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Quasi-static and dynamic compression were conducted on a new Ti-based dendrite/nanostructured matrix composite with an atomic composition of Ti58Zr12Ni6Nb13Be11. The composites exhibit high yielding strength of ∼1100 MPa, together with a considerable plasticity of 50% upon quasi-static compression at room temperature. Upon high-speed dynamic compression, a large plasticity of ∼15% can be obtained due to plasticity accommodation by abundant dislocations and profuse shear bands. A constitutive relationship is established by Johnson-Cook model, which is employed to predict the plastic flow behavior.

Reverse micellar dyeing of cotton fabrics with PEG-based non-ionic surfactant in heptane non-aqueous medium with the use of reactive dyes with different reactive groups was investigated. Single jersey knitted fabrics were used in this study. The experimental results reveal that samples dyed by both one-bath and two-bath heptane reverse micellar methods can achieve higher colour yield than the conventional water-based dyeing method. Among different reactive dyes, samples dyed with hetero-bifunctional vinylsulfone based reactive dyes could achieved higher colour yield (K/S) than the homo-bifunctional and monofunctional reactive dyes in non-aqueous dyeing medium. Moreover, the ranges of L*, a* and b* value for hetero-bifunctional vinylsulfone based reactive dyes were narrower than homo-bifunctional and monofunctional reactive dyes. In term of levelness, monofunctional reactive dyes generally resulted a better levelness than homo-bifunctional and hetero-bifunctional reactive dyes. Although one-bath heptane method yields high K/Ssum values, the problem of unlevelness should be considered while the use of two-bath heptane reverse micellar method can strike a balance between levelness and colour yield.

A novel light-weight and high-toughness in-situ dendrite/metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) with a composition of Ti58Zr12Ni6Ta13Be11 was designed. Quasi-static and dynamic compressive properties of MGMCs were investigated. The alloys showed excellent compressive properties of the maximum strength over 1.6 GPa and the total strain over 10% under the quasi-static loading. Under dynamic compressive loading, the compressive strength increased up to 1.9 GPa, whereas the total strain is nearly undiminished exhibited favourable plastic deformation. Deformation mechanisms related to the improvement of strength and ductility were investigated thoroughly by focusing on how ductile dendrites affected the initiation and propagation of deformation bands, accompanied with the localization of deformed bands and effects of ω phase precipitation, shear slipping, thermo softening, and melting. A constitutive relationship is obtained by modified Johnson-Cook plasticity model, which is applied to model the dynamic flow stress behavior. In addition, under dynamic compression, the strain rate effect of the yielding strength exerts distinctly positive strain rate sensitivity (SRS), which can be attributed to the dendrite-dominated plastic deformation fracture mechanism related to the significant accommodation of deformed bands and dislocation in the dendrites to the macroscopic dynamic deformation at relative strain rates.

Use of reactive dyes of red, blue and yellow colours for exhaustion dyeing of cotton conventional water-based dyeing method and PEG-based solvent-assisted reverse micelle dyeing method was investigated. Calibration curves of both dyeing approaches were established. The calibration results show that red dye can achieve higher absorbance value than yellow and blue dyes and the R-square of the curves can reach a value above 0.99 which indicates the curves are linear in structure and suitable for subsequent measurement. The values of substantivity factor (S), exhaustion factor (E), rate of fixation (R) and fixation factor (F) (SERF) are measured in percentage. The results reveal that using reverse micelle method can achieve higher dye absorption in both exhaustion and fixation processes, resulting in higher final exhaustion of dye in fibre than with the conventional water-based method. Therefore, the reverse micellar dyed samples generally can obtain higher dye absorption, lower reflectance percentage and darker shade in appearance than conventional water-based dyeing.

The deformation behaviors of in-situ Ti50Zr18Ni5Ta15Be12 bulk metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) were investigated upon quasi-static and dynamic loadings. The present MGMCs exhibit good quasi-static mechanical properties, combining high fracture strength (2460 MPa) with remarkable plasticity (20%) at the strain rate of 5×10−4 s−1. When the strain rate is higher than 3080 s−1, the strain rate effect of the yielding strength has an apparent negative strain rate sensitivity (SRS), which can be ascribed to the deteriorated ability of dendrites to impede the propagation of shear bands and the matrix-dominated fracture related to thermal softening at higher strain rates. Based on their deformation mechanisms, a constitutive relationship is obtained by cooperative shear model (CSM), which is employed to model the dynamic yielding stress behavior. The constitutive equations are established for describing the present MGMCs.

