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Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors influence the risk of neural tube defects (NTD), congenital malformations characterized by abnormal brain and spine formation. Mouse embryos deficient in Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 (SR-B1), which is involved in the bidirectional transfer of lipids between lipoproteins and cells, exhibit a high prevalence of exencephaly, preventable by maternal vitamin E supplementation. SR-B1 knock-out (KO) embryos are severely deficient in vitamin E and show elevated reactive oxygen species levels during neurulation. Methods: We fed SR-B1 heterozygous female mice a high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) diet and evaluated the vitamin E and oxidative status in dams and embryos from heterozygous intercrosses. We also determined the incidence of NTD. Results and discussion: HFHS-fed SR-B1 HET females exhibited altered glucose metabolism and excess circulating lipids, along with a higher incidence of embryos with developmental delay and NTD. Vitamin E supplementation partially mitigated HFHS-induced maternal metabolic abnormalities and completely prevented embryonic malformations, likely through indirect mechanisms involving the reduction of oxidative stress and improved lipid handling by the parietal yolk sac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Testicular tumor (TT) is a uncommon disease posing serious health problem. There are differences in some aspects between adult and pediatric TT. The study was to compare their differences of clinical and histological characteristics through the analysis of the long-term experiences in TT patients from two institutions. Materials and methods: The clinical data of hospitalized patients was collected and analyzed retrospectively from January 2014 to January 2024 at a pediatric and an adult institution, respectively. The data included composition, gender, age, initial presentation, tumor size, tumor markers, pathological diagnosis. Results: A total of 195 hospitalized patients were included. There were 135 children and 60 adult with TT, respectively. Of these children, patients were aged from 1 month to 14 years, with a mean age of 2.32 years. More cases (37.04%) were diagnosed at age younger than 1 years. 69 cases were left-sided, 65 cases were right-side and only 1 case was bilateral. Pediatric TTs mainly included 82 prepubertal teratomas, 37 had prepubertal yolk sac tumors and 3 mixed malignant germ tumors. Testicular surgeries included testicular-sparing surgery (TSS) (n = 73), radical orchiectomy (n = 60), and testicular biopsy (n = 2). There were 24 patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy. Adult TTs mainly contained 17 seminomas, 10 prepubertal teratomas,7 postpubertal teratomas, 6 stromal tumors and 3 embryonal carcinomas. The average age was 34.08 years. There were 29 right-sided, 27 left-sided and 4 bilateral tumors. TSS (n = 26), radical orchiectomy (n = 33), and testicular biopsy (n = 1) were performed in these TT patients. Only 6 patients received postoperative chemotherapy. The most common symptom was a painless scrotal mass at initial diagnosis in both groups. In addition, we found that significant differences were explored between histological type and age, tumor size (P < 0.05). Yolk sac tumor and seminoma were the most common malignant TT in pediatric and adult population, respectively. After two year follow-up, two children with yolk sac tumor and 4 adults with seminoma died of their diseases. Conclusions: The majority of pediatric cases were benign compared to adult. The most common type was prepubertal teratoma and yolk sac tumor. Pediatric TTs often occurred under the age of 1 year. Seminomas and prepubertal teratomas were commonly found in adult TTs, especially for young adult. We found that pediatric tumor type was associated with age and tumor size. TSS should be considered for benign TTs based on frozen biopsy findings in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Decreased oestrogen receptor (ER) expression is a marker of poor prognosis in endometrial carcinomas (EC) of no specific molecular profile (NSMP), but the optimal cut‐off to separate high‐risk 'low ER' versus low‐risk 'high ER' expression has not been defined. Here we characterised the distribution of ER staining in a cohort of ECs. Methods and results: Biopsy specimens from 120 cases of NSMP EC were stained for ER and assigned an Allred score. In 66 additional cases ER staining of matched biopsy and hysterectomy were compared. Twelve of 120 tumours had an Allred score of 0–3, including three endometrioid carcinomas (EEA) (one G1, two G3), four clear cell carcinomas (CCC), two mesonephric‐like adenocarcinoma (MLA) and one each of: gastric‐type adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma NOS. Three had Allred scores of 4–5: two MLA and one high‐grade carcinoma with yolk sac differentiation. Five had Allred scores of 6: four EEA (one G1, one G2, two G3) and one mixed clear cell and endometrioid carcinoma. The remaining 100 tumours with Allred scores ≥ 7 were all EEA (66 G1, 28 G2, five G3 and one grade unknown). Comparing the biopsy versus hysterectomy ER staining (n = 66), the results were within a single Allred score point, except two cases with strong diffuse expression in the biopsy (Allred 8) and moderate expression in the hysterectomy (Allred 5). Conclusions: Most NSMP ECs (> 80%) show high ER expression (Allred score ≥ 7). All non‐endometrioid carcinomas and a few endometrioid carcinomas had lower ER expression (Allred score ≤ 6) or were completely negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent lymphopoiesis has been elucidated in murine embryos. However, our understanding regarding human embryonic counterparts remains limited. Here, we demonstrated the presence of human yolk sac-derived lymphoid-biased progenitors (YSLPs) expressing CD34 , IL7R , LTB , and IRF8 at Carnegie stage 10, much earlier than the first HSC emergence. The number and lymphopoietic potential of these progenitors were both significantly higher in the yolk sac than the embryo proper at this early stage. Importantly, single-cell/bulk culture and CITE-seq have elucidated the tendency of YSLP to differentiate into innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells. Notably, lymphoid progenitors in fetal liver before and after HSC seeding displayed distinct transcriptional features, with the former closely resembling those of YSLPs. Overall, our data identified the origin, potential, and migratory dynamics of innate lymphoid-biased multipotent progenitors in human yolk sac before HSC emergence, providing insights for understanding the stepwise establishment of innate immune system in humans. [Display omitted] • Progenitors with non-NK lymphoid potential exist in human yolk sac before HSC onset • Human yolk sac lymphoid progenitors before HSC emergence show ILC and DC potential • ILC potential before HSC onset is stronger in human yolk sac than in embryo proper • Early fetal liver lymphoid progenitors share characteristics with those from yolk sac Liu et al. demonstrated the presence of yolk sac-derived lymphoid progenitors expressing IL7R and IRF8 well before HSC emergence in human embryos, which showed differentiation bias toward innate lymphoid cells and dendritic cells. They shared transcriptional profiles with lymphoid progenitors in the fetal liver before HSC colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Royal jelly renowned for its robust nutritional, functional, and biological properties, is a pivotal product derived from honeybees. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the theory that in ovo injection of freeze‐dried royal jelly (FDRJ) solutions at varying concentrations can influence the hatchability, blood properties and hatching characteristics of day‐old chicks. A total of 480 eggs (54.81 ± 0.187 g) were allocated into four experimental groups: negative control (NC), without injection, positive control (PC), administered with regular saline, a low FDRJ dose group (9 mg/egg), and a high FDRJ dose group (18 mg/egg). The in ovo injections were administered on Day 18 of incubation, and the experiment was subsequently continued until the incubation period concluded at 21 days. Results revealed that the lower FDRJ dose (9 mg/egg) significantly improved hatchability percentages compared to other treatments. Conversely, the higher FDRJ dose (18 mg/egg) and control groups (NC and PC) resulted in significantly higher chick yield percentages than the lower FDRJ and PC groups. The NC group showed the supreme yolk sac (YS) percentage, whereas the yolk‐free body mass (YFBM) percentages displayed an inverse trend. Furthermore, the in ovo FDRJ injection did not affect haematological values or the relative organ weight of day‐old chicks. In conclusion, in ovo FDRJ injection demonstrated beneficial effects on hatchability and chick weight, as evidenced by the studied parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A comprehensive report about the embryonic development of Cirrhinus mrigala is portrayed. Cirrhinus mrigala embryonic development is classified into 22 stages. A time-lapse imaging technique was utilized for a better understanding and display of the results. The current findings will provide profound insights into future research endeavors and the large-scale seed production of C. mrigala.Cirrhinus mrigala is an important edible fish with a significant aquaculture contribution in Southeast Asian countries. The current study aims to enhance our understanding of the developmental biology of Cirrhinus mrigala, which is crucial for implementing sustainable fish farming practices. To induce spermiation and ovulation in Cirrhinus mrigala brooders, the synthetic hormone Ovaprim® (GnRH + dopamine inhibitor) was administrated as a single injection dose of 0.2 mL/kg to males and 0.4 mL/kg to females. After induction, the fish spawned, and the eggs produced were fertilized artificially and cell division commenced successfully. The characteristics of each larval developmental stage were closely observed and recorded using a time-lapse imaging technique. The fertilized eggs were spherical, demersal, and non-adhesive throughout their incubation period. The spawned eggs ranged in diameter from 2.1 mm to 2.13 mm and possessed circular yolk sacs. The gastrula stage initiated approximately 4 h after fertilization, with 25% of the yolk sphere covered by blastoderm, reaching 75% coverage at the end of the gastrula stage, approximately 6 h post fertilization. Organogenesis was marked