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A field research was conducted in the Agricultural High-tech Demonstration Park in Horqin District of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, using the maize variety Nonghua 101 with two cropping modes, including strip-till with staggered planting (seeding strip tillage, 15 cm + 45 cm narrow-double row staggered sowing, TGCW) and conventional tillage with equal row space (rotary tillage with row space of 60 cm, CK), and three planting densities (67,500 plants hm-2, 82,500 plants hm-2, and 97,500 plants hm-2) in 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of strip-till with staggered planting on regulating spring maize yield formation and coordination characteristics of shoot-root in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain. The model of that strip-till with staggered planting enhanced maize yield by 13.1% and 13.8% in 2017 and 2018, under the planting density 82,500 plants hm-2 compared with CK, respectively. The strip-till with staggered planting showed a distinct advantage on the amount and rate of dry matter accumulation after silking, which obviously delayed the senility of leaves in later growth stage, meanwhile, compared with CK, the light transmittance significantly increased in or above panicle layers. The leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate and population photosynthetic potential in the model of strip-till with staggered planting were higher than those in CK in late growth stage. At later growing stage, the strip-till with staggered planting had significantly higher root dry weight than CK in different soil layers, with the highest root ratio in 20-60 cm, especially under higher planting density. The grain yield against per unit of root weight at silking and root-shoot ratio at maturity had a distinct advantage. In conclusion the strip-till with staggered planting combined with high planting density can increase light transmission rate in above-spike layer in late growing stage, alleviate leaf area decline, increase production capacity, facilitate root growth and increase root ratio in deeper soil layers. Shoot-root coordination under dense planting is one of the main reasons facilitating yield increase of spring maize in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simulation model for maize spike differentiation and phenophase was established by analysis of temperatures and illumination treatments effects on maize growth and development process based on physiological development time constancy. Specific Bata function was applied in the model to calculate the daily thermal effect, and Gaussian function for photoperiodic effects. Temperature sensitivity, photoperiod sensitivity, intrinsic earliness and filling fractions which are genetic coefficients used to express genetic differences of maize development process. The model was tested at different growth stages and nitrogen factor was corrected by the actual nitrogen content, the critical nitrogen content and the lowest nitrogen content of plant. Results demonstrated that the absolute simulation error on growth stages (including emergence, jointing, silking, filling and maturity) and tassel and ear differentiation stages (including growing tip lengthening, spikelet differentiation, floret differentiation stage and sexual organ development) in different maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars was between 0-5 d, and the root mean square error was found less than 3.5 d. The proposed model demonstrated that the mechanism is rational and practical. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four castor cultivars, Tongbi 5, Tongbi 6, Tongbi 9 and Zhongdong were used to construct the mechanism model of flower bud differentiation development stages and phenophase in castor, based on the principle of crop physiological development time constancy. Temperature sensitivity, photoperiod sensitivity, intrinsic earliness and filling factors were used in the model. The relative thermal effectiveness was calculated by Bate function and photoperiod effectiveness was calculated by Gauss function. The model was examined in different years and sites. The results showed that absolute errors of flower bud differentiation development stages and phenophase were 0 - 5d, and root mean square error was fewer than 3d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mechanism pattern was systematically established to predict flower bud differentiation and phe-nophase of soybean by using the principle of crop physiological development time constancy. Specific Bate function was applied in the model to present the thermal effect. Four genetic parameters as temperature sensitivity, photope-riod sensitivity, intrinsic earliness and filling fraction, were used to distinguish the difference in varieties. Result tested in different plant regions included flower bud differentiation (including perianth, pistil and stamens primor-dia, ovule and pollen differentiation or formation), and phenophase (including flower primodium differentiation pe-riod, pistil and stamen primodium differentiation period, ovule and pollen formation period, seedling, blooming, podding, seed filling, and ripening. It suggested that the analogy model of soybean development stages was predict-able with the most absolute errors of analogy between 0 and 4d. The root mean square error ( RMSE) of the model was less than 3 d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By adopting vermiculite culture, this paper studied the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and polyamines (PAs) metabolism in the seeds of two vegetable soybean cultivars with different salt tolerance under the stress of 100 mmol NaCl·L-1. NaCl stress increased the MDA contents in the seeds of the two cultivars significantly, but the