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ObjectivesAscertain the radiographic prevalence and variation in characteristics of juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOC) in the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of Australian Thoroughbred racehorse yearlings. Establish whether there are any significant associations with public auction sale results and racing performance.MethodsRetrospective evaluation of 1,098 yearling repository radiograph sets. Comparison of sales results and whole career racing performance of the case group with two control groups: maternal siblings (N = 397) and yearlings without PIP JOC (N = 391).Results6.3% of yearlings had at least one PIPJ JOC lesion with 4.8% having subchondral lucencies of the proximal phalanx (P1SC), 0.6% with subchondral lucencies of the middle phalanx (P2SC) and 0.8% with osteochondral fragmentation (OCF). P1SC were more prevalent in forelimbs and P2SC and OCF were more commonly located in the hindlimbs. 51% of PIPJ JOC were not identified on a lateromedial projection (LM). A significantly lower proportion of horses with OCF were successfully sold at public auction (p ≤ 0.05) but there was no significant difference in sales price between the case group and controls. A lower proportion of horses with PIPJ JOC made it to the racetrack to race, although this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in racing performance between the case group and controls, although there was a trend toward case horses earning lower career prize money and lower prize money per race (p ≤ 0.1). Lesions located in a dorsal or palmar/plantar location on the LM projection earned a lower average prize money per race (p ≤ 0.05) than those in a central location, and showed a trend toward earning lower total prize money (p ≤ 0.1) and number of places (p ≤ 0.1). There was no significant difference in performance for horses with lesions at the medial, axial or lateral aspects of the articular surface.Clinical importanceOverall, the findings of this study indicate that the presence of PIPJ JOC in radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings should be attributed a low to moderate risk to future racing performance, however certain lesion characteristics may be associated with decreased performance.

В статье представлены результаты исследований по мясной продуктивности молодняка лошадей тувинской породы. Были зафиксированы приросты молодняка от рождения до восемнадцатимесячного возраста. Живая масса является одним из важных показателей хозяйственной ценности животных, так как характеризует породные и конституциональные особенности животных, имеет высокую положительную корреляцию с мясной и молочной продуктивностью, а ее возрастная динамика дает представление о скороспелости животного. В связи с этим, проблема определения взаимосвязи факторов роста и развития лошадей с последующим продуктивным использованием оказывается весьма важной и своевременной., The results of studies on the meat productivity of young horses of the Tuvan breed are presented. There were gains from birth to 18 months of age. Live weight is one of the important indicators of the economic value of animals. It characterizes the breed and constitutional features of animals, has a high positive correlation with meat and dairy productivity, and its age dynamics gives an idea of the precocity of the animal. In this regard, the problem of determining the relationship of factors of growth and development of horses with subsequent productive use is very important and timely.age dynamics gives an idea of the precocity of the animal. In this regard, the dynamics of the live weight of young horses in the conditions of the Republic of Tuva was studied.

RESUMO A miopatia nutricional é uma doença degenerativa que pode afetar os músculos esqueléticos e cardíaco, causada pela deficiência dietética de selênio e/ou vitamina E. Objetivou-se relatar a ocorrência de miopatia nutricional em dois potros Puro Sangue Inglês, criados de forma extensiva, com baixa disponibilidade de forragem e sem suplementação mineral. De um lote de nove animais de diferentes idades (cinco éguas adultas, uma potra lactente de três meses,uma mula e dois potros de 16 e 17 meses), apenas os dois últimos foram afetados. Clinicamente, havia decúbito lateral ou esternal, taquicardia, taquipneia, desidratação e dor à palpação muscular na região dos glúteos.O diagnóstico presuntivo de miopatia nutricional foi realizado por meio da associação dos sinais clínicos aos dados epidemiológicos.O animal 1 foi eutanasiado cinco dias após o atendimento devido à piora gradativa do quadro, e o animal 2 recuperou-se com o tratamento adotado. O diagnóstico foi confirmado com base nos exames complementares, nos achados de necropsia e na dosagem da concentração hepática de selênio. Este relato de caso alerta para o risco da ocorrência de miopatia nutricional em equinos, sobretudo jovens, sem acesso a pastagens ou feno de boa qualidade e sem suplementação mineral adequada. ABSTRACT Nutritional myopathy is a degenerative disease caused by the dietary deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E that can affect skeletal and cardiac muscles. The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of nutritional myopathy in two Thoroughbred young horses, raised in pastures with low forage availability and no mineral supplementation. From a herd of nine animals of different ages (five adult mares, one three-month-old nursing foal, one mule and two 16- and 17-month-old horses), only the last two were affected. Clinical signs were lateral or sternal recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, dehydration and muscle pain. Presumptive diagnosis of nutritional myopathy was made associating clinical signs and epidemiological data. Animal 1 was euthanized five days after the first evaluation due to clinical signs gets worse, and animal 2 recovered with the established treatment. Diagnosis was confirmed with complementary exams, necropsy findings and levels of hepatic selenium. This paper alerts to the risk of nutritional myopathy occurrence in horses, mainly young animals, which are not ingesting good quality hay or green forage and do not receive appropriate mineral supplementation.