by the formation of notochord and the visibility of rudimentary organs such as the heart, eyes, and gills, followed by tail movement, which was observed at the time of hatching. Compared to other cyprinid fishes, C. mrigala exhibited distinct features at certain stages of embryonic development. Blood circulation was observed to start at the onset of hatching. The lengths of the newly hatched larvae ranged from 2.9 to 3.2 mm, smaller than other reports on induced breeding in carps. The findings of the present study provide a detailed reference for the embryonic development of C. mrigala, which will assist its future research endeavors and large-scale seed production for sustainable aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to uncover the early life‐history stages of Systomus sarana, a medium‐sized smiliogastrin cyprinid important for aquaculture in South Asia. The fish were effectively bred in captivity by administering 0.25 mL of breeding hormone per kilogram of fish. The spawning occurred 8.54 ± 0.55 h after the injection, and the eggs were phyto‐lithophilic with a pale yellow color and a diameter of 1.49 ± 0.04 mm. Hatching occurred 17 h after fertilization, and the yolk‐sac larvae of 3.43 ± 0.08 mm total length (TL) were adhering to the plant parts and other substrata with the cement glands on the forehead. On the third day, with complete absorption of the yolk sac and the disappearance of the attachment organ, the pre‐flexion larvae measured 5.3 ± 0.11 mm TL. On the eighth day, the flexion larvae measured 6 ± 0.4 mm TL with a well‐inflated posterior swim bladder, and the post‐flexion larvae, at 11 days post‐hatching (dph), developed a two‐chambered gas bladder. The juvenile stage, on day 21 post‐hatching, was marked by the loss of the median finfolds and the appearance of black blotches on the caudal, subdorsal, and supra‐anal regions. The commencement of squamation and the appearance of the rudiments of maxillary barbels distinguished the juvenile stage. The subadults measuring 4.6 ± 0.36 cm TL had finished squamation and completely lost the subdorsal and supra‐anal blotches. We propose that the presence of subdorsal blotches is a distinctive ontogenetic and systematic feature of larval and juvenile forms of smiliogastrin barbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion To evaluate clinical factors prior to methotrexate (MTX) treatment for tubal ectopic pregnancy and to apply the data to a prediction model for treatment success.A retrospective cohort study was conducted during 2014–2022. Of the 808 patients with a tubal ectopic pregnancy, 372 with a β‐hCG level less than 5000 IU/L were treated with a single dose of MTX and were included in this study. Pretreatment factors, including patient characteristics, initial β‐hCG level, and sonographic parameters, were compared between those who achieved complete resolution and those who needed additional MTX or surgical intervention. A logistic regression model and multivariable analysis were used to predict success. A graphic nomogram was generated to represent the model.Complete resolution of the ectopic pregnancy was achieved in 290 (77.9%) patients after a single dose of MTX. A second dose or surgical intervention was required for 82 (22.0%): 49 (13.2%) received a second dose of MTX and 33 (8.9%) underwent laparoscopic salpingectomy. In the MTX Success group compared to the MTX Failure group, the median β‐hCG levels were lower (746 vs 1347 IU/L, P < 0.001) and the presence of a yolk sac and a fetal pole were less frequent. The predictive model, based on significant variables, includes initial β‐hCG concentration and the visibility of a yolk sac or fetal pole. Analysis with cross‐validation techniques revealed that the model was both accurate and discriminative.A predictive nomogram was developed to predict the success of single‐dose MTX treatment for tubal ectopic pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manifestation of a giant ovarian yolk sac tumor during late pregnancy is relatively rare. A yolk sac tumor is a highly malignant germ cell tumor that originates from primitive germ cells. It is characterized by yolk sac differentiation in vitro. The frequency of prenatal examinations should be appropriately increased for ovarian tumors discovered during pregnancy. Furthermore, regular follow-up ultrasound should be performed, and tumor markers should be dynamically detected. If needed, imaging examinations such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging should be combined to comprehensively investigate disease progression. If the tumor diameter and tumor marker levels rapidly increase during pregnancy, the possibility of malignancy increases. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy should be immediately performed to further improve subsequent treatment modalities, early diagnosis, early treatment, and prognosis. Herein, we report the case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman whose pregnancy was terminated at 29 weeks and 5 days. She complained of lower abdominal pain for 2 days. A pelvic mass was detected for 1 week, accompanied by increased levels of tumor markers such as serum alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 724, and human epididymis protein 4. Imaging revealed the presence of a pelvic mass. At 32 weeks and 3 days of pregnancy, a cesarean section was performed, with a transverse incision in the lower uterine segment. Furthermore, pelvic adhesiolysis, omentectomy, right adnexectomy, right pelvic lymph node dissection, and pelvic metastasis peritonectomy were performed. The postoperative pathological diagnosis was yolk sac tumors of the ovary (stage IIB). Postoperatively, a five-cycle chemotherapy regimen comprising bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin was administered. During postoperative follow-up, the patient's general condition was noted to be good, with the newborn and pregnant women ultimately achieving good outcomes. We reviewed the relevant literature to increase clinical doctors' understanding of ovarian malignancy during pregnancy, guide treatment selection, and facilitate early intervention for associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swietenia macrophylla fruit is a valuable and historically significant medicinal plant with anti-hypertension and anti-diabetes. We identified a toxic component, Febrifugin, from the edible part of the nut following zebrafish toxicity-guided isolation. Febrifugin is a mexicanolide-type limonoid compound. The toxic factor induced acute toxicity in zebrafish, including yolk sac edema and pericardial edema, reduced body length, decreased melanin deposition, and presented acute skeletal developmental issues. Further exploration of the acute toxicity mechanism through metabolomics revealed that Febrifugin caused significant changes in 13 metabolites in zebrafish larvae, which are involved in the pentose phosphate, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and amino acid biosynthesis. The bioassay of oxidative stress capacity and qRT-PCR measurement showed that the compound significantly affected the h6pd gene in the pentose phosphate pathway and the mRNA expression of cs, idh3a, fh, and shda genes in the TCA cycle, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and a notable decrease in glutathione (GSH) activity in zebrafish. These findings provide a basis for the rational use of S. macrophylla as a medicinal plant and raise awareness of the safety of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of alpha-fetoprotein-producing endometrioid carcinoma (AFP-EC) that originated within an adenomyoma of the uterine corpus. A 76-year-old Japanese woman was incidentally discovered to have a uterine tumor along with multiple lung nodules. Upon surgical removal of the uterus, it was revealed that the tumor was situated within the adenomyoma. The tumor exhibited microfollicular structures and solid growth patterns, with hyaline globules, clear cell glands, and primitive tumor cells. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated the presence of germ cell markers, including AFP, SALL4, and glypican3, leading to final diagnosis of AFP-EC. Histopathologically, AFP-ECs exhibit characteristics similar to those of AFP-producing neoplasms in other organs. Furthermore, a nomenclature issue arises when distinguishing AFP-ECs from yolk sac tumors of the endometrium in older patients due to their shared features. The concept of retrodifferentiation or neometaplasia suggests that "endometrioid carcinoma with yolk sac tumor differentiation" or "endometrioid carcinoma with a primitive phenotype" may serve as more fitting terms for the diverse spectrum of AFP-producing neoplasms in the endometrium. In conclusion, this case underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by AFP-ECs arising from adenomyomas and emphasizes the need for refining the nomenclature and classification of AFP-producing neoplasms within the endometrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify risk factors for readmission following methotrexate treatment for tubal pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective study undertaken in two tertiary medical centers, including all individuals with medically treated tubal pregnancy (N = 511), between December 2009 and June 2021. Individuals with and without readmission following methotrexate treatment were compared. The primary outcome was the readmission rate. Secondary outcomes included the rate of post‐discharge gynecological emergency department visits, tubal rupture rate, and the eventual need for surgical treatment. Results: Readmission following methotrexate treatment occurred in 224/511 patients (43.8%). Most readmissions were due to abdominal pain or suspicion of treatment failure. Readmitted individuals were more likely to have a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and pretreatment serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) >2000 mIU/mL. Both factors remained significantly associated with higher readmission rates in a logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–30.45, and adjusted OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.83–4.07, respectively) after adjustment for age, endometriosis, tubal pathology, abdominal pain, and presence of yolk sac or embryo at diagnosis. A dose‐dependent association was observed between pretreatment serum hCG levels and readmission rate (P < 0.001). Pretreatment hCG levels were also associated with tubal rupture and the eventual need for surgical treatment (P < 0.001 for both). A prediction model using hCG was not sufficiently