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The processing parameters for ultrasound and 60Co-γ irradiation were optimized for their ability to inactivate Lactobacillus sporogenes in tomato paste using a systematic experimental design based on response surface methodology. Ultrasonic power, ultrasonic processing time and irradiation dose were explored and a central composite rotation design was adopted as the experimental plan, and a least-squares regression model was obtained. The significant influential factors for the inactivation rate of L. sporogenes were obtained from the quadratic model and the t-test analyses for each process parameter. Confirmation of the experimental results indicated that the proposed model was reasonably accurate and could be used to describe the efficacy of the treatments for inactivating L. sporogenes within the limits of the factors studied. The optimized processing parameters were found to be an ultrasonic power of 120 W with a processing time of 25 min and an irradiation dose of 6.5 kGy. These were measured under the constraints of parameter limitation, based on the Monte Carlo searching method and the quadratic model of the response surface methodology, including the a/b value of the Hunter color scale of tomato paste. Nevertheless, the ultrasound treatment prior to irradiation for the inactivation of L. sporogenes in tomato paste was unsuitable for reducing the irradiation dose.

To investigate the effects of exogenous dextranase and sodium fluoride on a S. mutans monospecies biofilm.S. mutans 25175 was grown in tryptone soya broth medium, and biofilm was formed on glass slides with 1.0% sucrose. Exogenous dextranase and sodium fluoride were added alone or together. The biofilm morphology was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of the drug on the adhesion and exopolysaccharide production by the biofilms were evaluated by scintillation counting and the anthrone method, respectively.In this study, we found that the structure of initial biofilm and mature biofilm were partly altered by dextranase and high concentrations of sodium fluoride separately. However, dextranase combined with a low concentration of sodium fluoride could clearly destroy the typical tree-like structure of the biofilm, and led to less bacterial adhesion than when the dextranase or fluoride were used alone (P0.05). The amounts of soluble and insoluble exopolysaccharide were significantly reduced by combining dextranase with a low concentration of sodium fluoride, much more than when they were used alone (P0.05). These data indicate that dextranase and a low concentration of sodium fluoride may have synergistic effects against S. mutans biofilm and suggest the application of a low concentration of sodium fluoride in anticaries treatment.

Background/purpose: The co-operative effect of exogenous dextranase (Dex) and sodium fluoride (NaF) on Streptococcus mutans monospecies biofilms is impressive. Here we investigated the effects of the combination on a mature cariogenic multispecies biofilm and analyzed the potential mechanism. Materials and methods: A multispecies biofilm of S. mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus was established in vitro. Dex and NaF were added separately or together. The effects of the agents on the biomass were measured. The exopolysaccharide production was determined with the scintillation counting method. The viability and morphology were evaluated using colony forming unit and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Results: In general, biofilms treated with Dex and a little concentration of NaF exhibited a lower biomass, exopolysaccharide production, and viability compared with the control group (P