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Objective: This paper aims to assess the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak on forensic medicine residency training and to reveal implemented methods to keep the standard of residency education to prevent pandemic’s catastrophic effects on education of forensic medicine residents in Turkey. Methods: Two online-based surveys were prepared towards “Residents of forensic medicine” and “Head of departments”. Survey-1 completed by 125 forensic medicine residents and Survey-2 completed by 18 heads of forensic medicine departments from different regions of Turkey. Results: More than half of the residents who started their clinical training practice before outbreak of pandemic reported that there has been a decrease in numbers of clinical practical activities, and half of the residents stated that lectures/meetings have been suspended due to the pandemic. Distance learning/meeting applications in educational activities were found “partially useful” or “useful” by 83.2% of the residents (n=104). Residents who pointed out a change in practical autopsy training reported that this change has negatively affected their forensic medicine residency training. Conclusion: Sharing our results might force potential implementations to prevent worsening and improve forensic medicine residency training here and worldwide to identify effective responses to such unexpected issues.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate cephalometric mandibular dimensions in growing Anatolian Turkish children and to identify the periods of rapid growth for boys and girls. Furthermore, the secondary aim was to compare obtained values with published standards in the literature. METHODS: A total of 528 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs, grouped according to age and sex, were analyzed. Effective mandibular length, ramus height, and corpus lengths were comparatively evaluated within age groups for boys and girls and between sexes for the same age group. Data acquired from this study were compared with American, Canadian, Chinese, and European norms. Growth curves for mandible were constructed for each sex group. RESULTS: Effective mandibular length was almost always significantly longer in boys, except for 9- and 12-year-age groups. Effective mandibular length in girls increased significantly between ages 8 and 10, 10 and 12, and 11 and 13 years, while in boys between ages 8 and 10, 9 and 11, and 13 and 15 years. Turkish girls had significantly shorter effective mandibular lengths than American girls at age 14. No significant difference was found between Turkish and Chinese girls and boys. Turkish girls and boys had significantly shorter corpus lengths from their Norwegian counterparts at age 12. CONCLUSION: Except for 9- and 12-year-age groups, effective mandibular length was almost always significantly longer in boys compared to the girls. It is suggested to use norm values from more recently conducted studies and which are representative of the studied population. Growth curves can be used to predict the approximate mandibular dimensions at a particular age.

This study aims to measure the effects of two different exercise programs on neck pain, proprioception, balance, coordination, posture, and quality of life in patients with Chiari malformation (CM) type 1. Sixteen patients were randomized to two different exercise programs: a tailored exercise protocol for CM (TEP-CM) and cervical spinal stabilization exercises (CSSE). Both exercise programs were implemented by a physiotherapist 3 days a week for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was Neck Disability Index. Secondary outcomes were visual analogue scale for pain, joint position sense error measurement, Berg Balance Scale, Time Up and Go Test, International Coordination Ataxia Rating Scale, PostureScreen Mobile, and Short Form-36. Assessments were done immediately before and after the intervention programs. Both groups showed significant improvement in Neck Disability Index, and some secondary outcome measures (P 0.05). However, there were no statistical differences in post-intervention changes between the groups (P 0.05). This is the first study to examine the effects of different exercise programs on symptoms in patients with CM type 1. Our preliminary findings indicate that exercise programs can improve pain, balance, proprioception, posture, coordination, and quality of life in CM type 1. Therefore, exercise should be considered safe, beneficial, and low-cost treatment option for CM type 1 patients without surgical indications.

Abstract: mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that plays various roles in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR signaling in cancer becomes irregular. Therefore, drugs targeting mTOR have been developed. Although mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and rapamycin rapalogs (everolimus, rapamycin, temsirolimus, deforolimus, etc.) and new generation mTOR inhibitors (Rapalink, Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, etc.) are used in cancer treatments, mTOR resistance mechanisms may inhibit the efficacy of these drugs. Therefore, new inhibition approaches are developed. Although these new inhibition approaches have not been widely investigated in cancer treatment, the use of nanoparticles has been evaluated as a new treatment option in a few types of cancer. This review outlines the functions of mTOR in the cancer process, its resistance mechanisms, and the efficiency of mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it discusses the next-generation mTOR inhibitors and inhibition strategies created using nanoparticles. Since mTOR resistance mechanisms prevent the effects of mTOR inhibitors used in cancer treatments, new inhibition strategies should be developed. Inhibition approaches are created using nanoparticles, and one of them offers a promising treatment option with evidence supporting its effectiveness.