accurate to predict readmission risk. Conclusion: Readmission following methotrexate treatment for tubal pregnancy was independently associated with previous pelvic inflammatory disease and pretreatment serum hCG levels. The latter was also associated with surgical intervention rate. Synopsis: Readmission following methotrexate treatment for tubal pregnancy was associated with previous PID and pretreatment hCG levels. The latter was also associated with surgical intervention rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Functional foods are foods that offer health benefits over and above their nutritional value. As eggs are a food of global importance, many authors believe that they are an ideal candidate for functional foods of the future, as it is possible to influence their chemical composition through production technology. Vitamins are one of the most important groups of micronutrients essential for human health, and eggs are recognised as an important source of vitamins in the diet, especially fat-soluble vitamins. The egg yolk contains large amounts of vitamins A, D, E and K. Eating two eggs a day covers 10% to 30% of a person's vitamin requirements. This paper reviews the results of a large number of researchers on the influence of various aspects of production technology on the content of fat-soluble vitamins in eggs. Most attention has been paid to the influence of vitamin supplements in feed for laying hens, but also to the influence of the rearing system and the genotype as well as the interaction between the vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astroviruses are an emerging hazard in hatchery management, and they are responsible for great economic losses in poultry farms worldwide. Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and avian nephritis virus (ANV) are involved in decreased hatching rate, mainly due to embryo deaths, and pale and runted chicks too weak to hatch. Hatchery diseases occur through direct egg infection or vertical transmission. However, the specific role of astroviruses in these diseases is still largely unknown. To elucidate this a high-quality Piedmont hatchery (Italy) was selected based on farm clinical signs and the astrovirus serological positivity in the breeder farm. The viral dynamics were followed from the hatchery to the farm. The presence of both CAstV and ANV was monitored by evaluating the viral load in environmental and bird samples. Interestingly, both viruses were detected in chick yolk sacs at 18 days of incubation, and in the gut contents of 1-day chicks, whereas in the hatchery environmental samples, the eggs' external surfaces and the embryos' intestinal contents were negative. The CAstV copy number was higher in bird tissues from the hatchery, while a greater ANV load was detected in bird tissues from the farm. Moreover, our data suggest vertical transmission of both viruses. Frequent co-infection was also observed in samples from both the hatchery and the farm. Lastly, the first Italian full-length genome and molecular characterization of ANV was obtained. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Identified the role of the hatchery in astrovirus transmission. Sequenced the avian nephritis virus complete genome. Investigated tissue distribution of astrovirus from egg to chicks. Demonstrated co-infection of ANV/CAstV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and why did variations in placental structure and function evolve? Such questions cannot be addressed without a reliable version of mammalian phylogeny. Twenty-five years ago, the mammalian tree was reshaped by molecular phylogenetics. Soon it was shown, in contrast to prevailing theories, that the common ancestor of placental mammals had invasive placentation. Subsequently, evolution of many other features of extraembryonic membranes was addressed. This endeavour stimulated research to fill gaps in our knowledge of placental morphology. Last year the mammalian tree was again revised based on a large set of genomic data. With that in mind, this review provides an update on placentation in the nineteen orders of placental mammals, incorporating much recent data. The principal features such as shape, interdigitation, the interhaemal barrier and the yolk sac are summarized in synoptic tables. The evolution of placental traits and its timing is then explored by reference to the revised mammalian tree. Examples are the early appearance of epitheliochorial placentation in the common ancestor of artiodactyls, perissodactyls, pangolins and carnivores (with reversion to invasive forms in the latter) and later refinements such as the binucleate trophoblast cells and placentomes of ruminants. In primates, the intervillous space gradually evolved from the more basic labyrinth whereas trophoblast invasion of the decidua was a late development in humans and great apes. Only seldom can we glimpse the "why" of placental evolution. The best examples concern placental hormones, including some striking examples of convergent evolution such as the chorionic gonadotropins of primates and equids. In concluding, I review current ideas about what drives placental evolution and identify significant gaps in our knowledge of placentation, including several relevant to the evolution of placentation in primates. [Display omitted] • Placental evolution in mammals is interpreted from the newly revised phylogenomic tree. • Traits with a deep origin include the four-chambered allantoic sac of afrotherians • Traits with a late origin include the intervillous space of haplorrhine primates. • Some morphological traits can be linked to hormone secretion in ruminants, horses, rodents and primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CMTR2 is an mRNA cap methyltransferase with poorly understood physiological functions. It catalyzes 2′-O-ribose methylation of the second transcribed nucleotide of mRNAs, potentially serving to mark RNAs as "self" to evade the cellular innate immune response. Here we analyze the consequences of Cmtr2 deficiency in mice. We discover that constitutive deletion of Cmtr2 results in mouse embryos that die during mid-gestation, exhibiting defects in embryo size, placental malformation and yolk sac vascularization. Endothelial cell deletion of Cmtr2 in mice results in vascular and hematopoietic defects, and perinatal lethality. Detailed characterization of the constitutive Cmtr2 KO phenotype shows an activation of the p53 pathway and decreased proliferation, but no evidence of interferon pathway activation. In summary, our study reveals the essential roles of Cmtr2 in mammalian cells beyond its immunoregulatory function. [Display omitted] • Cmtr2 is essential for mouse embryonic development. • Conditional loss of Cmtr2 in mouse endothelial cells leads to preweaning lethality. • Activation of p53 signaling pathway and decreased proliferation in cells from Cmtr2 mutant embryos. • Absence of detectable interferon pathway activation in Cmtr2 KO mouse embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pre-treatment characteristics of the patient and ectopic pregnancy to determine the patients who are likely to successfully respond to methotrexate (MTX) therapy remain controversial. This study investigated the outcomes of ectopic pregnancy after one and two MTX doses and their independent predictors. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of women who consented to MTX treatment in 2017-2018 at our institution (N = 317). Of these, patients with Caesarean scar pregnancies were excluded because they require different treatment protocols (n=25). All patients were treated according to our institution's protocol based on international guidelines and standardised across the three hospitals included in the current study. We retrieved patients' demographics, laboratory, ultrasonography, and clinical characteristics from our hospital database. Serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) was measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed using ultrasonography (transvaginal probe). Results: Two ninety-two patients were included in the current analysis. Age, pre-treatment β-hCG levels, sonographic presence of yolk sac, presence of foetal cardiac activity, and pelvic pain were significantly different between patients with successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Younger age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-4.66, p = .017), no pelvic pain (aOR 2.65, 95%CI 1.03-6.83, p = .043), lower initial β-hCG level (aOR 1.32, 95%CI 1.08-1.59, p = .005), and absence of foetal cardiac activity (aOR 12.63; 95% CI 1.04-153.6; p = .047) were independently associated with success. Treatment failure odds were >2 folds higher for each 10-year age increase (p = .017), 32% higher for each 1000 I U/L increase in initial β-hCG level (p = .005), and >2 folds higher in presence of pelvic pain (p = .043). Conclusions: MTX is effective in most patients, averting invasive surgery, which might affect fertility. Pre-treatment β-hCG levels, age, pelvic pain, and foetal cardiac activity was independently associated with outcomes. Research should assess the relationship between the ectopic pregnancy size and treatment outcomes and refine β-hCG titres where treatment would be ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of iron homeostasis and the ferroptosis pathway for yolk sac atrophy during late embryogenesis. To study the mechanism of yolk sac atrophy, 100 eggs were used. Further, 500 eggs were randomly divided into five treatments and in ovo feeding with different iron sources, such as FeSO4, ferrous glycinate (Fe‐Gly), or deferoxamine (DFO), to study the effects of free iron content on hatching quality and embryonic development. The results showed that total iron content of yolk decreased, but yolk sac increased from embryonic(E)13 to E19 (p

