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Cincticostella gosei Allen, 1975 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9190CC31-1200-4BDD-A463-6FE7D8E7411D Ephemerella TEB Gose, 1969: 135, figs. 38���55 (nymph). Types: nymph, from Thailand. Renamed as Ephemerella (Cincticostella) gosei by Allen, 1975: 20. Cincticostella gosei: Allen 1980: 82; Zhou et al., 1997: 222 (first record from China). Kluge, 2004: 307; Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008: 239; Xie et al., 2009: 53; Martynov et al., 2019: 148; Zheng & Zhou, 2021: 3; Martynov et al., 2021: 145 (nymph photographed, India). Serratella thailandensis Allen, 1980: 76. Types: nymph, from Thailand. Synonymized by Edmunds & Murvosh, 1995: 157. Ephemerella (Serratella) nigromaculata Xu et al., 1980: 5, figs. 1���7 (male). Type: male, from China (Zhejiang province); Gui, 1985: 89; You & Gui, 1995: 131, fig. 140 (male). Synonymized by Zhou, 2013: 177. Notacanthella nigromaculata: Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008: 236. Ephemerella (Serratella) tianmushanensis Xu et al., 1980: 5, figs. 8���14 (male). Type: male, from China (Zhejiang province); Gui, 1985: 89; You & Gui, 1995: 132, fig. 141 (male). Synonymized by Zhou, 2013: 177. Notacanthella tianmushanensis: Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008: 236. Nymph (in alcohol): body length 5.5���7.0 mm, caudal filaments 3.0��� 4.5 mm, antennae 1.0��� 1.5 mm. Body reddish brown to dark brown (Fig. 1A), whole body covered with very tiny pale hair-like setae. Head: dark brown dorsally but area around ocelli pale, forming three obvious dots; antennal length ca. 1.2X of head width, yellowish to brown, with tiny hair-like setae between segments except base; genae slightly expanded to form clear elbow; free margins of clypeus with pale cilia (Fig. 1B). Mouthparts: labrum subquadrate, leading margin with shallow emargination; submedian margin with two rows of long hair-like setae; dorsal surface of labrum with numerous hair-like setae while ventral surface with same kind of setae beside median groove only (Fig. 1C). Left mandible: basal half of outer margin with long hair-like setae; outer incisor divided into 4 denticles but inner one with 3 denticles only; prostheca strong (Fig. 1F). Right mandible: both outer and inner incisor with 3 apical denticles, with hair-like setae on outer margin and mesoapical margin as in Fig. 1E. Maxillae: hair-like setae on basal half outer margin and apical mesal half inner margin; crown with dense hair-like and spine-like setae, two dentisetae stronger than others and more conspicuous; cardo with sparse hair-like setae on outer margin; maxillary palp absent (Fig. 1G). Hypopharynx: lingua round, with tiny cilia on apex; superlinguae with almost straight outer margins, with hair-like setae on apical and inner margins (Fig. 1D). Labium: all parts with hair-like setae or cilia, those on glossae, paraglossae and labial palpi longer; glossae sub-round in shape, surrounded by sub-oval paraglossae; basal segment of labial palpi subequal to second one in length but slightly broader, with hair-like setae on outer margin; both inner and outer margins of second segment with same setae; apical segment length ca. 1/3 length of segment two, with very tiny setae on surface; apex slightly narrower than base; its length ca. 3X width (Fig. 1H). Thorax:Anterolateral angle of pronotum expanded forwards into acute projections, pronotum extended laterally into same level of anterolateral projections of mesothorax, lateral lines of pronotum almost straight and parallel. Foreleg brown except base and apex of femora; length ratio of femora: tibiae: tarsi=2.0: 1.6: 1.0; femora with row of transverse spine-like setae subapically, outer margin with spine-like and tiny hair-like setae (Fig. 2D); tibiae darker than other segments, with spines and setae on outer, inner and dorsal margins; tarsi also with setae and spines on surface, those on apical area denser (Fig. 2A). Midleg: slightly longer than foreleg, femora: tibiae: tarsi=2.4: 1.8: 1.0, femora expanded progressively from base to apex (Fig. 2E); other structures similar to foreleg (Fig. 2B). Hindleg: longer and flatter than midleg, femora: tibiae: tarsi=2.9: 2.5: 1.0, others similar to midleg (Fig. 2C). Femora of midleg and hindleg with clear longitudinal ridge in middle, posterior margins slightly serrated (Fig. 2 E-F). Claws of all legs similar in shape and structure, with several apical setae and seven denticles along inner margins but basal one much smaller (Fig. 2L). Abdomen: terga II���IX with pair of median ridges which expand into distinct tubercles on posterior margins; posterolateral angles of