Abstract: One of the biggest challenges in the fight against cancer is early detection. Early diagnosis is vital, but there are some barriers such as economic, cultural, and personal factors. Considering the disadvantages of radiological imaging techniques or serological analysis methods used in cancer diagnosis, such as being expensive, requiring expertise, and being time-consuming, there is a need to develop faster, more reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic methods for use in cancer diagnosis. Exosomes, which are responsible for intercellular communication with sizes ranging from 30-120 nm, are naturally produced biological nanoparticles. Thanks to the cargo contents they carry, they are a potential biomarker to be used in the diagnosis of cancer. Exosomes, defined as extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, are effective in cancer growth, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and changes in microenvironmental conditions during tumor development change exosome secretion. Due to their high cellular activity, tumor cells produce much higher exosomes than healthy cells. Therefore, it is known that the number of exosomes in body fluids is significantly rich compared to other cells and can act as a stand-alone diagnostic biomarker. Cancer-derived exosomes have received great attention in recent years for the early detection of cancer and the evaluation of therapeutic response. In this article, the content, properties, and differences of exosomes detected in common types of cancer (lung, liver, pancreas, ovaries, breast, colorectal), which are the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, are reviewed. We also discuss the potential utility of exosome contents as a biomarker for early detection, which is known to be important in targeted cancer therapy.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) continues to affect dental emergency services worldwide. Dental anxiety (DA) is described as a common and distressing problem in terms of oral health maintenance. Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate DA levels as well as the COVID‑19 fear and perception of control (COVID‑19 FPC) in patients attending dental emergency clinics during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Material and methods Sociodemographic, dental and medical data was obtained from the participants. A face-to-face questionnaire with questions referring to the reasons for the emergency dental visit, the visual pain scale, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and the COVID‑19 Fear and Perception of Control Scale (COVID‑19 FPCS) as well as additional questions concerning bruxism and a previous diagnosis of anxiety/panic attacks or depression was administered. The χ2 test was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 1,439 patients were included in the study. The most common reason for the dental visit was pain (47.5%). The prevalence of DA was 5.1% (74/1,439). A significant association was found between DA and gender (p = 0.020). The incidence of severe pain was higher in patients with DA than in those without DA (p = 0.002). No significant differences in the MDAS scores were found between patients with and without a chronic disease (p = 0.804), with regard to the educational status (p = 0.364), or between the age groups (p = 0.600). The prevalence of a 'strongly agree' response to all questions in COVID‑19 FPCS was higher in patients with DA as compared to those without DA. Conclusions Females and patients with severe pain were more likely to exhibit DA. In general, patients with DA strongly agreed with the statements of COVID‑19 FPCS, which may indicate a correlation between the 2 scales.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal and psychosocial problems have tended to increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in musculoskeletal problems and psychosocial status of teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic due to online education and to investigate the effects of preventive telerehabilitation applications for musculoskeletal problems. METHODS: Forty teachers who conducted online education during the pandemic volunteered to participate in the study. All assessments were performed via online methods. The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ), ProFitMap-Neck questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI) were used to evaluate musculoskeletal problems; the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, respectively; and the Work–Life Balance Scale (WLBS) was used to evaluate how well individuals achieve this balance. Information about before online education, during online education, and after training was obtained with the assessments. After the first assessment, telerehabilitation, which involved presentations and brochures, was applied to 18 participants willing to participate in the training. RESULTS: The ProFitMap, UEFI, and WLBS scores during the online education decreased significantly, while the scores of the CMDQ, ODI, BDI, and BAI during the online education increased significantly compared to the pre-online education scores (p

Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of CT Bone Unfolding software to the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency for the detection of osteoblastic pelvic bone lesions in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: A total of 102 consecutive (January 2016-September 2019) patients who underwent abdominopelvic CT with prostate cancer were retrospectively evaluated for osteoblastic pelvic bone lesions, using commercially available the post-processing-pelvic bone flattening-image software package “CT Bone Unfolding.” Two radiologists with 3 and 15 years of experience in abdominal radiology evaluated CT image data sets independently in 2 separate reading sessions. At the first session, only MPR images and at the second session MPR images and additionally unfolded reconstructions were assessed. Reading time for each patient was noted. A radiologist with 25 years of experience, established the standard of reference. Results: In the evaluations performed with the MPR-Unfold method, the diagnostic accuracy were found to be 2.067 times higher compared to the MPRs method ( P < 0.001). The location of the lesions or the reader variabilities did not show any influence on accuracy ( P > 0.05) For all readers the reading time for MPR was significantly longer than for MPR-Unfold ( P < 0.05). For both methods substantial to almost-perfect inter-reader agreement was found (0.686-0.936). Conclusions: The use of unfolded pelvic bone reconstructions increases diagnostic accuracy while decreasing the reading times in the evaluation of pelvic bone lesions. Therefore, our findings suggest that utilizing unfolded reconstructions in addition to MPR images may be preferable in patients with prostate cancer for the screening of osteoblastic pelvic bone lesions.