1. This study evaluated the effects of cyclic eggshell temperature between 10 and 14 d of embryogenesis on traits viz. the expression of MYOZ2, PPARγ and GPx7 in breast muscle, meat quality and incidence of white striping at slaughter age.2. Eggs were obtained from Cobb and Ross broiler breeders to investigate the response of breeds to eggshell temperature, which regulated air temperature. A total of 784 eggs were incubated at either the control eggshell temperature (37.8°C) from 0 to 18 d or exposed to cyclic high eggshell temperature (CHT) at 38.8°C for 6 h/d between 10 and 14 d of incubation. The temperature was 36.8°C between 18 and 21 d. Hatched chicks were reared under optimum rearing conditions. The birds were sampled at 19 d of incubation, at hatch and at 42 d post-hatch.3. There was no effect of eggshell temperature on yolk-free body weight and residual yolk sac weight. The CHT chicks had wider breasts on the day of hatching.4. At hatch and 42d post-hatch, PPARγ expression in Cobb-CHT was upregulated 4.78-fold and downregulated 3.28-fold, respectively, compared to the Cobb-control. At slaughter age, chickens from Ross-CHT had 1.98- and 2.33-fold upregulated PPARγ and GPX7 expressions, respectively, compared to Ross-control. The CHT increased GPx7 expression in the Cobb-CHT day-old chicks compared to the Cobb-control. On ED19, MYOZ2 expression was upregulated in Cobb and downregulated in Ross by CHT.5. The effects of breed and eggshell temperature on pH15, L*, a*, expressible juice and cooking loss were not significant. The CHT increased the incidence of severe white striping lesions in Ross chickens.6. It was concluded eggshell temperature modulated embryo development, incidence of white striping and expression of related genes differently in the two commercial breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The placenta links feto‐maternal circulation for exchanges of nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes between the fetus and mother, being essential for pregnancy process and maintenance. The allantois and mesodermal components of amnion, chorion, and yolk sac are derived from extraembryonic mesoderm (Ex‐Mes), however, the mechanisms contributing to distinct components of the placenta and regulation the interactions between allantois and epithelium during chorioallantoic fusion and labyrinth formation remains unclear. Isl1 is expressed in progenitors of the Ex‐Mes and allantois the Isl1 mut mouse line is analyzed to investigate contribution of Isl1+ Ex‐Mes / allantoic progenitors to cells of the allantois and placenta. This study shows that Isl1 identifies the Ex‐Mes progenitors for endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and most of the mesenchymal cells of the placenta and umbilical cord. Deletion of Isl1 causes defects in allantois growth, chorioallantoic fusion, and placenta vessel morphogenesis. RNA‐seq and CUT&Tag analyses revealed that Isl1 promotes allantoic endothelial, inhibits mesenchymal cell differentiation, and allantoic signals regulated by Isl1 mediating the inductive interactions between the allantois and chorion critical for chorionic epithelium differentiation, villous formation, and labyrinth angiogenesis. This study above reveals that Isl1 plays roles in regulating multiple genetic and epigenetic pathways of vascular morphogenesis, provides the insight into the mechanisms for placental formation, highlighting the necessity of Isl1 for placenta formation/pregnant maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of unilateral tubal twin pregnancy is 1/20,000–1/250,000 with about 100 reported cases. Four of the six cases that were medically managed were successful. A 24‐year‐old female presented to the emergency department (ED) with vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping. She was hemodynamically stable without signs of an acute abdomen. Laboratory evaluation revealed she was pregnant with a serum beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (b‐hCG) of 798 mIU/mL. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) revealed a single left tubal pregnancy with a yolk sac. The patient elected medical management with body surface area (BSA)–based intramuscular (IM) methotrexate (MTX). On Day 4, the patient returned to the ED; her b‐hCG was 727 mIU/mL. TVUS revealed twin left tubal pregnancies with yolk sacs and fetal poles without cardiac activity. The patient elected to continue medical management with a second dose of BSA‐based IM MTX. On Day 6, the patient returned to the ED with abdominal and rectal pain. She was hemodynamically stable without signs of an acute abdomen. Her b‐hCG was 533 mIU/mL. TVUS showed persistent twin left tubal pregnancies—one at 5 weeks gestational age and the other at 6 weeks gestational age—without evidence of rupture. The patient continued serial b‐hCGs. Thirty‐one days after the first dose of MTX, her b‐hCG was < 1 mIU/mL. TVUS showed resolution of tubal pregnancies. The patient consented to the publication of this case report. This case documents the successful treatment of spontaneous, unilateral tubal twin pregnancies with two‐step dosing of IM MTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converging evidence indicates that extra-embryonic yolk sac is the source of both macrophages and endothelial cells in adult mouse tissues. Prevailing views are that these embryonically derived cells are maintained after birth by proliferative self-renewal in their differentiated states. Here we identify clonogenic endothelial-macrophage (EndoMac) progenitor cells in the adventitia of embryonic and postnatal mouse aorta, that are independent of Flt3-mediated bone marrow hematopoiesis and derive from an early embryonic CX3CR1+ and CSF1R+ source. These bipotent progenitors are proliferative and vasculogenic, contributing to adventitial neovascularization and formation of perfused blood vessels after transfer into ischemic tissue. We establish a regulatory role for angiotensin II, which enhances their clonogenic and differentiation properties and rapidly stimulates their proliferative expansion in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that embryonically derived EndoMac progenitors participate in local vasculogenic responses in the aortic wall by contributing to the expansion of endothelial cells and macrophages postnatally. The extraembryonic yolk sac is a major location for developmental hematopoiesis, but it is unclear whether non-bone marrow sources contribute during adulthood. Here they show that embryonically derived endothelial-macrophage progenitor cells located in the aorta are a bipotent source of macrophage and endothelial cells later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the early development of Vieja fenestrata (Cichlidae), with a specific focus on the description of external morphological and morphometric changes, and growth patterns from hatching to the loss of larval characters under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 28°C. Asynchronous hatching was observed between 58 and 60 h postfertilization, with the posterior body emerging first. Over 14 days, significant morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes were observed, revealing a complex developmental trajectory. The initial developmental phases were characterized by rapid vascularization, fin differentiation, and heightened activity, and the subsequent days witnessed the flexion of the notochord, emergence of swim bladder functionality, and transition to exogenous feeding. Maturation progressed with the absorption of the yolk sac, regression of cement glands, and fin ray development, culminating in metamorphosis by 14 days post‐hatching. Throughout this period, evolving pigmentation patterns and structural adaptations highlight the species' adaptive strategies. During the larval period of V. fenestrata, substantial changes in morphological proportions were observed. Before the inflection, tail length, trunk length, and body depth had negative allometric growth, and head length, eye diameter, and snout length had positive allometric growth. After the inflection, body depth and snout length showed positive allometric growth; head length and trunk length exhibited isometric growth, whereas tail length and eye diameter demonstrated negative allometric growth. These findings contribute insights into the intricate developmental dynamics of V. fenestrata. Moreover, further research may explore these developmental dynamics' ecological and evolutionary implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High larval and frymortality has been amajor challenge to the commercial culture of the African bony-tongue (Heterotis niloticus). Research indicates inadequate feeding to be a possible cause of the high mortality rates of larvae/fry grown in captivity. An experiment was conducted to first describe the developmental stages of H. niloticus eggs and larvae until schooling, 6 days after hatching (DAH), at 26°C. The morphological development, survival, growth (weight gain and length), and swimming behavior of the larvae were monitored. A follow-up feeding trial was conducted with H. niloticus fry from 6 to 27 DAH involving four treatments: feeding with Artemia nauplii; a combined feed of 50% Artemia nauplii and 50% rotifers (w/w); feeding with rotifers; and no feeding. The activities of three digestive enzymes (trypsin, lipase, and amylase)were assessed in fry exposed to the live feed treatments. At hatching, the larvae had a large, vascularized yolk sac filled with yolk platelets, which occupied approximately one-third of the total body length of the abdominal cavity. Yolk platelet reabsorption started at 1 DAH and was complete at 6 DAH. Metamorphosis was completed at 6 DAH, and schooling behavior was observed. For the feeding trial, the fry that received Artemia nauplii underwent the fastest development until 27 DAH. Similarly, the survival rate was considerably higher in fry fed with Artemia nauplii than in those that received a combination of Artemia nauplii and rotifers or only rotifers. Overall, the survival rates for fry fed with Artemia nauplii and larvae co-fed were 72.7% ± 0.9% and 41.2% ± 3.3%, respectively. Fry did not survive until 27 DAH in the rotifer-fed and unfed treatment groups. Digestive enzyme activity differed significantly (p< 0.05) between treatments and sampling dates. All digestive enzymes were detectable at the onset of mouth opening (5 DAH) and fluctuated through the 7 and 9 DAH. Lower enzyme activity was observed when the fry were subjected to starvation or the rotifer treatment. Results indicate that Artemia nauplii is the best live feed organism for H. niloticus larviculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent times, the focus of cancer research has shifted to naturally occurring compounds derived from plants that may have the potential for anticancer activity. Moringa oleifera is a softwood tree whose fruits, roots, and leaves have been advocated for medicinal and industrial uses. Angiogenesis plays an important role in many physiological and pathological conditions and is considered a hallmark of tumour development and progression. An efficient anticancer drug is expected to have a significant inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. However, there are a limited number of studies reported to explore the antiangiogenic activities of Moringa Oleifera Leaf extract (MOL). Aim: To assess the effect of MOL on angiogenesis using the Yolk Sac Model (YSM). Materials and Methods: A preliminary in-ovo study was conducted in the in the specialised Regenerative laboratory of Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India, between September 2022 and February 2023 after obtaining necessary scientific and ethical permissions. The calculated sample size for YSM analysis was seven in each study and control group (total of 14); however, the authors used a total of 28 YSMs (seven in each of the three study concentration groups and seven in the control group). In this method, freshly fertilised White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs, procured from the hatchery, were incubated and treated with different concentrations (10 μg/mL, 100 μg/ mL, and 500 μg/mL) of the treatment substance (MOL) along with a control group (Avastin). The anti-angiogenic effect of MOL extract was determined by calculating vessel density, total vessel network length, total branching points, total segments, mean segment length, and width in the three groups compared to Avastin after 48 hours of treatment using WimCam software for analysing the images. Descriptive statistical analysis and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were then applied to compare the parameters in the four groups. Results: Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA showed a significant (p<0.05) percentage reduction in the number of blood vessels in each treatment group after 48 hours of treatment. Among the different concentrations of MOL used, 500 μg/mL showed greater anti-angiogenic capacity. Conclusion: The results indicate that MOL could suppress abnormal angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner and may be considered a potential anti-angiogenic agent in various diseases, including cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides the first comprehensive account of the developmental biology of the Indigo barb in captivity. The males develop a reddish hue on the body and margins of their median fins, as opposed to the dull coloration of the females. The fish spawned 6–7 h after administering the breeding hormone, and the fertilized eggs were demersal and adhesive. The larvae hatched 22 h ± 20 min post-fertilization and were demersal with distinctive crawling movements. The yolk sac larvae were 2.48 ± 0.032 mm in total length, with a non-pigmented body and pear-shaped yolk sac. The pre-flexion stage was attained 4 days after hatching, with a single-chambered swim bladder and melanophore aggregation along the body. The larvae reached the flexion stage on day 16, with a body length of 4.54 ± 0.36 mm and the development of caudal fin rays. On the 28th day, the post-flexion stage had produced all of the fins except the pelvics, a two-chambered swim bladder, and a distinctive sub-dorsal blotch. The presence of a supra-anal band and the emergence of scales over the caudal area characterized the juvenile stage. The baseline information on early ontogeny will be valuable for the conservation and sustainable use of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Developmental toxicity studies help to understand the impact of a pollutant on this crucial phase of the living organisms which can affect their population dynamics. Zebrafish has become an ideal model for studying environmental and embryo toxicity. The present study was carried out using zebrafish embryos for assessing the environmental toxicity of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) which is universally considered to be an omnipresent environmental contaminant as it is the most widely used plasticizer. The embryos were exposed to DEHP for a range of five concentrations of 0.2, 20, 80, 140 and 200 μg/L for the duration of 96 hours. The treatment resulted in increased mortality and decreased hatch rate, hatchability and heartrate. It also induced teratogenic endpoints like yolk sac edema, pericardial edema and spinal deformity in the embryos which increased in dose and time dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Natural plants are valuable resources for exploring new bioactive compounds. Artemisia vulgaris L. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been historically used for treating multiple diseases. Active compounds isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. typically possess immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory properties. Artemvulactone E (AE) is a new sesquiterpene lactone isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. with unclear biological activities. Methods: The immunoregulatory effects of AE on macrophages were assessed by ELISA, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot assay. The effect of AE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -relates signaling pathways was examined by western blot assay. In zebrafish models, the larvae were yolk-microinjected with LPS to establish inflammation model and the effect of AE was evaluated by determining the survival rate, heart rate, yolk sac edema size, neutrophils and macrophages infiltration of zebrafish. The interaction between AE and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined by molecular docking and dynamic stimulation. Results: AE reduced the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL-6), inflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2, as well as decreases the production of intracellular NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, AE exerted its anti-inflammatory effect synergistically by inhibiting MAPK/JAK/STAT3-NF-B signaling pathways. Furthermore, AE enhanced the survival rate and attenuated inflammatory response in zebrafish embryos treated with LPS. Finally, the molecular dynamics results indicate that AE forms stable complexes with LPS receptor TLR4 through the Ser127 residue, thus completely impairing the subsequent activation of MAPK-NF-B signaling. Conclusion: AE exhibits notable anti-inflammatory activity and represents as a potential agent for treating inflammation-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the association between serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) half-life (HL) and prognosis in prepubertal children with elevated AFP values 3 to 4 weeks after surgery for testicular yolk sac tumors (YST). Methods: Prepubertal patients with testicular YST treated with radical orchiectomy between January 2016 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Negative outcomes were defined as relapse, metastasis or death. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to select risk factors for negative outcomes. Results: A total of 42 patients were eventually enrolled into the study. Patients were divided into non-negative and negative outcomes groups, consisting of 35 and 7 patients, respectively. Thirty-five patients were stage I, two cases were stage II, and five cases were stage IV, according to the Children's Oncology Group staging system. The overall survival (OS) rate was 100%. Average AFP values significantly decreased after resection (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was shown between pre- and postoperative AFP values (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Long AFP HL was considered as an independent risk factor for negative outcomes in YST patients underwent radical orchiectomy (P = 0.04). The cut-off value for AFP HL was 5.78 days, regardless of age division. Conclusion: Testicular YST is a relatively rare disease in children with an OS of 100%, and salvage chemotherapy is effective even in grade IV patients. The postoperative AFP HL was significantly associated with prognosis in prepubertal patients with testicular YST. The cut-off value for AFP HL is 5.78 days regardless of the effect of physiological AFP elevation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blackchin guitarfish Glaucostegus cemiculus has suffered severe declines and regional extirpation throughout its known distributions. While this species and its relative, the common guitarfish Rhinobatos rhinobatos, have been described in the Mediterranean Sea with co-occurring habitat ranges, no research has recorded the existence or extent of these two separate populations along the Israeli coastal waters. Along a particular coast in Israel, Ma’agan Michael, fishermen have reported annual observations of juvenile guitarfish between June to November for the last forty years. Based on these citizen-based observations themain research objective is to establish whether Ma’agan Michael fulfils all three criteria fromthe literature by Dr Michelle Heupel, allowing it to be acknowledged as a nursery ground for G. cemiculus. The methodology built for this objective integrates biological characteristics data with the identification of a recurrent seasonal distribution. Visual surveys exhibited a significantly higher abundance in Ma’agan Michael when compared to an adjacent area (Caesarea), with 2,096 recorded observations overall. Additionally, using a species-specific modified Catch and Release protocol, a total of 492 juveniles were captured with a beach seine net. During these capturing events, individuals were morphometrically measured and sampled for future genetic analyses. Out of these, 327 specimens were also fitted for PIT tags to track recaptures in subsequent captures. The highest abundance of neonates was caught from August to September each year (2017–2019), and all individuals captured during this study were identified in the field as G. cemiculus, ranging from 20–35 cm in length (85% of captures). Many specimens had an umbilical cord scar (n = 88), with a large percentage possessing visual remains of the yolk sac. For the first time, this study provides an inter-year description of the species Glaucostegus cemiculus present along the Israeli shoreline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chordoma, a rare malignant tumor arising from notochordal tissue, usually occurs along the spinal axis. Only a few published reports of primary lung chordomas exist. Herein, we present a case of primary lung chordoma and discuss important considerations for diagnosing rare chordomas. Case presentation: We report a case of primary lung chordoma in a 39-year-old male with a history of testicular mixed germ-cell tumor of yolk sac and teratoma. Computed tomography revealed slow-growing solid lesions in the left lower lobe. We performed wedge resection for suspected germ-cell tumor lung metastasis. Histologically, large round or oval cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm were surrounded by large cells