terga extended into small but sharp spines (Fig. 1A). Gills on terga III���V similar, subquadrate to oval, ventral lamellae with numerous leaf-like lobes further divided into two clusters (Fig. 2G���I); gill on terga VI slightly more slender than anterior gills, ventral lamellae consisting of several lobes but without bifurcation (Fig. 2J); gill on terga VII much smaller than others, completely covered by gills of previous segment, both dorsal and ventral lobe membranous with irregular shape (Fig. 2K). Caudal filaments with brown base, but progressively paler from base to apex, each articulation with rings of short spines and setae (Fig. 1A). Male imago: body length 7.0���8.0 mm, caudal filaments 7.0���9.0 mm, forewing 7.0���8.0 mm, hindwing 1.5���2.0 mm. Body generally brown to black (Fig. 3A). Antennae brown except apex, with setae ring between segments. Upper portion of compound eyes reddish to pink while basal portion dark; distance between two eyes shorter than half width of median ocellus. Ocelli with dark base but pale apex. Prosternum dark brown, with slightly converging anteriorly longitudinal carinae, maximum width between carinae ca. 1.5X minimum width. Basisternum of mesosternum dark brown, with parallel furcasternum (Fig. 4C). Forewing: transparent except around stigma area; a long vein between C and Sc of stigma divided crossveins into two portions. Rs leaves MA at very base, MA forked at 2/3 point from base to outer margin; MP forked more basal than fork of Rs; marginal intercalaries almost meet nearby crossveins (Figs. 4A, 5A). Hindwing: costal projection small, rounded, located at 1/3 point from base to apex; MP forked between forks of R 1 +MA and MA (Figs. 4B, 5B). Legs: femora: tibiae: tarsi of foreleg=1.4: 2.2: 1.7, tarsal segments 1���5 arranged in decreasing order= 2, 3, 4, 5, 1; femora brown, tibiae dark, tarsi pale, first segment of tarsi much shorter than others (Fig. 3A). Femora: tibiae: tarsi of midleg=1.0: 0.7: 0.4, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4; color pattern similar to foreleg except basal tarsi brown. Femora: tibiae: tarsi of hindleg=1.3: 1.0: 0.5, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4, color pattern similar to midleg (Fig. 3A). Claws of all legs similar: one blunt and one hooked. Genitalia: styliger plate with median projected lobe. Basal segment of forceps broader than others but much shorter than second one; second segment slightly constricted at point in apical 1/3, bending inwards smoothly. Length of segment III ca. 2X width, slightly tapered from base to apex. Penes length 2/3 length of forceps, with irregular dark stripes or streaks, slightly narrowed from base to apex, with shallow median emargination (Fig. 4E���G). Caudal filaments dark in basal 1/3, other portion pale (Fig. 3A). Female imago: body length 6.5���8.0 mm, caudal filaments 7.0���9.0 mm, forewing 7.5���9.0 mm, hindwing 1.5��� 2.0 mm. Color pattern similar to male (Fig. 3B). Lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus of foreleg=1.0: 1.3: 0.7, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order of length=5, 2, 3, 4, 1; femur: tibia: tarsus of midleg=1.1: 0.9: 0.5, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 3, 2, 4, 1; femur: tibia: tarsus of hindleg=1.4: 1.1: 0.5, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 3, 2, 4, 1. Sterna of segment VII extended into narrow lobe, subanal plate with depressed posterior margin (Fig. 4D). Male subimago (Fig. 3C): body length 6.0��� 7.5 mm, caudal filaments 6.0���8.0 mm, forewing 7.0��� 8.5 mm, hindwing 1.4���1.8 mm. Body general brown to gray. Scutellum with long and pointed posterior prolongation. Forewings and hindwings semi-hyaline, with tiny setae on hind margins. Lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus of foreleg=0.8: 1.0: 0.9, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order of length=3, 2, 4, 5, 1; femur: tibia: tarsus of midleg=0.9: 0.7: 0.4, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4; femur: tibia: tarsus of hindleg=1.0: 0.8: 0.4, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4. Female subimago (Fig. 3D): body length 5.5���7.0 mm, caudal filaments 6.0��� 7.5 mm, forewing 7.0���8.0 mm, hindwing 1.4���1.8 mm. Body general yellowish to brown. Lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus of foreleg=0.8: 0.8: 0.5, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order of length=5, 2, 3, 1, 4; femur: tibia: tarsus of midleg=0.9: 0.7: 0.4, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4; femur: tibia: tarsus of hindleg=1.2: 1.0: 0.5, tarsal segments arranged in decreasing order=5, 1, 2, 3, 4. Egg. Scanned egg is 0.13 mm length and 0.08 mm