Bacground and Aim: A physician performs between 160.000-300.000 interviews during his/her career, making medical interview the most commonly performed procedure in clinical medicine. Therefore, communication and empathy are important clinical skills that are desired and need to be improved when interviewing patients. When considered from the physician candidates' perspective, communication and empathy are the basic clinical skills that can be taught and learned. The aim of this study is to evaluate physician candidates' pre-clinical communication and empathy skills and to examine them in terms of demographic variables. It is thought that findings obtained in this sense may be in the nature of needs analysis in terms of medical education curriculum. Methods: Universe of this descriptive research consisted of Term 1-2 and 3 students of Faculty of Medicine of a foundation university located in Ankara in academic year 2017-2018, and it was completed with 90 students agreeing to participate. Personal Information Form, Communication Skills Inventory developed by Ersanli and Balci, and Empathy Skill Scale B-Form developed by Dokmen were used for data collection. Results: 61.1% of students were female, 53.3% were graduated from Anatolian High School, 93.3% mostly spent their lives in Urban areas/environment, 70% lived at home with their family, 86.7% had a nuclear family. While students' total communication skill score was slightly above the medium-level, total empathy skill score remained below the medium-level. It was also determined that mean communication and empathy skill score of females was higher than that of males. Conclusions: Physicians' ability to communicate effectively with patients will help them make an earlier and more accurate diagnosis, reduce the patient's anxiety and increase their compliance and satisfaction during the treatment process. At this point, medical education curriculum should have the content and quality that will enable physician candidates to notice this interaction at an early stage.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. It is caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in the breast tissue as a result of various factors. For the treatment of breast cancer, chemical drugs are utilized generally. However, chemical cancer drugs have a cytotoxic effect on healthy cells. That causes dose limitation and a decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment. For this reason, herbal-based studies in the treatment of breast cancer become popular day by day. In the literature, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of many plants have been analyzed and their effectiveness has been proven. Diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) molecules found in Elettaria Cardamomum (E. Cardamomum, Cardamom) plant, reduce metastasis, tumorigenesis, immunomodulation. It has been shown in the literature that they play a role in preventing the development of breast cancer via inducing apoptotic pathways in the breast cancer cell. Herein, it is aimed to prevent breast cancer development by applying cardamom extract and cardamom Extract-Freund's adjuvant combination to THP-1 human macrophage cell line and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and to increase the efficiency of cardamom extract with the use of an adjuvant. As a result, it was determined that the cytotoxic effect of the cardamom Extract-Freund’s adjuvant combination on breast cancer cells was higher than the alone cardamom extract application. At the same time, it was determined that the toxic effect of Freund's adjuvant could be reduced by increasing the plant extract concentration., Meme kanseri, kadınlar arasında en sık görülen kanser türüdür ve kansere bağlı ölümlerin en sık ikinci nedenidir. Meme dokusundaki hücrelerin çeşitli faktörler sonucu kontrolsüz çoğalmasından kaynaklanır. Meme kanseri tedavisinde genel olarak kimyasal ilaçlar kullanılmaktadır. Ancak kimyasal kanser ilaçları sağlıklı hücreler üzerinde sitotoksik etkiye sahiptir. Bu, doz sınırlamasına ve tedavinin etkinliğinin azalmasına neden olur. Bu nedenle meme kanseri tedavisinde