Проведен анализ экстерьерных и спортивных качеств молодняка ганноверских лошадей, испытанных в возрасте 2-3 лет. На основе анализа проведена сравнительная характеристика жеребцов-производителей. Наилучшие результаты при оценке по типу были выявлены у потомков жеребцов Ватерпринца, Вольфрама, Вазензее, Герольда, Воятеля, Грандвилли и Чикаго. При оценке двигательных качеств лучшие результаты показали потомки Водолея, Вазензее, Ванадия, Воятеля и Ватерпринца. По оценке прыжковых качеств потомков лучшим стал жеребец линии Ферро хх - Феодал. В результате исследований было выявлено три группы производителей, дающих потомков: с развитыми двигательными качествами с мощным гибким прыжком с высоким уровнем развития как двигательных, так и прыжковых качеств., The confirmation and sports qualities of young Hanoverian horses tested in 2-3 years are analyzed. Based on the analysis, a comparative characteristic of stallions is given. The best results in the evaluation of the type was revealed in descendants of the stllions Waterprinz, Wolfram, Wazensee, He told, Voyatel, Grandville and Chicago. According to the evaluation results, the best motor qualities are possessed by the descendants of Vodevil, Wazensse, Vanadij, Voyatel and Waterprinz. According to the results of evaluation of jump qualities of descendants, the best stallion of the Ferro c.f. line - Feodal. As a results of research, three groups of stallions giving offspring were identified: with developed motor qualities with a powerful flexible jump with a high level of development of both motor and jump qualities., №2 (2020)

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Group housing provides horses with social contact, a lack of which is associated with health and behavior problems. Despite the benefits of group housing for horses, horse owners are concerned about aggression and resulting injuries. This study focused on agonistic and affiliative interactions in a focal group of (originally) 12 horses with short-term and longer term changes in composition, variation in available area, and presence of periparturient mares. Age and density had no significant effect on agonistic or affiliative behavior. However, when agonistic behavior was considered within 3 subcategories, density did have a significant positive effect on contact and threat aggression but not on passive aggression (avoid and displace). When analyzing only the days without the most aggressive horse, age and density had a positive effect on agonistic interactions, and density had a negative effect on affiliative interactions. Days with and without the most aggressive horse showed no significant overall differences in either category of social interactions. Agonistic and affiliative interactions were not significantly correlated, but agonistic interactions had a significant linear and quadratic effect on affiliative interactions. Relative level of aggressiveness was used instead of a formal measure of dominance rank as aggression level is the main issue for horse owners. Comparing interactions with more and less aggressive horses, there was no overall effect for affiliative interactions. However, overall, horses in the focal group were on average 3.7 times more aggressive toward less aggressive horses, compared to more aggressive horses. Relationships between agonistic and affiliative interactions, density, age, and the role of relative aggressiveness are complicated, and more research is needed to clarify the most relevant factors under particular sets of circumstances and their contribution to intraspecific aggression in various contexts. ispartof: JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH vol:29 pages:61-69 status: published