with granular, lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Tumor cells were physaliphorous. Immunohistochemistry was positive for brachyury, S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3, suggesting pulmonary chordoma. Re-examination of the testicular mixed germ-cell tumor revealed no notochordal elements. Although some areas were positive for brachyury staining, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining did not show morphological features typical of chordoma. Complementary fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the lung tumor confirmed the absence of isochromosome 12p and 12p amplification. Thus, a final diagnosis of primary lung chordoma was established. Conclusions: In patients with a history of testicular mixed germ cell tumors, comparison of histomorphology using HE and Brachyury staining of lung and testicular tumors, and analyzing isochromosome 12p and 12p amplification in lung tumors using FISH is pivotal for the diagnosis of rare lung chordomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hatcheries are hubs for incoming eggs and progeny flock output, making them a crucial component of the poultry production chain. This study involved performing quantitative microbiological tests in a commercial hatchery with numerous compartments, including an egg handling room, cold storeroom, setter room, hatcher room, and chick production hall. There were 150 air samples and 180 surface swabs collected in the incubator before and after disinfection over ten visits, in addition to 250 yolk sac and organ samples taken from late-dead embryos. As a result, surface swabbing could detect higher contamination levels than open-plate methods in all hatchery visits, mainly in handling eggs, cold storage, and hatcher halls. This study examines the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in hatchery environments and dead embryos. Biochemical and PCR testing were used to identify P. aeruginosa using 16SrDNA primers at 956bp and the toxA gene at 396bp. In hatchery environmental samples, the incidence rate was 10.7%, and in dead embryos, it was 10%; therefore, maintaining good hygiene, especially in hatcheries, is essential for Pseudomonas species control. Subsequently, in this study, a virulent strain of P. aeruginosa was subjected to an in vitro test with 10 disinfectants from six chemical groups. Iodine compounds with phosphoric acids, per-acetic acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) with glutaraldehyde compounds showed 100% microbial reduction even in the presence of organic matter with exposure times of 30 min. It was concluded that the most effective and cost-effective way to prevent and control infections is to use a disinfectant with sufficient concentration and exposure time in hatcheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the larval development stage of the penguin tetra fish (Thayeria boehlkei), a popular species in the freshwater aquarium fish industry, was investigated. For this purpose, penguin tetra larvae were morphologically observed from time to hatching until they reached the juvenile stage. Throughout the larval development phase, samples were randomly taken daily and captured on a camera using a stereomicroscope. Larval development stages were categorized into four periods: (I) Yolk-sac larva, (II) Pre-flexion larva, (III) Flexion larva, and (IV) Post-flexion larva. Larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii until they reached the juvenile stage for the entire research. Morphological changes, including the state of the yolk sac from hatching, mouth opening, changes in body shape and color, and fin formation processes, were recorded daily. According to the findings, the mouth opened on the 5th day, and external feeding also started on the 5th and 6th days. At the same time, free swimming movements were observed in the larvae, and it was determined that the yolk sacs were consumed. The flexion larva stage occurred on the 15- 16th days. The larval development process of the penguin tetra fish was completed within 25 days after hatching. After this stage, the juveniles became morphologically identical to their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new records of three Critically Endangered angel shark species (Family: Squatinidae) occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean—Smoothback Angelshark S. oculata Bonaye, 1840, Sawback Angelshark S. aculeata Cuvier, 1829, and Angelshark S. squatina (Linnaeus, 1758). The supporting data serves to highlight three potential Critical Angel Shark Areas (CASAs) in Türkiye: Fethiye Bay, Çanakkale Strait (i.e., Dardanelles), and Antalya Bay. These data also demonstrate that female S. oculata may mature at a smaller size than prior published estimates of length at first maturity. This new dataset provides details of 23 S. squatina specimens, 52 S. oculata specimens, and 5 S. aculeata specimens, totalling 80 recent angel shark specimens found in Turkish waters mostly sent to us from small-scale fishers who had incidentally caught angel sharks. Also presented are four capture-induced parturition events in Turkish waters onboard fishing vessels, thus providing details on internal yolk sacs, reproductive habitats, and indications of spawning season. Our dataset presented here spans from 2018 to 2023 and suggests that mature adults of S. squatina and S. oculata still occur in Turkish waters, in Fethiye Bay and Çanakkale, respectively. Due to elevated chances of fishers encountering Critically Endangered angel sharks in Türkiye, we suggest that fishers are trained in handling and safe-release methods, to ensure reduced incidents of capture-induced parturition, and improved post-release survival. This study demonstrates that bottom set nets set by small-scale fishers pose less risk to mortality for angel sharks as they are almost always encountered alive after a usual 12 h soak time, suggesting that bottom trawling in critical habitats should be better regulated (or phased out) to help improve national angel shark conservation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular tumors (TTs) are rare in children, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This retrospective study evaluates the diagnostic and prognostic utility of SALL4 and OCT3/4 in pediatric TTs. We analyzed 18 cases of different types of TTs using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess SALL4 (Spalt-like transcription factor 4) and OCT3/4 (Octamer binding transcription factor 3/4) expression. SALL4 was positive in 83.3% of tumors, while OCT3/4 was positive in 38.9% of tumors, with a significantly higher prevalence in patients aged 12–18 years compared to those aged 0–11 years (p = 0.013). Mixed germinal cell tumors were significantly more frequently associated with OCT3/4 (p = 0.003), and a high immunostaining expression for SALL4 was observed primarily in yolk sac tumors and embryonal carcinoma. Our findings suggest that SALL4 and OCT3/4 immunostaining can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, and underscores the importance of OCT3/4 as a predictive factor in pediatric testicular tumors, highlighting its substantial correlation with tumor type and its impact on treatment response. These markers may guide personalized therapeutic strategies, potentially improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Yolk sac tumors (YSTs) are rare and highly malignant ovarian malignancies that have a very poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to delineate the ultrasound and clinicopathological features of female pelvic YSTs to better understand the disease. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological and ultrasound imaging data from 16 YST patients who received treatment at our hospital between January 2012 and August 2023. Then, the ultrasound imaging characteristics were compared with pathological findings. Results: Among the 16 patients, various degrees of serum AFP increase were observed, and CA125 levels increased in 58.33% (7 out of 12) of patients. Thirteen patients (81.25%) had tumors located in ovary, two patients (12.5%) had tumors located in the sacrococcygeal region, and one patient (6.25%) had tumors located in the mesentery. Pathologically, nine patients presented with simple yolk sac tumors and seven with mixed germ cell tumors. According to the ultrasound manifestations, YST lesions can be classified into three types. (1) the cystic type, was diagnosed in two patients who presented with a large cystic mass with regular morphology and clear boundary and dense liquid within the cyst; and (2) the cystic-solid mixed type, was diagnosed in 4 patients. On 2D ultrasound, the lesions showed a cystic-solid mixed echo, and color Doppler showed a rich blood flow signal in the solid region and cystic separation. made up of four cases. (3) In ten patients with the solid type, 2D ultrasound showed solid uniform echoes with clear boundaries. The “fissure sign” was observed in the lesion. Color Doppler displayed rich blood flow in the solid part, and PW showed low to moderate resistance index of artery (RI:0.21–0.63). On contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), rapid and high enhancement in the solid part and cystic separation was observed in 2 patients. Conclusions: Combining ultrasound features with clinical information and tumor markers provides reliable clues for the diagnosis of YST. The application of twodimensional ultrasound and CEUS combined with patient tumor marker levels can provide a robust reference for determining the necessity of fertilitypreserving surgery and postoperative chemotherapy, which can improve clinical decision-making and patient consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemolysis‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is attributed to heme‐mediated proximal tubule epithelial cell (PTEC) injury and tubular cast formation due to intratubular protein condensation. Megalin is a multiligand endocytic receptor for proteins, peptides, and drugs in PTECs and mediates the uptake of free hemoglobin and the heme‐scavenging protein α1‐microglobulin. However, understanding of how megalin is involved in the development of hemolysis‐induced AKI remains elusive. Here, we investigated the megalin‐related pathogenesis of hemolysis‐induced AKI and a therapeutic strategy using cilastatin, a megalin blocker. A phenylhydrazine‐induced hemolysis model developed in kidney‐specific mosaic megalin knockout (MegKO) mice confirmed megalin‐dependent PTEC injury revealed by the co‐expression of kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1). In the hemolysis model in kidney‐specific conditional MegKO mice, the uptake of hemoglobin and α1‐microglobulin as well as KIM‐1 expression in PTECs was suppressed, but tubular cast formation was augmented, likely due to the nonselective inhibition of protein reabsorption in PTECs. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis revealed that cilastatin suppressed the binding of megalin with hemoglobin and α1‐microglobulin. Cilastatin also inhibited the specific uptake of fluorescent hemoglobin by megalin‐expressing rat yolk sac tumor‐derived L2 cells. In a mouse model of hemolysis‐induced AKI, repeated cilastatin administration suppressed PTEC injury by inhibiting the uptake of hemoglobin and α1‐microglobulin and also prevented cast formation. Hemopexin, another heme‐scavenging protein, was also found to be a novel ligand of megalin, and its binding to megalin and uptake by PTECs in the hemolysis model were suppressed by cilastatin. Mass spectrometry‐based semiquantitative analysis of urinary proteins in cilastatin‐treated C57BL/6J mice indicated that cilastatin suppressed the reabsorption of a limited number of megalin ligands in PTECs, including α1‐microglobulin and hemopexin. Collectively, cilastatin‐mediated selective megalin blockade is an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent both heme‐mediated PTEC injury and cast formation in hemolysis‐induced AKI. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe growing concern about pollution and toxicity in aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms is predominantly caused due to waterborne exposure and poses a risk to environmental systems and human health. This study addresses the co-toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) and ketoprofen (KPF), representing heavy metal and pharmaceutical discharge pollutants, respectively, in aquatic ecosystems. A 96-h acute toxicity assessment was conducted using zebrafish embryos. The results indicated that high dosages of KPF (10, 15, and 100 µg/mL) and Cd (10 and 15 µg/mL) reduced survivability and caused concentration-dependent deformities such as scoliosis and yolk sac edema. These findings highlight the potential defects in development and metabolism, as evidenced by hemolysis tests demonstrating dose-dependent effects on blood cell integrity. Furthermore, this study employs adult zebrafish for a 42-day chronic exposure to Cd and KPF (10 and 100 µg/L) alone or combined (10 + 10 and 100 + 100 µg/L) to assess organ-specific Cd and KPF accumulation in tissue samples. Organ-specific accumulation patterns underscore complex interactions impacting respiratory, metabolic, and detoxification functions. Prolonged exposure induces reactive oxygen species formation, compromising antioxidant defense systems. Histological examinations reveal structural changes in gills, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver tissues, suggesting impairments in respiratory, osmoregulatory, nutritional, and immune functions. This study emphasizes the importance of conducting extensive research on co-toxic effects to assist with environmental risk assessments and safeguard human health and aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vertebrates, maternally supplied yolk is typically used in one of two ways: either intracellularly by endodermal cells or extracellularly via the yolk sac. This study delves into the distinctive gut development in sturgeons, which are among the most ancient extant fish groups, contrasting it with that of other vertebrates. Our observations indicate that while sturgeon endodermal cells form the archenteron (i.e., the primitive gut) dorsally, the floor of the archenteron is uniquely composed of extraembryonic yolk cells (YCs). As development progresses, during neurulation, the archenteric cavity inflates, expands laterally, and roofs a semicircle of YCs. By the pharyngula stage, the cavity fully encompasses the YC mass, which begins to be digested at the hatching stage. This suggests a notable deviation in sturgeon gut development from that in other vertebrates, as their digestive tract initiates its function by processing endogenous nutrition even before external feeding begins. Our findings highlight the evolutionary diversity of gut development strategies among vertebrates and provide new insights into the developmental biology of sturgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pholis fangi is a small, bottom-dwelling fish species endemic to the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in China. While previous research has focused on its population biology and molecular structure, little is known about the early developmental stages of this species. In this study, larval and juvenile P. fangi specimens were collected from the Sheyang Sea Area, Jiangsu Province, in 2017. Morphological features were examined using microscopy, and DNA barcoding was conducted to confirm species identification. The research documented detailed changes in yolk sac, fin development, and melanophore distribution patterns across larval and juvenile stages of P. fangi. Comparative analysis with other Pholis species revealed that melanophore distribution is a key distinguishing characteristic, allowing effective differentiation between larval and juvenile stages, as well as between Pholis species. This study provides valuable insights into the early life history of P. fangi, contributing to a better understanding of the genus Pholis. The findings demonstrate the utility of combining traditional morphological observation and molecular techniques for accurate species identification, particularly during the critical larval and juvenile developmental phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, is a flatfish of high commercial value in the world. It has been identified as an interesting and promising species for marine commercial aquaculture diversification in Europe for at least four decades and was introduced to China in 2003. Early ontogenesis from embryo to juvenile stages in S. senegalensis was analysed under controlled laboratory conditions to provide morphological information for aquaculture. From 0 to 59 days post hatching (dph), 10–20 larvae were sampled and measured each day (0–17 dph) or every 2–6 days (17–59 dph). Morphological characteristics from the egg to the juvenile stage were described. The eggs were separate and spherical with multiple oil globules. After 3 dph, the yolk sac was completely absorbed, mouth and anus were open, a swim bladder appeared, and larvae began feeding on rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). The larvae began metamorphosis as the notochord flexed upward and the left eye migrated upward after 10 dph. The left eye migrated to the dorsal midline at 15 dph. At 19 dph, the left eye was translocated to the right‐ocular side, and the juveniles adopted a benthic lifestyle. The swim bladder degenerated, and the juveniles completed metamorphosis at 23 dph. The growth patterns of some parameters (TL, SL, BH, BW) during larval and juvenile development stages were identified. The inflection points, which are slopes of growth changes, were calculated in growth curves. Three inflection points occurring in the growth curves of larvae and juveniles were found to be associated with metamorphosis, weaning, and transitions in feeding habits. The basic information of embryo development and ontogenesis in this study represents a valuable contribution to the S. senegalensis industry, especially in artificial breeding and rearing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose has important roles in the development of zebrafish, the vertebrate animal model; however, in most oviparous animals, the amount of maternally provided glucose in the yolk is scarce. For these reasons, developing animals need some ways to supplement glucose. Recently, it was found that developing zebrafish, a teleost fish, undergo gluconeogenesis in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL), an extraembryonic tissue that surrounds the yolk. However, teleost YSL is evolutionarily unique, and it is not clear how other vertebrates supplement glucose. In this study, we used cloudy catshark (or Torazame catshark), an elasmobranch species which possesses a YSL‐like tissue during development, and sought for possible gluconeogenic activities in this tissue. In their yolk sac, glucose increased, and our isotope tracking analysis detected gluconeogenic activities with glycerol most preferred substrate. In addition, many of gluconeogenic genes were expressed at the YSL‐like tissue, suggesting that cloudy catshark engages in gluconeogenesis in this tissue. The gluconeogenesis in teleost YSL and a similar tissue in elasmobranch species implies conserved mechanisms of yolk metabolism between these two lineages. Future studies on other vertebrate taxa will be helpful to understand the evolutionary changes in the modes of yolk metabolism that vertebrates have experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peres fish (Osteochilus kappenii) is a native freshwater fish in Central Aceh, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the morphology and histology development of the digestive tract of Peres larvae. Understanding the developmental stages is essential to support the success of larval rearing during ontogeny. The parameters observed include the total length (TL) of larvae, daily growth rate, larval morphology, and histology of the digestive tract. Furthermore, the total length of the larvae was measured from 1 to 25 day after hatching (DAH). The larvae sampling was conducted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 25 DAH. Morphological and histological observations were carried out microscopically, and data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the TL of larvae growth at the beginning (1 DAH) and termination (25 DAH) of the study was 4.58 ± 0.24 mm and 9.62 ± 0.79 mm, respectively. Based on the structural development of the body and food sources, the development of percussion larvae was divided into four phases, namely the yolk sac (0-4 DAH), pre-flexion (5-15 DAH), flexion (16-20 DAH), and post-flexion (21-25 DAH). The yolk was completely absorbed 4 DAH, marking the end of the yolk sac phase, as the Peres fish larvae began to use external feed. At 25 DAH, the larval morphology was fully formed and pigmentation spread throughout the body. The digestive organs and glands are well-developed with differentiation of the midgut and hindgut, increased goblet cells in the intestine, and increased lipid vacuoles in the liver and zymogen in the pancreas to utilize feed optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Correlation of Turner syndrome (TS) with germ cell malignancy is acknowledge in TS patient with Y chromosome material but not otherwise. This case report wishes to highlight yolk sac tumor occurrence in patients with TS 46XX karyotype mosaicism. Case Report: A 23-year-old nulligravid woman was admitted with abdominal mass and vaginal bleeding. She had primary amenorrhea and had already been diagnosed with TS. Her karyotype was 46XX with 5% X mosaicism. Ultrasonography revealed a solid mass measuring 14.05 x 10.99 cm based on the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) simple rule, M1 and M2. During surgery, a solid mass originates from her left ovary measuring 20 x 15 x 15 cm with adhesion to omentum, ileum, and caecum was found. Pathology examination reveals it's an endodermal sinus tumors (EST). Discussion: TS with Y cells are closely linked with germ cell malignancy but not otherwise. It's still unclear what causes the malignancy in such cases. Conclusion: The present report illustrates a rare case of EST occurred in a TS patient with 46XX mosaicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transvaginal (TVUS) and transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) are both utilized in the evaluation of early pregnancy patients. While many practitioners using point of care ultrasound (POCUS) will generally not pursue TVUS in cases where an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) is visualized on TAUS, this may not be true in Radiology performed ultrasound. To evaluate for differences in transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) utilization between Radiology performed (RP) ultrasound and point of care ultrasound (POCUS) by Emergency Department (ED) physicians in early pregnancy patients. Secondarily, to assess length of stay (LOS) differences and the impact of specialized emergency ultrasound training on TVUS utilization. This was a retrospective study at a single academic ED. Study population was all ED patients who underwent first trimester ultrasound during the one year period of March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022. Variables evaluated were chief complaint, gestational age, LOS, TAUS and TVUS utilization, ultrasound findings, and ultrasound specialty training of the ED physician. There were 133 cases of POCUS ultrasound and 254 cases of RP ultrasound. All cases had TAUS imaging performed. Median LOS for patients when POCUS was utilized was 207 min (IQR 151–294) and 258 min (IQR 208–328) for those only using RP ultrasound, p ≤ 0.001. In the POCUS cohort, 38% (95% CI 30%–46%) received TVUS, while 94% received TVUS in the RP cohort (95% CI 90%–96%), p ≤ 0.001. Patients seen by ED faculty with ultrasound specialty training had TVUS 53% of the time (95% CI 41%–65%), while those seen by other ED faculty had TVUS 79% (95% CI 74%–83%) of the time, p = 0.035. POCUS in early pregnancy is associated with a significant reduction in TVUS usage. We suspect that POCUS users elect not to pursue TVUS after an IUP is identified on TAUS, while technicians perform protocol-based TVUS irrespective of TAUS findings. Patients seen by ultrasound trained ED physicians are less likely to receive TVUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two highly effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents having embryo toxicity, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. These two chemicals are presently emerging pollutants of wide concerns and may cause cancer, DNA damage, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has banned market entry of the over-the-counter antibacterial bath products containing antibacterial agents such as TCS and TCC. In China, however, TCS and TCC are still allowed to be used in a limited quantity as quasi-preservatives for cosmetics, and are not restricted for soap products. As emerging exogenous chemical pollutants, TCS and TCC can enter the natural environment with domestic wastewater and pose potential threats to local aquatic lives, ecological security and human health. In order to investigate the toxic effects of TCS and TCC on the long-term exposure and four different developmental stages (i. e., embryo, yolk sac absorption, larval, and juvenile stages) of the Chinese native fish species of Gobiocypris rarus (GR), the fertilized eggs of GR were exposed to TCS and TCC until 60 days post hatching (60 dph) in this study. The results showed that TCS and TCC in the ranges of 6.25 ~ 100 µg ⋅ L-1 and 0.938 ~ 15 µg ⋅ L-1, respectively, had no significant toxic effects on the embryo hatchability of GR. In the larval stage, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of the 30 dph survival rate in the exposure groups of 6.25 ~ 100 µg ⋅ L-1 TCS and 0.938 ~ 15 µg ⋅ L-1 TCC were 100 µg ⋅ L-1 and 0.938 µg ⋅ L-1, respectively. According to the national standards of China, the hazards of TCC to the aquatic environment were classified as long-term chronic category 1. In contrast, it is impossible to make a clear judgment for TCS because its maximum testing concentration did not reach 1 mg ⋅L-1, but the hazards of TCS to the aquatic environment can be judged as the non-long-term chronic category 1. At the juvenile stage, TCS (6.25 ~ 100 µg ⋅ L-1) and TCC (0.938 ~ 15 µg ⋅ L-1) could induce vitellogenin in both females and males of GR, but did not affect sexual differentiation. During the postembryonic development, TCS of 6.25 ~ 100 µg ⋅ L-1 could significantly affect the fish body weight, which gradually decreased with increasing TCS concentration, indicating that TCS could inhibit the body weight of GR. TCC of 0.938 ~ 15 µg ⋅ L-1 had no significant effect on the fish body weight and body length. In addition, it was found that the toxic effects on the different developmental stages of GR were different. The tolerance of GR at embryonic stage was significantly higher than that at postembryonic development stage, while the tolerance at yolk sac absorption stage and larvae stage was lower than that at the juvenile stage. Therefore, when more of these life stages are included in a test, more toxicity endpoints can be obtained by fewer test animals. Moreover, the toxic effects of different life stages in the tests are all from the same batch of the test animals, making the test results of different life stages more comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External yolk sacs in free-living larvae of marine invertebrates are extremely rare, with all reported cases exhibiting yolk that is taken up through connection with the anterior alimentary canal. Herein, we confirm a novel yolk sac connected to the posterior end of the alimentary canal in the first larval stage of species in the bopyrid isopod genus Pleurocryptella Bonnier, 1900 , all known as ectoparasites in the branchial chambers of squat lobsters. Pleurocryptella poseidon Williams & Boyko sp. nov. infesting the munidopsid Galacantha   bellis   Henderson, 1885 in the Arabian Sea, is described on the basis of adults and larvae. In common with conspecifics, the new species exhibits a suite of putative "primitive" characters including the presence of oostegites on the sixth and seventh pereomeres of females and maxillipeds and articulated uropods in males. Pleurocryptella poseidon Williams & Boyko sp. nov. differs from other species of Pleurocryptella by characters of body shape, antennae, oostegite 1, pleon, and uropods of females and midventral tubercles, pleomeres, and pleopods of males. The epicaridium larvae have a large posterior, external yolk sac and segmented maxillipeds, a unique set of characters within Epicaridea. In addition to larval and adult characters, molecular data (COI) indicate that the genus is distinct from other members of Bopyridae, so we erect the new subfamily Pleurocryptellinae for it. Pleurocryptella poseidon Williams & Boyko sp. nov. bears a new genus and species of hyperparasitic isopod that is herein described based on its cryptoniscus stage. A review of epicaridium larval morphology and a key to the species of Pleurocryptella are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the morphological aspects of larval development in Maylandia estherae, an endemic cichlid species from Lake Malawi. Larvae obtained from mature broodstock were sampled daily from hatching until the juvenile stage, and their morphological development was observed under a microscope. Important morphological features such as mouth opening, exogenous feeding, free swimming, yolk sac, and pigmentation were observed and photographed. The findings indicate that M. estherae larvae reached the juvenile stage within approximately 20-25 days. Throughout larval development, it was determined that total length and mouth gape gradually increased, the yolk sac was depleted within 12-13 days, and exogenous feeding commenced alongside the development of free-swimming ability. Additionally, significant changes in fin differentiation and pigmentation were observed in the larvae. The larval development duration and morphological characteristics of M. estherae were found to be similar to those of other Malawi cichlid species. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the ontogenetic processes of M. estherae and have implications for aquaculture practices. Furthermore, the results provide a significant contribution to the literature on the larval development of Malawi cichlids and offer insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria continue to disrupt poultry production and can cause resistant and persistent yolk sac infections to prevention efforts, known as omphalitis, resulting in poultry death. This literature review aims to demonstrate how plant extracts can help combat omphalitis in poultry. The Google Scholar database served as a resource for retrieving pertinent literature covering a wide range of search terms relevant to the scope of the research. The search strategy involved a combination of terms such as antimicrobials, chick embryo, omphalitis, plant extracts, poultry nutrition, and sanitization. The potential of plant extracts in preventing or treating infections in poultry, especially omphalitis, is mainly due to their antibacterial and safety properties. Sanitization and direct delivery of plant extracts to the internal contents of eggs, feed, or water are cutting-edge interventions to reduce the bacterial load in eggs and poultry, minimizing infection rates. For example, these interventions may include advanced treatment technologies or precise delivery systems focused on disease prevention in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]