bitkisel temelli çalışmalar gün geçtikçe popüler hale gelmektedir. Literatürde birçok bitkinin antikanser, antienflamatuar ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri analiz edilmiş ve etkinlikleri kanıtlanmıştır. Elettaria Cardamomum (E. Cardamomum, Cardamom) bitkisinde bulunan diindolilmetan (DIM) ve indol-3-karbinol (I3C) molekülleri metastazı, tümör oluşumunu, immünomodülasyonu azaltır. E. Cardamomum'un meme kanseri hücresinde apoptotik yolakları indükleyerek meme kanseri gelişimini önlemede rol oynadıkları literatürde gösterilmiştir. Burada, THP-1 insan makrofaj hücre hattına ve MCF-7 meme kanseri hücre hattına kakule ekstraktı ve kakule ekstrakt-Freund'un adjuvan kombinasyonu uygulanarak meme kanseri gelişiminin önlenmesi ve kakule ekstraktının etkinliğinin adjuvan yardımıyla artırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak kakule Ekstrakt-Freund adjuvan kombinasyonunun meme kanseri hücreleri üzerindeki sitotoksik etkisinin tek başına kakule ekstraktı uygulamasına göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Aynı zamanda, bitki ektraktı konsantrasyonunun arttırılmasıyla Freund's adjuvanının toksik etkisinin azaltılabileceği belirlendi.

INTRODUCTION[|]Risk is a concept that encompasses the likelihood of a specific danger being realized and the consequences of the danger. Risky behavior for children and / or adolescents; ‘Voluntary behaviors that threaten their well-being and limit their potential to become a responsible adult'. The moral maturity is defined as 'the sum of ethical qualities that give the richest, most necessary and fullest meaning to the state of being competent and summit in terms of moral emotion, judgment, attitude and conduct'. The hypothesis of the study is that there is a significant difference in favor of the Faculty of Medicine Term 2 students between the moral maturity scale scores and risky behavior scale scores of these two groups. Also, there is a relationship between risky behavior scale scores and moral maturity scale scores of the students in both groups.[¤]METHODS[|]fter obtaining information about the demographic data of the students, the 'Risky Behavior Scale University Form' consisting of 60 items and the 'Moral Maturity Scale' consisting of 66 items were applied.[¤]RESULTS[|]38 (60%) of the students in Period II of Başkent University Medical Faculty, and 26 (40%) of the students in Nursing Department of Health Sciences Faculty participated in the study. The age distribution of the participants is expressed as median (min-max), it is 20 (19-24). The place where the students live before university life is 98.50% urban-city center and 1,50% rural. According to the average score of the maturity of the maturity, nursing students seem to be about 10 units higher than the medical students. This difference was not statistically significant at 95% confidence level (p = 0.081). When the sub-dimensions of risky behaviors were examined, it was seen that the tendency of medical students was high and statistically significant in terms of alcohol and substance use, the tendency of nursing students was high and this difference was statistically significant in terms of school effect. However, there was no significant difference between two groups in terms of other sub-dimensions.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Both hypotheses of study are partially supported. When the moral maturity scores were considered, the scores of the nursing students were higher than the medical students, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was a correlation between the moral maturity scores of the medical students and four of seven sub-dimensions of risk behaviors. As the moral maturity increases in medical and nursing students, tendency decreases in some dimensions of risk behaviors.[¤]