Высоких достижений в различных видах конного спорта не добиться без целенаправленного тренинга лошадей. Тренинг и испытания молодняка являются составной частью селекционноплеменной работы в коннозаводстве и служат дальнейшим средством повышения качества племенной продукции, специализации и общего прогресса пород лошадей спортивного направления использования. Цель тренинга – укрепление здоровья, общее физическое развитие и совершенствование природных рабочих качеств. Цель испытаний – выявление потенциальных возможностей и оценка уровня развития этих качеств у лошади. Результаты испытаний служат критерием оценки производящего состава и отбора молодняка для использования в различных видах конного спорта, воспроизводства и экспорт. В результате проведенных заводских испытаний молодняка лошадей спортивного направления было выявлено, что не все лошади, представленные на испытания, гармоничны и отвечают современным требованиям для верховых спортивных лошадей. Оценка экстерьера не превышала показателя 8 баллов, что свидетельствует о наличии большого числа недостатков. За двигательные качества большинство лошадей получили высокие оценки – 8,7-9,5 балла, так как они показали отличный шаг, с хорошим захватом пространства. Некоторые лошади, обладавшие заторопленной, жесткой и непродуктивной рысью, получили невысокие оценки с колебаниями от 5,7 до 7,1 балла. Оценка прыжковых качеств у лошадей 3-х лет колебалась от 5,5 до 8,5 балла, а у лошадей 4-х лет и старше – от 7,2 до 9,5 балла, что свидетельствует о недостаточной подготовке некоторых лошадей., High achievements in various equestrian sports cannot be achieved without focused training of horses. Training and testing of young animals are an integral part of breeding work in horse nursery in general and serve as a further means of improving the quality of horses, specialization and the general progress of horse breeds for sports use. The purpose of the training is health promotion, overall physical development and improvement of natural working qualities. The purpose of the tests is to identify potential opportunities and assess the level of development of these qualities in a horse. The test results serve as a criterion for assessing the production composition and selection of young animals for use in various equestrian sports, reproduction and export as well. As a result of factory tests of young sports horses, it was revealed that not all horses submitted for testing are harmonious and meet modern requirements for riding sports horses. Assessment of the exterior did not exceed 8 points, which indicates the presence of a large number of shortcomings. For motor qualities, most horses received high marks - 8.7 - 9.5 scores, as they showed an excellent step, with a good capture of space. Some horses with a rutted, stiff and unproductive trot received low marks with fluctuations from 5.7 to 7.1 scores. Jumping assessment qualities in horses of 3 years ranged from 5.5 to 8.5 scores, and in horses of 4 years and older - from 7.2 to 9.5 scores, which indicates insufficient preparation of some horses.

Данная статья посвящена включению селенсодержащего препарата Сел-Плекс в рацион кобыл рысистых пород. Проанализировано влияние органической формы селена на физиологическое состояние племенных кобыл, переваримость и использование питательных веществ корма, а также качество полученного молодняка. Выявлена и обоснована необходимость балансировки рациона кобыл по содержанию селена путём введения селенсодержащего препарата Сел-Плекс. На основе проведённого исследования установлено, что введение в рацион племенных кобыл препарата Сел-Плекс способствует снижению расхода кормов, поддержанию маточного поголовья в хороших заводских кондициях и получению конкурентоспособного молодняка., This article is about the use selenium-containing preparation Sel-Plex in the ration of mares of Trotting breeds. It is reported the influence of the organic form of selenium on the physiological condition of broodmares, digestibility, use of nutrients of feeds and the quality of produce. The article reveals and substantiates the need to balance the ration of mares on the content of selenium by introducing selenium-containing preparation Sel-Plex. On the basis of research results it is established that the introduction of the preparation Sel-Plex in the ration of broodmares contributes to the reduction of feed consumption, the maintenance of breeding stock in a good condition and receipt of competitive offspring., №1 (2019)

В статье представлены результаты исследований за двигательной активностью молодняка до года лошадей якутской породы в условиях зимнего стационарного содержания. Установлено, что чем ниже температура воздуха, тем активность поедания корма и перемещениями идет более интенсивно. С наступлением положительных температур воздуха животные больше времени затрачивали на отдых., It was studied the physical activity of young stock aged up to a year of Yakut horse breed in conditions of stationary keeping. The results are reported in the article. It was concluded that the lower temperature of the air makes the young stock eat forage more intensively and to move more. Young horses spend more time resting when the temperature of the air shows positive indices., №3 (2018)

