

We develop the general theory of \emph{topometric spaces}, i.e., topological spaces equipped with a well-behaved lower semi-continuous metric function. Spaces of global and local types in continuous logic are the motivating examples for the study of such spaces. In particular, we develop a theory of Cantor-Bendixson analysis of topometric spaces, which can serve as a basis for the study of local stability (extending the \textit{ad hoc} development from \cite{BenYaacov-Usvyatsov:CFO}), as well as of global $\aleph_0$-stability. We conclude with a study of perturbation systems (see \cite{BenYaacov:Perturbations}) in the formalism of topometric spaces. In particular, we show how the abstract development applies to $\aleph_0$-stability up to perturbation.

We show that if $T$ is a dependent theory then so is its Keisler randomisation $T^R$. In order to do this we generalise the notion of a Vapnik-Chervonenkis class to families of $[0,1]$-valued functions (a \emph{continuous} Vapnik-Chervonenkis class), and we characterise families of functions having this property via the growth rate of the mean width of an associated family of convex compacts.

We develop continuous first order logic, a variant of the logic described in \cite{Chang-Keisler:ContinuousModelTheory}. We show that this logic has the same power of expression as the framework of open Hausdorff cats, and as such extends Henson's logic for Banach space structures. We conclude with the development of local stability, for which this logic is particularly well-suited.