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The solar-driven interfacial evaporation （SDIE） can efficiently convert liquid water into steam using solar energy， providing a foundation for the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective freshwater production technologies. The photothermal material is the key platform for energy conversion， and the generated heat can be directly used for evaporation. In recent years， significant efforts have been made to enhance the efficiency of solar-driven water evaporation. Numerous innovative solar-thermal materials have been employed to achieve controlled and efficient solar-thermal conversion to meet energy-water challenges ranging from the microscale to the molecular level. On this basis， the latest research progress in carbon-based photothermal materials for SDIE technology is reviewed， focusing on the design， synthesis， and application of graphene， carbon nanotubes， natural plant-based carbon materials， carbon-based composite materials， and other photothermal materials that are currently widely used in the field of SDIE. Research findings related to the evaporation water collection rate were summarized. This aims to provide a reference for designing low-cost， efficient light absorption， chemical stability， and reusable and broad-spectrum absorption SDIE devices for off-grid desalination. Finally， the future development prospects of carbon-based materials for SDIE combined with artificial intelligence， power generation， sterilization， and all-weather operation are envisioned， to achieve eco-friendly， efficient， and multi-purpose water treatment and purification technologies.

As the problem of global environmental pollution becomes more and more serious, freshwater resources are increasingly scare, desalination has become a research hotspot. The traditional desalination energy consumption is high, solar interface evaporation technology can directly use renewable energy, which is clean and environmentally friendly. It is an environmentally friendly off-grid desalination process that can achieve the goals of reducing the cost of seawater desalination and zero carbon emissions. The research significance and prospects of off-grid desalination technology, the basic connotation of solar interface evaporation technology, and various efficient photothermal conversion materials were introduced. Photothermal conversion materials mainly included photothermal carbon materials, metals and oxides, polymer materials and its related materials. Various interface evaporation desalination processes driven by solar energy were summarized, mainly including solar interface multi-stage flash evaporation and multi-effect distillation technology, membrane distillation technology, greenhouse seawater desalination technology, solar humidification and dehumidification technology, and multi energy coupling desalination technology. Finally, the future research directions of utilizing solar interface evaporation technology for off-grid desalination were discussed in response to current global environmental and energy problems.

The nonlinear and dynamic complexity of the oil and gas engineering system itself leads to an increase in the chances of accidents in the system, and the financial and material losses caused by system failures are incalculable. The study proposes a new fault diagnosis method based on evidence theory and the KPCA algorithm, and analyzes the fault characteristics of large pumps, compressors, and other high-precision equipment under high-speed operation. A set of fault feature vectors reflecting the change of nonlinear characteristics of the system is extracted, and the similarity between the patterns is used to obtain the mass function of each evidence. The simulation experiment results show that the fault diagnosis accuracy, leakage rate and F1 score of the DS-KPCA algorithm in the TE process dataset are 97.56%, 1.98% and 98.99%, respectively, and the method is significantly better than the traditional method in fault detection. Practical application shows that in the production process of oil and gas fields, this rapid fault processing method is characterized by clarity, speed, and accuracy, which significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of fault processing.

We examined the use and effectiveness of an incentive system--one of the five elements of a theory-based motivational architecture in educational games that we proposed--in a computer-based physics game on students' learning and performance. The incentive system's purpose was to motivate students to access learning supports designed to facilitate content knowledge acquisition (i.e., content-related supports) and minimize the use of solution videos (i.e., game-related supports). Students (n = 199) could earn game money by accessing content-related supports but had to pay to watch solution videos. Results indicated that the incentive system effectively increased how often students viewed content-related supports and decreased their reliance on solution videos. Furthermore, students who viewed more content-related supports showed higher posttest scores and solved more game levels compared to those who watched fewer supports, controlling for pretest scores. Solution videos, however, appeared to have no effect on either posttest scores or number of levels solved. Finally, our analysis of students' behavioral data, extracted from log files, confirmed that students did not abuse solution videos. We conclude by proposing areas of interest for future research.

The current study investigated students' gameplay behavioral patterns as a function of in-game learning supports delivery timing when played a computer-based physics game. Our sample included 134 secondary students (M = 14.40, SD = .90) from all over the United States, who were randomly assigned into three conditions: receiving instructional videos before a game level (n = 40), receiving instructional videos after a game level (n = 41), and without instructional videos (n = 53) while playing the game for about 150 min. We collected students' gameplay behavior data using game log files and employed sequential analysis to compare their problem-solving and help-seeking behaviors upon receiving instructional videos at different timings. Results suggested that the instructional videos, delivered either before or after a game level, helped students identify the correct game solution at the beginning of medium-difficulty game levels. Moreover, receiving the instructional videos delayed students' help-seeking behaviors--encouraging them to figure out game problems on their own before asking for help. However, receiving the instructional videos may possibly restrict students from creating diverse gaming solutions. Suggestions on design and implementation of in-game learning supports based on the findings are also presented.

Abstract Background Polysaccharopeptide (PSP) from Coriolus versicolor (Yunzhi) is used as a supplementary cancer treatment in Asia. The present study aims to investigate whether PSP pre-treatment can increase the response of the human leukemia HL-60 cells to apoptosis induction by Camptothecin (CPT). Methods We used bivariate bromodeoxyuridine/propidium iodide (BrdUrd/PI) flow cytometry analysis to measure the relative movement (RM) of the BrdUrd positively labeled cells and DNA synthesis time (Ts) on the HL-60 cell line. We used annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis to quantify the viable, necrotic and apoptotic cells. The expression of cyclin E and cyclin B1 was determined with annexin V/PI flow cytometry and western blotting. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to test the cytotoxicity of PSP and CPT. Results PSP reduced cellular proliferation; inhibited cells progression through both S and G2 phase, reduced 3H-thymidine uptake and prolonged DNA synthesis time (Ts) in HL-60 cells. PSP-pretreated cells enhanced the cytotoxicity of CPT. The sensitivity of cells to the cytotoxic effects of CPT was seen to be the highest in the S-phase and to a small extent of the G2 phase of the cell cycle. On the other hand, no cell death (measured by annexin V/PI) was evident with the normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with treatment of either PSP or CPT. Conclusion The present study shows that PSP increases the sensitization of the HL-60 cells to undergo effective apoptotic cell death induced by CPT. The pattern of sensitivity of cancer cells is similar to that of HL-60 cells. PSP rapidly arrests and/or kills cells in S-phase and did not interfere with the anticancer action of CPT. PSP is a potential adjuvant to treat human leukemia as rapidly proliferating tumors is characterized by a high proportion of S-phase cells.