width. Oval, with one polar cap, surface sculptured with hexagonal structures and decorated with sparse tubercle-like projections (Fig. 6). Distribution. China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Anhui, Gansu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Henan provinces), Thailand, India (Fig. 7). Ecology. The stream where the C. gosei nymphs were collected is 4.0���8.0 m wide, with water depth 0.2���0.5 m, and contains stones of various sizes (Fig. 8). The nymphs were collected under stones. The nymphs emerged at about 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM local time in April, most around 5:00 PM; before molting to subimago, the nymph were seen climbing on the substrates underwater or floating on water surface for about 30 minutes. Subimagos persisted for 24���36 hours, most of them molted around 1:00 AM to 6:00 AM. The observed lifespan of imagos was about 3 days. Molecular similarity: The COI gene sequence of our C. gosei is most similar to Thai materials under the same species name. The distance between them is 0.170 while the average distance of known species in the genus Cincticostella is 0.217 ���0.270 (Table 2)., Published as part of Zhang, Min, Li, Wen-Juan, Ying, Xiao-Li & Zhou, Chang-Fa, 2021, The Imaginal Characters of Cincticostella gosei (Allen, 1975) linking the genus Cincticostella Allen, 1971 to Ephacerella Paclt, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), pp. 131-140 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 133-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5769473, {"references":["Allen, R. K. (1975) Ephemerella (Cincticostella): A revision of the nymphal stages. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (1), 16 - 22.","Gose, K. (1969) Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from Thailand. In: Kira, T. & Iwata, K. (Eds.), Nature and Life in Southeast Asia. Vol. VI. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, pp. 125 - 138.","Allen, R. K. (1980) Geographic distribution and reclassification of the subfamily Ephemerellinae (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). In: Flannagan, J. F. & Marshall, K. E. (Eds.), Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 71 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 3066 - 0 _ 6","Zhou, C. F., Gui, H. & Su, C. R. (1997) Insects of Funiu Mountain (Ephemeroptera). A study on the taxonomy and fauna of insects in Henan, 2, 221 - 222. [in Chinese]","Kluge, N. J. (2004) The Phylogenetic System of Ephemeroptera. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 442 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 0872 - 3","Jacobus, L. M. & McCafferty, W. P. (2008) Revision of Ephemerellidae genera (Ephemeroptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 134 (1 - 2), 185 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2008) 134 [185: ROEGE] 2.0. CO; 2","Xie, H., Jia, Y. Y., Chen, P., Jacobus, L. M. & Zhou, C. F. (2009) Two new Cincticostella species from China with a larval key to species of the genus (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Zootaxa, 2299 (1), 53 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2299.1.5","Martynov, A. V., Selvakumar, C., Subramanian, K. A., Sivaramakrishnan, K. G., Chandra, K., Palatov, D. M., Sinha, B. & Jacobus, L. M. (2019) Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal. Zootaxa, 4551 (2), 147 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4551.2.2","Zheng, X. H. E. & Zhou, C. F. (2021) First detailed description of adults and nymph of Cincticostella femorata (Tshernova, 1972) (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Aquatic Insects, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650424.2020.1871026","Martynov, A. V., Selvakumar, C., Palatov D. M., Subramanian K. A., Sivaramakrishnan K. G., Vasanth, M. & Jacobus, L. M. (2021) Overview of Indian and Nepali representatives of the Cincticostella nigra (Ueno, 1928) complex (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae), with discussion about Cincticostella Allen, 1971 species complexes. ZooKeys, 1040, 123 - 166. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1040.64280","Edmunds, G. F. & Murvosh C. M. (1995). Systematic changes in certain Ephemeroptera studied by R. K. Allen. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71 (3), 157 - 160.","Xu, J. Z., You, D. S., Su, C. R. & Xu, Y. Q. (1980) Two new species of genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 2, 5 - 8. [in Chinese]","Gui, H. (1985) A catalog of the Ephemeroptera of China. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Natural Science), 4, 79 - 97. [in Chinese]","You, D. S. & Gui, H. (1995) Ephemeroptera. In: Economic Insect Fauna of China. Fasc. 48. Science Press, Beijing, 152 pp. [in Chinese]","Zhou, C. F. (2013) A species list of Chinese mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). In: Tojo, K., Tanida, K. & Nozaki, T. (Eds.), Biology of Inland Waters. 2. Supplement. Proceedings of the first symposium of the Benthological Society of Asia, 2013, pp. 167 - 225."]}

