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Objective: Inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the development of Diabetes mellitus (DM). The production amount of increased reactive oxygen types in beta-cells that are sensitive to oxidative stress cause degeneration in insulin release and insulin resistance in Type 2 DM. Streptozotocin(STZ) breaks down beta-cells with the accumulation of free radicals by inhibiting pancreas superoxide dismutase. And Resveratrol (RSV) has an inhibitory effect on the degenaration of pancreatic beta cells. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of expressions in NF-kappa B, TNF alpha, IL-6, iNOS and COX2 genes in STZ-induced diabetes in pancreases of rats on the complications of DM.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clonal typing of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers in Turkey. Three hundred broiler cloacal samples were collected from various broiler slaughterhouses and inoculated on Levine agar plates supplemented with 2 μg/mL cefotaxime. Suspected strains were identified using a BBL Crystal Enteric/Nonfermenter ID Kit (Becton Dickinson, USA) and ESBL production was confirmed using an ESBL phenotypic confirmatory test. ESBL types were analyzed using PCR and sequencing. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed with XbaI for the clonal typing of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. While 33 phenotypic ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were identified, eight of them had only the blaTEM-1. Twenty-five ESBL-producing isolates were detected. This research is the first on the investigation and detection of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from broilers in Turkey. In this study, 8.3% ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from the cloacal samples of broilers collected from slaughterhouses in Turkey. CTX-M-15 (80%) was the most frequently isolated ESBL type. Using PFGE analysis, it was determined that these isolates had clonal similarity.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clonal typing of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers in Turkey. Three hundred broiler cloacal samples were collected from various broiler slaughterhouses and inoculated on Levine agar plates supplemented with 2 μg/mL cefotaxime. Suspected strains were identified using a BBL Crystal Enteric/Nonfermenter ID Kit (Becton Dickinson, USA) and ESBL production was confirmed using an ESBL phenotypic confirmatory test. ESBL types were analyzed using PCR and sequencing. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed with XbaI for the clonal typing of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. While 33 phenotypic ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were identified, eight of them had only the blaTEM-1. Twenty-five ESBL-producing isolates were detected. This research is the first on the investigation and detection of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from broilers in Turkey. In this study, 8.3% ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from the cloacal samples of broilers collected from slaughterhouses in Turkey. CTX-M-15 (80%) was the most frequently isolated ESBL type. Using PFGE analysis, it was determined that these isolates had clonal similarity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM)`un gelişiminde inflamasyon ve oksidatif stres önemli bir rol oynar. β-hücreler oksidatif strese karşı duyarlı hücrelerdir. β-hücrelerde, artmış reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretim (ROS) seviyeleri insülin salınımında bozulmaya ve tip 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ve insülin direncine neden olmaktadır. NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS ve COX2 genleri inflamatuar düzenleyici genlerdir. Yüksek ROS bu genlerin transkripsiyonuna yol açan inflamasyon sinyal yolaklarını aktive etmektedir. İnflamasyon sinyal yolaklarının aktivasyonu da tip 2 diyabet ve insülin direncine neden olmaktadır. Streptozotosin (STZ), pankreasta serbest radikal temizleyicisi olan superoksit dismutazı inhibe eder ve böylece serbest radikallerin birikmesi sonucu β hücreleri yıkıma uğrar. Resveratrol (RSV), pankreatik β hücrelerinde oluşan bozulmayı inhibe edici etkiye sahiptir. Bu bilgilere dayanarak çalışmamızda, STZ ile diyabet oluşturulmuş sıçanlarda RSV' nin pankreasta NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS ve COX2 genlerinin ifadelenmesinin DM'nin komplikasyonları üzerine etkisini araştırmayı amaçladık. Çalışmamızda, STZ ile diyabet oluşturulmuş ve diyabet oluşturulduktan sonra RSV uygulaması yapılmış sıçanlara ait pankreas dokuları kullanıldı. Elde edilen dokulardan sırasıyla RNA izolasyonu ve cDNA sentezi yapıldı. NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS ve COX2 genlerinin mRNA ifadelenme düzeyleri real-time PCR reaksiyonu ile gerçekleştirilerek sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Çalışmamızda kontrol ile sham kontrol ve kontrol+DMSO grupları arasında COX2, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα ve IL-6 mRNA düzeyinde anlamlı bir fark gözlenmedi. Kontrol ile diyabet grubu karşılaştırıldığında COX2, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα ve IL-6 genlerinin mRNA düzeylerinde, diyabet grubunda hedef genlerin mRNA ifadelenme düzeylerinde artış olduğu gözlendi ve bu iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlam bulundu. Diyabet ile diyabet+RSV grubu karşılaştırıldığında ise COX2, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα ve IL-6 genlerinin mRNA düzeylerinde bir azalma gözlenirken, bu azalışın istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olmadığı gözlendi. Inflammation and oxidative stress has a big influence on diabetes mellitus (DM) improvement. Production levels of increased reactive oxygen species in β-cells cause insulin release corruption and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and insulin resistance. NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS and COX2 genes are inflammation regulatory genes. High reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates inflammatory signaling pathways which cause these genes to transcript. Inflammatory signaling pathways activation cause T2DM and insulin resistance, too. Streptozotocin (STZ) inhibits superoxide dismutase which is free-radical scavenger in pancreas and as a result of cumulation of free-radicals β cells are dispersed. Resveratrol (RSV) has an influence to inhibit corruption which is formed in pancreatic β cells. In light of this information in our study we purpose to investigate in streptozotocin-treated rat with diabetes and the effects of resveratrol in their pancreas to enlargement of NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS ve COX2 genes levels complications of DM. In our study pancreatic tissues are used with STZ-induced diabetic rats and RSV induced diabetic rats after application made. RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis are made to obtained tissues. Real-time PCR results are evaluated statistically after the level of expression levels of NF-κB, TNFα, IL-6, iNOS ve COX2 genes are executed with real-time PCR Reaction. In our study ¬no significant difference between control with sham control and control+DMSO groups in levels of COX2, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα ve IL-6 mRNA. In level of mRNA of genes COX2, iNOS, NF-κB, TNFα ve IL-6 when compared control with diabetes group, it is observed that in the level of mRNA expression level in target gene has increased and the meaning has been found between these two groups statistically. When diabetes and diabetes+RSV group are compared, COX2, İNOS, NF-κB, TNFα and IL-6 genes are decreased in levels of mRNA, but this reduction has no meaning statistically. 88