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ObjectiveTo analyze the content of 6 kinds of amatoxins in 3 species of Lepiota collected from Chuxiong of Yunnan Province.MethodsThe collected mushrooms were baked and dried at 45 ℃， and species identification was carried out by morphological and molecular biology methods. The mushrooms were divided into three different growth periods （growth period， mature stage， aged stage） and different tissue parts （pileus， stipe， whole）， and the toxins were extracted by ultrapure water ultrasound. The determination was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray （ESI-） in multiple-reaction monitoring （MRM） mode， and the content was quantitatively analyzed by external standard method.ResultsNo amatoxins were detected in Lepiota clypeolaria and Lepiota cristata， while α-amanitin and β-amanitin were detected in Lepiota brunneoincarnata， and the content of α-amanitin was higher than β-amanitin. The total content of α-amanitin was highest in the mature stage （1.67 mg/g）， followed by the grow stage （1.56 mg/g） and least in the aged stage （0.40 mg/g）. And the total content of β-amanitin was also highest in the mature stage （0.71 mg/g）， followed by the growth stage （0.60 mg/g） and lowest in the aged stage （0.14 mg/g）. The cap part was richer in α-amanitin and β-amanitin than the stipe part in the growth and mature stages， while the content of α-amanitin and β-amanitin in the aged stage was higher in the stipe than in the pileus.ConclusionIn Chuxiong Prefecture， Yunnan Province， the flesh-brown ring-stalk mushroom L. brunneoincarnata mainly contains Amatoxins， including α-AMA， β-AMA， Amanin， and Amaninamide， excluding phalloidin and virotoxin. The content of α-AMA and β-AMA varies in different growth periods and tissues， providing reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of poisoning by this type of mushroom.

ObjectiveTo investigate Scleroderma cepa poisoning incident on September 4th 2019 in Chuxiong County, Yunnan Province, analyze the causes of the incident and summarize the clinical experience, and to provide reference for the treatment of mushroom poisoning.MethodsData collection, epidemiological investigation, morphological and phylogenetic identification were taken to analyze the poisoning event.ResultsTwo patients complained of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea with hypotension 0.5-1 h after ingesting the poisonous mushrooms, who were discharged after symptomatic treatment. The mushroom was identified as Scleroderma cepa by morphological and phylogenetic identification.ConclusionThis incident was a mushroom poisoning caused by accidental ingestion of Scleroderma cepa, which was similar to edible Scleroderma yunnanense. As most mushroom poisoning cases were resulted from the consumption of poisonous mushrooms which were very similar to edible mushrooms in morphology, it is recommended not to collect and eat wild mushrooms.

• Alpha-amatoxin (α-AMA) has been considered the primary toxin from amatoxin-containing mushrooms, which is responsible for hepatotoxicity and death. • α-amatoxin can damage mice liver and human normal liver cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. • α-amatoxin -induced apoptosis may occur primarily through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. • α-amatoxin affects the expression of p53, Bax and Bcl-2, which, in turn, activates subsequent caspase cascades. • ROS is as an upstream signaling molecule involved in α-AMA-induced apoptosis in mouse liver and L-02 cells. In order to explore the role of apoptosis in alpha-amatoxin (α-AMA) induced liver injury and probable upstream activation signals, we established animal and cellular models, respectively, for this pathophysiological condition. To this end, we evaluated the survival rate and serum biochemical parameters in BALB/c mice exposed to α-AMA at different time periods, along with the levels of oxidative and antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue of these mice and proteins involved in apoptosis-related pathways. Our results reveal that α-AMA-induced apoptosis occurs primarily through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and is associated with oxidative damage. Further, in order to verify the key nodes and important upstream activators in this apoptotic pathway, we estimated the levels of p53 protein and downstream mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related proteins in L-02 cells, all of which were found to change significantly. We also found that the levels of total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in L-02 cells increased with time. Collectively, our findings suggest that α-AMA affects many cellular processes, including the expression of p53 independent of transcription and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, thereby activating the subsequent caspase cascade pathways. In addition, we identified ROS to be an upstream signaling molecule involved in the α-AMA-induced apoptosis of mouse liver cells and L-02 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Cordierites frondosus ( C. frondosus ) is a species of toxic mushroom known to induce symptoms of photosensitive dermatitis., What Is Added by This Report?: In the months of May and June 2023, a total of four patients in Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, were affected by C. frondosus poisoning, occurring over two distinct incidents. The condition of two patients deteriorated after they were re-exposed to sunlight on the seventh day following the initial poisoning. Separately, an additional two patients reported experiencing a mild, needle-like sensation on areas of their skin exposed to the sun, recorded on the twelfth day subsequent to the poisoning., What Are the Implications for Public Health Practice?: Given that symptoms of photosensitive dermatitis, a potential severe consequence of C. frondosus poisoning, can manifest up to a week post-sun exposure, it is advisable to avoid sunlight for a minimum of two weeks following poisoning., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest., (Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2024.)