Sinomenine, one of the alkaloids extracted from roots or stems of Sinomenium acutum, is documented to show antinociceptive action but the action mechanism is still unclear. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of sinomenine on opioid mu-receptor (OMR). In Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell transfected with OMR, the binding of [(3)H]naloxone was displaced by sinomenine in a concentration-dependent manner. This compound also raised the phosphorylation of OMR in these cells. In a tail-flick test, sinomenine produced dose-dependent antinociception in mice, which was dose-dependently inhibited by pretreatment of naloxonazine, a selective OMR antagonist. Long-term pretreatment with sinomenine may delay the analgesic tolerance of morphine. The obtained results suggest that sinomenine has an ability to activate OMR, implicating the potential of sinomenine to be applied in clinic.

A transfer plasmid vector, pUC18-US10-VP2, was constructed by inserting the gene of enhancer green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fused to VP2 gene of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) JS strain into the US10 fragment of the Marek's disease virus (MDV) CVI988/Rispens. The recombinant virus, designated as rMDV, was developed by co-transfection of CEF with the transfer plasmid vector and simultaneous infection with the CVI988/Rispens virus. The PCR and IFA results indicated that rMDV was stable after 31 passages. Chickens vaccinated with rMDV were protected from challenge with 100 LD50 of IBDV JS. The protection ratios of the chickens vaccinated with the 1 000, 2 000, and 5 000 PFU of the rMDV were 50%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. It was interesting that the average histopathology BF lesion score of the chicken group immunized with 5 000 PFU of rMDV by one-time vaccination was almost the same as that of the chicken group vaccinated with IBDV live vaccine NF8 strain twice (2.0/1.5). There was no difference in protection between the two groups (P> 0.05), but there was significant difference between the groups immunized with 5 000 PFU of rMDV and normal MDV vaccine. This result demonstrated that the rMDV-expressing VP2 fusion protein was one of the most effective vaccine candidates against IBDV in SPF chickens.

To observe the effects of interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody on smooth muscle cell proliferation and balloon inflation-induced abdominal aorta stenosis in rabbits.Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to balloon inflation group (group A, n = 12), interleukin-8 monoclonal antibody pre-treated rabbits (2 mg/kg for 3 days before balloon inflation, group B, n = 12) and sham-operated control group (group C, n = 12). Peripheral blood was collected before experiment and at 4 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post balloon inflation or sham operation and the levels of IL-8 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ratio of positive and negative masculine cells in the high power microscopic field was determined in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stained slide. Histopathologic examination was performed in abdominal aorta and luminal area, intima and tunica media area were measured.Plasma interleukin-8 began to rise at 4 h and peaked at 1 day and remained increased up to 28 days after balloon inflation in rabbits of group A, plasma interleukin-8 level in group A was significantly higher than in group B and C at 4 h and thereafter post operation. The ratio of positive and negative masculine cells was significantly increased in group A compared to group C and was significantly lower in group B than in group A. Abdominal aorta stenosis, luminal area, intima and tunica media area were significantly reduced in group B than in group A. Correlation analysis indicated that there were positive relations between plasma IL-8 level and intima thickness, area of intima and tunica media, respectively (r = 0.894, 0.783, 0.801, 0.912, all P0.01).Plasma IL-8 level is increased in this abdominal aorta stenosis model and is positively correlated to the severity of abdominal aorta stenosis. IL-8 monoclonal antibody could significantly reduce abdominal aorta stenosis in this abdominal aorta stenosis model.