Цель исследований – изучение влияния селени йодсодержащего препарата седимин, фитобиотика на основе экстракта эхинацеи пурпурной и их сочетания на показатели роста и развития молодняка лошадей орловской рысистой породы. Опыт проведен в 2018 г. в условиях конефермы Кемеровской области на годовалом молодняке животных. Для постановки эксперимента методом сбалансированных групп в подготовительный период перед началом заездки и тренинга сформировали контрольную и 3 опытные группы лошадей, по 6 голов в каждой. Молодняк контрольной группы получал основной рацион, животным I опытной группы дополнительно вводили однократно внутримышечно препарат седимин в дозе 8 мл на голову, II опытной – в течение 1 мес. давали фитобиотическую кормовую добавку на основе экстракта эхинацеи пурпурной в суточной дозе 52,2 г на голову, III опытной – седимин и фитобиотическую кормовую добавку в указанных дозах. Наилучший результат был достигнут в III опытной группе. Среднесуточный прирост массы тела лошадей в этой группе за весь период исследований (2 мес.) составил 603,00 г, что существенно выше, чем в контроле, на 236,00 г, или на 64,3 %, абсолютный прирост массы тела – 36,20 кг, что достоверно выше контроля на 14,2 кг, или на 64,5 %, высота в холке – 151,17 см, что выше контроля на 5,17 см, или на 3,5%, косая длина туловища – 153,83 см, что выше контроля на 6,83 см, или на 4,6 %, обхват груди – 160,33 см, что выше контроля на 3,50 см, или на 2,2 %, обхват пясти – 20,42 см, что выше контроля на 0,59 см, или на 3,0 %. Вероятно, наблюдаемые эффекты обусловлены синергическим взаимодействием микроэлементов и фитобиотика., The paper presents the results of studies on the effect of Sedimin preparation, containing selenium and iodine, of phytobiotic preparation, based on the extract of Echinacea purpurea, and their combination on the growth and development of young horses of Orlov Trotter breed. The experiment was carried out in 2018 under conditions of the horse farm in Kemerovo region on one-year-old horses. According to the method of balanced groups, a control group and 3 experimental groups of horses were formed during the preparatory period before the breaking and training. There were 6 heads in each group. The horses from the control group were fed by the main diet. The animals from experimental group I were once injected intramuscularly by Sedimin in the dose of 8 mL/head in addition to the main diet. The horses from test group II were fed for a month by the main diet with the addition of the feed additive from the extract of Echinacea purpurea in the daily dose of 52.2 g/head. The animals from group III received both Sedimin and phytobiotic feed additive in the doses indicated above. The best result was achieved in the third experimental group. The average daily weight gain of horses in the third experimental group for 2 months was 603 g, which significantly exceeded the control group weight gain by 236 g (64.3%). The absolute weight gain in group III was 36.2 kg; this is higher by 14.2 kg (64.5%) than in the control group. The height at the withers was 151.17 cm; this value exceeded the control one by 5.17 cm (3.5%). The oblique body length was 153.83 cm; the increase relative to the control was 6.83 cm (4.5%). The chest girth was 160.33 cm; it was higher then the control by 3.50 cm (2.2%). The girth of pastern was 20.42 cm; the increase relative to the control was 0.59 cm (3.0%). Probably, the observed effects were gained due to the synergistic interaction of microelements and the phytobiotic preparation.

Background: Newly weaned horses in Finland are often moved to unheated loose housing systems in which the weanlings have free access to a paddock and a shelter. This practice is considered to be good for the development of young horses. The daily temperatures can stay below -20 degrees C in Finland for several consecutive weeks during the winter season. However, the effect of unheated housing in a cold climatic environment on the respiratory health of weanlings under field conditions has not been studied before. This investigation was an observational field-study comprising 60 weanlings among 11 different voluntary participant rearing farms in Finland. Weanlings were either kept in unheated loose housing systems (n = 36) or in stables (n = 24) and were clinically examined on two separate occasions 58 days apart in cold winter conditions. Results: The odds of clinical respiratory disease were lower in the older foals(log(e) days); OR = 0.009, P = 0.044). The plasma fibrinogen concentration was higher when the available space (m(2)/weanling) in the sleeping hall was smaller (P = 0.014) and it was lower when the sleeping hall was not insulated (P = 0.010). The plasma fibrinogen concentrations at the second examination were lower with a body condition score above 3 (P = 0.070). Standardbreds kept in loose housing systems had a lower body condition score than Finnhorses or Standardbreds kept in stables at both examinations (P = 0.026 and P = 0.007, respectively). Haemoglobin level was lower in weanlings in loose housing systems compared to their counterparts at the first examination (P = 0.037). Finnhorses had higher white blood cell count than Standardbreds at first (P = 0.002) and at the second examination (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Keeping weanling horses in cold loose housing systems does not seem to increase the occurrence of respiratory disease, but special attention should be focused on ventilation, air quality and feeding-practices. Our field study data suggest it might be advantageous to keep Standardbred foals born late in the season in a stable over the Finnish winter.