increment was lower for salt-resistant cultivar 'Lülingtezao' (LL) than for salt-sensitive cultivar 'Lixianggaochan 95-1' (LX). In the whole period of NaCl stress, LL seeds had higher contents of free spermine (Spm), conjugated Spm, conjugated spermidine (Spd), bound Spd and bound putrescine (Put), higher values of (Spd+Spm)/Put and (cPAs+bPAs)/fPAs, and lower value of Put/PAs, and had higher content of free Spd in the mid and late period (9-15 d) of NaCl stress, as compared with LX seeds. In a longer term (6-15 d) of the stress, LL seeds maintained a higher activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and a lower activity of polyamine oxidase (PAO). All the results suggested that LL seeds had stronger capabilities for polyamines synthesis and for the transformation of Put to Spd and Spm and of free polyamine to conjugated and bound polyamines, which effectively inhibited the membrane lipid peroxidation, possibly being one of the important reasons for the stronger salt tolerance of LL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 1951-2007 observation data of precipitation and temperature from Tongliao, Kailu, and Zhalute meteorological stations as well as the related hydrologic data from Tongliao hydrological survey bureau and water affairs bureau, the change characteristics of the climate and water resources in west Liaohe River Plain were studied. The results showed that in 1951-2007, the precipitation in its periodical changes in study area had a decreasing trend. The tendency rate of precipitation was -13.2 mm·(10 a)-1, and the instability of precipitation was increased. The runoff of four inbound rivers including Xilamulun all decreased, with the mean annual runoff in 2001-2007 being only 22.8% of that in 1990-1994. From 1951 to 2007, the runoff of west Liaohe River decreased, and the days of its zero flow increased. Since 2001, the River had been zero flow. The groundwater overdraft area and the funnel area in Keerqin Region in 2006 increased by 8.5 times and 15.5 times, respectively, compared with those in 1978; and the average groundwater level in Keerqin Region, Kailu County, and Naiman Banner in 2006 increased by 3.76 m, 2.77 m, and 1.93 m, respectively, compared with that in 1980. Since the 1970s, the number of electromechanical well in study area was increasing, irrigation amount had a fluctuated rise, and the proportion of agricultural water consumption had different extent decrease. Therefore, to exploit and use the water resources in atmosphere, to popularize water-saving irrigation technologies, and to make a reasonable arrangement of industrial structure were the effective measures in realizing the sustainable utilization of water resources in west Liaohe River Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By adopting vermiculite culture, this paper studied the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and polyamines (PAs) metabolism in the seeds of two vegetable soybean cultivars with different salt tolerance under the stress of 100 mmol NaCl x L(-1). NaCl stress increased the MDA contents in the seeds of the two cultivars significantly, but the increment was lower for salt-resistant cultivar 'Lülingtezao' (LL) than for salt-sensitive cultivar 'Lixianggaochan 95-1' (LX). In the whole period of NaCl stress, LL seeds had higher contents of free spermine (Spm), conjugated Spm, conjugated spermidine (Spd), bound Spd and bound putrescine (Put), higher values of (Spd+Spm)/Put and (cPAs+bPAs)/fPAs, and lower value of Put/PAs, and had higher content of free Spd in the mid and late period (9-15 d) of NaCl stress, as compared with LX seeds. In a longer term (6-15 d) of the stress, LL seeds maintained a higher activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and a lower activity of polyamine oxidase (PAO). All the results suggested that LL seeds had stronger capabilities for polyamines synthesis and for the transformation of Put to Spd and Spm and of free polyamine to conjugated and bound polyamines, which effectively inhibited the membrane lipid peroxidation, possibly being one of the important reasons for the stronger salt tolerance of LL.

Based on the 1951-2007 observation data of precipitation and temperature from Tongliao, Kailu, and Zhalute meteorological stations as well as the related hydrologic data from Tongliao hydrological survey bureau and water affairs bureau, the change characteristics of the climate and water resources in west Liaohe River Plain were studied. The results showed that in 1951-2007, the precipitation in its periodical changes in study area had a decreasing trend. The tendency rate of precipitation was -13.2 mm x (10 a)(-1), and the instability of precipitation was increased. The runoff of four inbound rivers including Xilamulun all decreased, with the mean annual runoff in 2001-2007 being only 22.8% of that in 1990-1994. From 1951 to 2007, the runoff of west Liaohe River decreased, and the days of its zero flow increased. Since 2001, the River had been zero flow. The groundwater overdraft area and the funnel area in Keerqin Region in 2006 increased by 8.5 times and 15.5 times, respectively, compared with those in 1978; and the average groundwater level in Keerqin Region, Kailu County, and Naiman Banner in 2006 increased by 3.76 m, 2.77 m, and 1.93 m, respectively, compared with that in 1980. Since the 1970s, the number of electromechanical well in study area was increasing, irrigation amount had a fluctuated rise, and the proportion of agricultural water consumption had different extent decrease. Therefore, to exploit and use the water resources in atmosphere, to popularize water-saving irrigation technologies, and to make a reasonable arrangement of industrial structure were the effective measures in realizing the sustainable utilization of water resources in west Liaohe River Plain.