In last decades, immunotherapies became more and more significant as a cancer treatment method. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted in the literature in order to determine the appropriate diagnostic and treatment methods for cancer. During the development of therapeutic vaccines, determination of vaccine concentration which is the beginning step of in vivo studies, is critical for the healthy progression of the studies. Breast cancer which occurs by uncontrolled proliferation as a result of exposure of healthy cells in breast tissue to factors such as DNA damage, UV, radiation, carcinogens and, various chemicals has a huge portion among the cancer types. In this study, for the first time, antigens generated by two different antigen preparation methods (autoclaving, freezing-thawing) using AU-565 / MCF-7 cell lines. Then, antigens derived from human breast cancer cell lines were applied alone and with different adjuvants (Polyoxidonium, Freund’s) to the J774 macrophage cell culture system and the L929 fibroblast cell line in order to investigate immunostimulant activity and cytotoxicity via Griess reagent and MTT test respectively. At the end of the 48th hour, the cell viability well will be examined and the most appropriate antigen-adjuvant combination and its concentration for vaccine preparation were determined. Among the antigen preparation methods, it was determined that the freeze-thaw method was more effective than the autoclave method, and the antigens prepared by the freeze-thaw method from the AU-565 and MCF-7 cell lines showed the highest immunostimulatory activity at a concentration of 160 µg/ml. Among the adjuvants, the immunostimulant effect of Freund's adjuvant was found to be higher. In the light of these results, the optimal vaccine concentration against breast cancer and the viability analysis of these concentrations were determined. All in all, it is thought that antibodies obtained from in vivo studies using the most appropriate antigen preparation method and the most appropriate vaccine concentration can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer., Meme kanseri, meme dokusundaki sağlıklı hücrelerin DNA hasarları, genetik mutasyonlar, UV, radyasyon, kanserojenler ve çeşitli kimyasal maddeler gibi faktörlere maruz kalması sonucunda kontrolsüz çoğalarak oluşmaktadır. Uygun teşhiş ve tedavi yöntemlerini belirlemek amacıyla literatürde birçok in vivo ve in vitro çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. In vivo çalışmaların başlangıç basamağı olan aşı konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi, çalışmaların sağlıklı ilerleyebilmesi için kritik bir aşamadır. Bu çalışmada ilk kez AU-565 / MCF-7 hücre hatları kullanılarak iki farklı antijen hazırlama yöntemi (otoklavlama, dondurma-çözdürme) ile antijenler oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra insan meme kanseri hücre dizilerinden elde edilen antijenler, sırasıyla Griess reaktifi ve MTT testi ile immünostimülan aktivite ve sitotoksisiteyi araştırmak için J774 makrofaj hücre kültür sistemine ve L929 fibroblast hücre hattına tek başına ve farklı adjuvanlarla (Polyoxidonium, Freund's) uygulandı. 48. saatin sonunda her kuyudaki hücre canlılık oranı incelenip bu sonuçlar ışığında meme kanserine karşı oluşturulan en uygun aşı konsantrasyonu ve bu konsantrasyonların canlılık analizleri belirlenmiştir. Antijen hazırlama metodları arasında dondurma-çözdürme metodunun otoklavlama metoduna göre daha etkili olduğu, AU-565 ve MCF-7 hücre hattından dondurma-çözdürme metodu ile hazırlanan antijenlerin 160 µg/ml konsantrasyonda en yüksek immünostimülan etkinlik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Adjuvanlar arasında ise Freund’s adjuvanının immünostimülan etkisinin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda en uygun antijen hazırlama metodu ve belirlenen en uygun aşı konsantrasyonu kullanılarak yapılan in vivo çalışmalardan elde edilecek antikorların meme kanserine karşı tanı ve tedavide kullanılmasının mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

