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Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) and stroke are two common chronic illnesses that have a substantial impact on rates of morbidity and mortality. There is significant evidence linking diabetes to an increased risk of stroke in terms of incidence, severity, and mortality. This extensive review looks at shared risk factors, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, epidemiological trends, and evidencebased therapy approaches to give a thorough analysis of the causal relationship between diabetes mellitus and stroke. Studies using epidemiological data regularly show that people with diabetes have a higher incidence of stroke than people without the disease. Furthermore, diabetes is linked to a less favorable outcome following a stroke, as well as an elevated chance of stroke recurrence. Determining the pathophysiological pathways that connect diabetes and stroke is essential to understanding their relationship. Key pathophysiological processes associated with these disorders include endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Due to microvascular complications, these mechanisms raise the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and predispose diabetics to an increased risk of ischemic stroke by creating a prothrombotic and atherosclerotic milieu. Diabetes and stroke are linked due to shared risk factors like smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and poor glycemic control. Lifestyle changes, blood pressure control, lipid-lowering therapy, antiplatelet medicines, and a nutritious diet are essential for stroke risk reduction. Reducing the risk of stroke in people with diabetes requires the implementation of management techniques that focus on both diabetes control and stroke prevention. Optimizing results and lowering the frequency of stroke-related complications in diabetics requires multidisciplinary care. The intricate interactions between diabetes mellitus and stroke are highlighted in this review's conclusion, which also highlights the value of patient education, risk factor treatment, the effect of antidiabetic therapy on stroke, and integrated care in lowering the incidence of stroke in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is looking for sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to conventional building materials. As the world faces increasing environmental challenges, the need for greener construction practices has become more urgent. Cement production is known for its high energy consumption and significant carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is essential to find ways to reduce the environmental impact of cement production and use. One promising area of research is the use of industrial byproducts such as steel slag to partially replace cement in concrete. The use of these by-products not only solves the problem of waste disposal but also provides a sustainable solution to improve the properties of building materials. When mixed with cement, steel slag participates in pozzolanic reactions, in which reactive silica from the slag reacts with calcium hydroxide, produced during the hydration of cement, to form calcium silicate hydrate gel (CSH). This CSH gel is responsible for the strength and durability of concrete. Incorporating steel slag can improve the mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. In addition, steel slag can improve the durability properties of concrete, such as resistance to chemical attack, reduced permeability, and increased resistance to physical and chemical degradation over time. This paper investigates the durability properties of cement when partially replaced by steel slag, focusing on various aspects of durability, including resistance to chemical attack, mechanical strength, and long-term performance under various environmental conditions. The study includes a comprehensive experimental program designed to evaluate the impact of steel slag on the durability of concrete through a series of tests and analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of many industries produces a large amount of by-products in solid, semi-solid, and liquid form because industrial waste can be toxic or non-toxic in nature, causing serious damage to the environment. India has a vast network of existing industries, and in the future, many more will produce millions of tons of various by-product materials. Pollution and disposal problems can be reduced by using these materials effectively in civil engineering projects. This paper examined the evaluation of red mud produced in the alumina processing industry to determine its suitability as a construction material based on physical, chemical, and other civil engineering properties. Red mud is the fine-grained residue that remains after alumina has been extracted from bauxite ore. About 10 million metric tons of red mud waste is generated every year in India, causing very serious and alarming environmental problems. Neutralizing this red mud would be very beneficial, as it would reduce pollution. In addition, the neutralized red mud could be reused in construction mixes and as a raw material. The physical, chemical, and geotechnical characteristics of these waste materials were critically evaluated for this purpose. It was found that red mud can be used as building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of sleep problems is approximately 40% among the general and health-care populations. Post-covid-19 sleep disturbances may persist for a long time and are often precursors of psychiatric disorders and expeditors of many systemic diseases. Studies on sleep quality in COVID-19 patients are considerable but in post-COVID-recovered subjects are scanty. There is no study on sleep quality of such patients in Eastern India. Aims and Objectives: We hypothesize that both sleep disturbances and sleep quality may be affected in subjects in their post-COVID state. Therefore, we planned to study the prevalence of sleep disturbances, sleep quality, severity of insomnia, and the relationship of different parameters with respect to sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty COVID-19-recovered patients were administered a pre-structured questionnaire including Pittsburgh sleep quality index and insomnia severity index containing various sleep parameters. Results: Majority of the study participants had sleep disturbances in the form of change in sleep pattern (59.6%), poor sleep quality (77.6%), reduced sleep duration (29.6%), daytime sleepiness (20%), difficulty in sleep initiation (29.6%), and subthreshold insomnia (53.6%). Poor sleep quality was strongly associated with reinfection, change in sleep pattern after infection, sleep pattern alteration during pandemic, and those who felt tired during daytime. Conclusion: This study concludes that a significant number of COVID19-recovered subjects experienced sleep disturbances including poor sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]