Hyperglycemia induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is believed as major factors leading to diabetic nephropathy (DN). DangGui (Angelica sinensis) is mentioned to show renal protective effect in combination with other herbs. Bone morphogenetic proteins-7 (BMP-7) is produced merit in protection of DN. The role of BMP-7 in DangGui-induced renal improvement is not clear. The present study investigated the effects of DangGui on renal functions, BMP-7 expression and the levels of ROS in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and high glucose-exposed rat mesangial cells (RMCs). After 1- or 4-week treatment, DangGui improved renal functions and increased renal BMP-7 expression in diabetic rats. The BMP-7 expression in RMCs was reduced by high glucose treatment and this could be reversed by DangGui. Moreover, RMCs exposed to high glucose were expired by BMP-7 RNAi transfection but those cells remained alive by scramble transfection. Thus, we employed regular RMCs to knock down BMP-7 with RNAi and we found that DangGui increased BMP-7 expression in these RMCs. Direct activation of BMP-7 expression by DangGui could be considered. The results of DPPH assay, DHE stain and lucigenin assay indicated that DangGui could inhibit high glucose-induced ROS in RMCs. These results suggest that DangGui has an ability to improve renal functions in STZ-diabetic rats through increasing endogenous BMP-7 expression and decreasing oxidative stress in kidney. The present study suggest that DangGui could be applied to improve renal functions in diabetic disorders.

Silymarin is an active constituent contained in the seeds of the milk thistle plant and is widely used as a hepatic protection agent due to its antioxidant-like activity. In the present study we evaluated the potential action of silymarin against cervical cancer and investigated its mechanism of action. Treatment of cervical cancer cells (C-33A) with silymarin resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. Silymarin induced apoptosis through the modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of caspase 3. Silymarin also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt with an increase in expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We also observed that silymarin suppressed C-33A cell invasion and wound-healing migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Western-blot analysis showed that silymarin significantly inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in C-33A cells. Furthermore, we applied siRNA to lower the PTEN gene, which diminished the anticancer actions of silymarin. Taken together, these results show that silymarin has the potential to suppress the survival, migration and invasion of C-33A cancer cells; thus, it could be developed as a promising agent for the treatment of cervical cancer in the future.

Tanshinone IIA is one of the active principles in danshen (Salvia miltiorrhizaBge) widely used in treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We investigated the effect of danshen or tanshinone IIA on blood pressure and its possible mechanisms. An i.p. injection of danshen at 10 mg kg−1significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) but failed to modify the SBP in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Oral administration of tanshinone IIA also decreased SBP in SHR but not in WKY. Tanshinone IIA produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in isolated SHR aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (10 nmol l−1) or potassium chloride (KCl) (40 mmol l−1). The relaxing effect of tanshinone IIA on tonic contraction of phenylephrine in isolated aortic rings without endothelium remained produced. Glibenclamide at concentration sufficient to block adenosine triphosphatase (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K+) channel attenuated this tanshinone IIA-induced relaxation that was not influenced by other inhibitors. We further investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on the changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured aortic smooth muscle (A7r5) cells using fura-2 as indicator. Tanshinone IIA decreased[Ca2+]ielicited by phenylephrine (10 nmol l−1) or KCl (40 mmol l−1) in a concentration-dependent manner; glibenclamide, but not other inhibitors for K+channel, abated this effect. Our results suggest that tanshinone IIA acts as an active principle of danshen showing vasodilation through ATP-sensitive K+channel to lower[Ca2+]i.