To determine a cutoff value for the 50-g glucose challenge test (50-g GCT) for the prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates.This retrospective cohort study was conducted among pregnant women who were screened with the 50-g GCT at Hacettepe University Hospital between 1 January 2016 and 31 March 2019. Patients with 50-g GCT values74 mg/dL (10th percentile) served as the study group (n = 244), while patients with 50-g GCT values between 74 to 139 mg/dL served as the control group (n = 3104). Groups were compared in terms of demographic features, clinical characteristics, and obstetric outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of SGA. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the performance of 50-g GCT values in predicting SGA.Lower birthweight, birthweight percentile, and 5th-minute Apgar values, together with higher rates of SGA, were observed in the study group (P .001 for all). A 50-g GCT value below the 10th percentile (odds ratio: 3.29, 95% CI: 2.31-4.69, P .001) was a significant independent factor for SGA. A cutoff value of 89.5 mg/dL (84.9% sensitivity, 85.6% specificity) was determined for SGA.Low 50-g GCT values (89.5 mg/dL) may be an early indicator for SGA.背景: 为了明确50 g葡萄糖激发试验(50-g GCT)在预测小于胎龄(small-for-gestational-age, SGA)新生儿中的临界值。 方法: 这项回顾性队列研究是2016年1月1日至2019年3月31日期间在哈特泰普大学医院(Hacettepe University)接受50-g GCT筛查的孕妇中进行的。将50-g GCT74 mg/dl(第十百分位数)的患者作为研究组(n=244), 将50-g GCT值在74~139 mg/dl之间的患者作为对照组(n=3 104)。在人口统计特征、临床特征和产科结局方面对各组进行比较。采用logistic回归分析确定SGA的独立预测因素。受试者操作特征曲线用于评估50-g GCT值预测SGA的性能。 结果: 研究组观察到实验组中存在较低的出生体重、出生体重百分位数、5分钟时的Apgar评分以及较高的SGA发生率(均P0.001)。低于第10百分位数的50-g GCT值是SGA的重要独立因素(优势比:3.29, 95% CI 2.31~4.69, P0.001)。SGA的临界值为89.5 mg/dl(敏感度84.9%, 特异度85.6%)。结论 低50-g GCT值(89.5 mg/dl)可能是SGA的早期指标。.

UNAL, Ekrem/0000-0002-2691-4826 WOS: 000514819900011 PubMed: 31718118 To the Editor, The Turkish Society of Hematology initiated the Turkish Hemophilia Masterclass Academy program in 2016 to encourage young hematologists entering the field of hemophilia. The program involved 6 months of training, supported by monthly exams. We, as a group of mentees from the Hemophilia Masterclass Academy, aimed to evaluate the bleeding phenotype of patients with von Willebrand Disease (VWD) using the International Society of Thrombosis and HaemostasisBleeding Assessment Tool (ISTH-BAT) and the Pediatric Bleeding Questionnaire (PBQ) scores and investigate the correlation of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) levels and bleedingm scores of the patients, as well as present the initial output of our Masterclass Academy.

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu popülasyonundaki palatal ruga örneklerini, sayı, uzunluk, şekil, yan dallarıyla birleşme ve yerleşim yönleri açısından incelemek, cinsiyetlere göre dağılımını belirlemek, palatal rugaların adli vakalarda ve afet kurbanlarının kimliklendirilmesinde cinsiyet tayini için kullanılabilirliğini sorgulamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, 248 bireye ait üst çene modelindeki rugalar Thomas-Kotze ve Kapali sınıflama sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirildi, erkek ve kadınlardaki ruga tiplerinin istatistiksel analizi yapıldı. Veri analizinde SPSS (17.0) versiyonu ve Pearson Chi-Square, Fisher’ın Kesin Testi ve Mann-Whitney U analizleri kullanıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmada, 132 kadın (%53,2), 116 erkek (%46,8) 248 bireye ait 2367 ruga değerlendirildi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; ruga sayısı üzerinde cinsiyetin etkili bir faktör olmadığı, ruga toplam sayısının kadınlarda 6-15 erkeklerde ise 5-18 arasında değiştiği, cinsiyet gruplarında toplam ruga sayısı dağılımı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığı (p=0,161) belirlendi. Ruga uzunluğu ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,526), ruga şekli ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,672), ruga yan dallarının birleşme şekilleriyle cinsiyet arasında (p=0,189) ve ruga yerleşim yönleri ile cinsiyet arasında (p>0,05) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir bağımlılık olmadığı belirlendi. Sonuç: Değerlendirme sonunda en sık rastlanan ruga tiplerinin; uzunluk açısından birincil, şekil açısından da kavisli tip ruga olduğu belirlendi. Rugaların hiçbir tipinde seksüel dimorfizm saptanmadı. Bu sonuç, rugaların adli vakalarda cinsiyet tayini için yardımcı bir yöntem olarak kullanılabilmesi için olanak sağlamadığını, farklı bölgelerde ve daha büyük örneklem gruplarıyla çalışmanın tekrarlanmasının gerekliliği göstermektedir.