Introducción: El bienestar animal surge del conocimiento de los animales como seres que experimentan dolor, sufrimiento o estrés. La evaluación del bienestar en potros incluye aspectos como el comportamiento, la salud, y la forma en la que los animales responden al manejo. La evaluación debería detectar signos que puedan derivar en situaciones de estrés. Objetivos: Establecer las bases metodológicas para la evaluación del bienestar de potros y caballos jóvenes y evaluar el sistema de manejo de los futuros reproductores. Material y métodos: Desarrollo de un protocolo adaptado para potros, mediante la ponderación de 45 indicadores y la evaluación de bienestar de 104 potros de recría en libertad (69 machos y 35 hembras). Resultados: Con el protocolo propuesto se pudieron observar algunas desviaciones en el estado de bienestar de los animales. Los indicadores de alojamiento revelaron que había zonas de humedad y otras con riesgo de lesión. En los indicadores de alimentación, la condición corporal era adecuada ya que sólo estaba aumentada en un 21,36 % de los casos. No se observaron comportamientos anormales. Los indicadores de salud mostraron algunos casos de dolor en el dorso (23,61%), bastantes con descarga nasal (76,47%) y también algunos con descarga ocular (16,35%), así como problemas dérmicos (8,65%) resultante de picazón o rascado. Se encontró una incidencia elevada de heridas en la región de las extremidades (90,38%). Conclusión: La metodología seguida para la evaluación del bienestar ha permitido obtener una primera información y determinar problemas de salud y comportamiento de la futura población reproductora. Introduction: Animal welfare arises from the knowledge of animals as beings that experience pain, suffering or stress. The welfare assessment in foals includes behaviour, health and individual response to management. Evaluation should check for signs that may lead to stress situations. Objectives: Proposal a methodological basis for evaluating the welfare of future breeding horses and the welfare assessment of management system. Material and methods: Development of a protocol adapted to foals by weighting 45 indicators and welfare assessment of 104 foals breed in freedom (69 males and 35 females). Results: The implementation of the protocol resulted in the detection of significant deviation in the welfare of animals. Housing indicators revealed areas with wet condition and a risk of injury. Abnormal behaviours were not observed in the foal population. Health indicators revealed incidence of back pain (23.61%), nasal (76.47%) and ocular (16.35%) discharge, and a low level of alterations in the tegument (8.65%) consequence of itchiness or rubbing. A higher incidence of body lesions in the limbs was observed (90.38%). Conclusion: The protocol for welfare assessment developed in the present study provided first insights and detection of suboptimal health status and behaviour of the future breeding population.

A reduced level of welfare of horses is related to management factors such as low forage feeding, short feeding time, social isolation, and lack of unrestrained exercise. It has been assumed that welfare problems can be reduced and/or partly prevented by improving the knowledge and skills of horse enthusiasts. It has also been assumed that to improve the provision of information to horse enthusiasts, it is important to explore and gain more insight into horse enthusiasts' motives, knowledge, and behavior. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the diversity of horse enthusiasts in the Netherlands, with respect to the way they search and find out information, their emotional involvement with horses, and their attitude, their knowledge, and daily practices with regard to equine welfare. A Web-based survey using a 30-item questionnaire resulted in 4,267 respondents. Most respondents (84.6%) were female; the average age of the respondents was 34.2 (±13.5) years. More than half of the respondents (64.5%) believed that there were welfare problems throughout the whole horse industry. The most important reported source for information was the personal contact with other horse enthusiasts (82.8%), with veterinarians (74.5%), and with farriers (69.5%). It is, therefore, recommended that to disseminate relevant knowledge on equine welfare, particular attention should be paid to the acquisition and dissemination skills within the education programs of veterinarians and farriers. Although most respondents were aware of the issues that can compromise welfare, their knowledge did not always result in appropriate practices. Furthermore, a cluster analysis showed that horse enthusiasts can be categorized into 4 clusters from the way they search and find out information, their emotional involvement with horses, and their attitude, their knowledge, and daily practices with regard to the welfare of horses. To improve the provision of information to horse enthusiasts, it is recommended that the information provision to horse enthusiasts is organized around these 4 clusters of horse enthusiasts.

Cooperation between rider and horse is of major importance in equitation. A balanced team of horse and rider improves (sport) performances and welfare aspects by decreasing stress, frustration, risks of injuries, and accidents. Important features affecting the cooperation are the physical skills, knowledge, and personality of the rider on one hand and the temperament, experience, and physical abilities of the horse on the other. A study with 16 riders and 16 warm-blood riding horses tested the effect of personality of riders and temperament of horses on cooperation between riders and horses. More emotionally reactive horses showed more evasive behavior during riding. Riders preferred to ride those horses who were assessed by the riders as being attentive to the rider's aid. The frequency of evasive behaviors during riding--as assessed by riders, in contrast to the assessments made by an external judge--influenced the cooperation between rider and horse. On average, a rider's personality did not affect the cooperation between rider and horse; however, it is suggested that a rider's personality does affect the cooperation with more emotionally reactive horses.

Equine herpesvirus (EHV) 1 is an important pathogen of horses. Upon infection, the virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract. Then it spreads to internal organs via a cell-associated viremia. Local replication in internal organs may result in abortion and nervous system disorders. The currently designed vaccines are not able to induce significant protection against EHV1-induced viremia. However, several vaccines are able to induce a significant level of protection against either abortion or nervous system disorders. Which immune responses correlate with this protection is so far unknown. Besides vaccination, management will remain a crucial factor in the prevention of EHV1-induced clinical signs. Management measures include the vaccination of all horses on the premises to reduce infection pressure; the separate housing of young horses, adult horses and pregnant mares; strict hygiene measures and strict control of contact with horses from outside the premises. If, despite vaccination and thorough management, an outbreak of EHV1-induced disease occurs, treatment with antiviral agents may be useful.

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For a horse to succeed in a show-jumping career, the individual has to possess both excellent physical abilities as well as a suitable personality to perform under challenging conditions. Forty-one Dutch Warmblood horses were used to develop personality tests and correlations between test variables and early training performances in jumping were studied. In behavioural tests, during the first 2 years of the horses¿ lives, personality aspects like emotionality, reactivity to human and learning abilities were quantified. At the age of 3, horses were broken and received early training in show-jumping. The inter-relationship between several performance variables measured during this early training phase were studied using principal component analysis (PCA). Variables measured in the different personality tests (novel-object test, handling test, avoidance-learning test and a reward-learning test) showed no correlations, suggesting that these tests all triggered different aspects of a horse¿s personality. This study indicates that it is possible to predict a substantial part of the show-jumping performance of an individual horse later in life by personality traits earlier in life.

A good horse-rider 'match' is important in the context of equine welfare. To quantify the influence of repetition and horse-rider matching on the stress of horses encountering challenging objects, 16 Warmblood horses were ridden in a test-setting on three occasions. On each occasion the horse was ridden by a different rider and was challenged by three objects (A-C). Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) of horse and rider, and behaviour score (BS) of the horse were obtained for each object and as a total for each test. The horse-rider interaction was evaluated with each combination and assessed as 'matching' or 'mismatching', and the horses were categorised as 'compliant', 'partly-compliant' or 'non-compliant'. Horses exhibited a decreased HR (P=0.015) and a decreased BS (P=0.004) within and across different tests. 'Matching' horse-rider combinations exhibited less stress as indicated by reduced HR ('match' 69±10 vs. 'mismatch' 72±9, P=0.001) and BS ('match' 1.9±1.1 vs. 'mismatch' 3.8±1.4, P=0.017) of the horse. 'Compliant' (68±8, P