International cooperation is the key factor in mitigating the climate change impacts on the human and environmental system. Climate change cooperation index can incentivize countries to embrace international agreements to achieve an efficient mitigation. This paper argues that non-compensatory rule can generate a more theoretically meaningful climate change cooperation index if the preferential independence between indicators cannot be guaranteed, sub-indicator weights are assigned with the meaning of the importance and compensability between sub-indicator is not desirable. Hence, this paper introduces a non-compensatory composite indicator approach to construct a new climate change cooperation index for cooperation performance evaluation. The main results are reported and discussed. An uncertainty analysis shows that the non-compensatory index has relatively good robustness on both weight factor and data inaccuracy.

The color matching and levelness of cotton fabrics dyed with reactive dye, in a non-aqueous environmentally-friendly medium of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), was investigated using the non-ionic surfactant reverse-micellar approach comprised of poly(ethylene glycol)-based surfactant. The calibration dyeing databases for both conventional water-based dyeing and D5-assisted reverse micellar dyeing were established, along with the dyeing of standard samples with predetermined concentrations. Computer color matching (CCM) was conducted by using different color difference formulae for both dyeing methods. Experimental results reveal that the measured concentrations were nearly the same as the expected concentrations for both methods. This indicates that the D5-assisted non-ionic reverse micellar dyeing approach can achieve color matching as good as the conventional dyeing system. The levelness of the dyed samples was measured according to the relative unlevelness indices (RUI), and the results reveal that the samples dyed by the D5 reverse micellar dyeing system can achieve good to excellent levelness comparable to that of the conventional dyeing system.

The mechanical model of the tapping torque and the friction one were established based on Theoretical Research of Tapping Forces. A series of standard taps with a cutting cone angle of 7°30′ were prepared from high-speed steel W9 and used to tap Nickel-based superalloy GH4169.It was found that the friction torque was about 45% of the total torque as tapping with the standard taps. Friction torque is the main reason in tapping difficult –to-cut materials.

This work presents investigations on the selective recovery of Ni and Co from Ni–Cu matte by two-stage counter-current leaching. The investigations indicated that the sulphuric acid used during leaching can be fully replaced by sulphur. The leaching behavior of nickel and cobalt were determined and the influences of temperature, the amount of sulphur and oxygen pressure on leaching process were also investigated. A pilot plant experiment was carried out to confirm the developed process. It is found that, under two leaching conditions: (1) Ambient pressure leaching: sulphur coefficient = 1.15, T = 85 ± 5 °C and time = 2.5 h with a liquid to solid ratio of 5:1 (i.e., L/S = 5:1), and (2) Elevated pressure leaching: L/S = 5:1, T = 150 ± 5 °C, pressure = 1.45 MPa, air flowrate = 1500 ± 50 N m3/h and time = 6 h; the achieved recoveries of Ni and Co were >96.02%. The ratio of Cu/Ni is higher than 45 in the resulting residue, which is favorable for effective recovery Cu by simple H2SO4 leaching followed by electrowinning step to obtain copper metal. Therefore, the leaching liquor can be used to recover Ni and Co after removal of iron and Cu can be extracted from the residue.

Two approaches are frequently used to study the critical technology and market trends of industry. One analyzes the business processes from the market perspective with statistics market survey. The other perspective predicts new technologies from the patent (intellectual property) data. Business process analysis is limited to analyzing existing technologies and market applications. Since the service delivery processes are not frequently linked to the intellectual property of the underlying technologies, applying a patent perspective enables the analysis of technology trends, technology ownership, and royalty payment analysis. These data are used to illustrate the technology life cycles, predict emerging trends, and identify research opportunities with Computer Supported tools. Patent analysis enables the predictions of technology trends but poorly links the technology to actual products for market adoption cause of the large amount of the data. This research develops an innovative computer supported approach for technology analysis combining both market and patent perspectives. The business processes of a given knowledge domain, driven by the market perspective, is analyzed to build the basis of the domain's ontology. Afterward, the key phrases of the business processes are added to form the ontology schema. The related patents are then systematically linked to the business process schema nodes. The research approach enables the business process-oriented patent portfolios among current and potential competitors to be mapped and critically compared from both market performance and technology ownership perspectives. The methodology allows in-depth integrated views of rivals' patenting and business development for strategic R&D management. The case of InvisalignTM innovative orthodontic services and the patent portfolio is studied to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been developed and applied to many domains where product mass-customisation is critical to maintaining competitive advantage. For instance, AM has been adopted for use in the medical and dental manufacture of implants, prosthetics and orthodontics, where these devices must be made to match each patient's unique facial, dental or other body profiles. The research presented focuses on the technological and functional aspects of patent informatics to discover the innovation trends for materials, products, and processes. The research proposes a generic methodology incorporating patent text and data mining to create an ontology based technology function (TF) matrix for any technology domain. The TF matrix is applied to describe the distribution of global dental AM patents. The research compares the latest dental-related AM research initiatives in Taiwan with globally emerging patents. The patent based analytical approach enables RD Revised 22 October 2016; Accepted 8 November 2016]

Ni x Al 100− x ( x =70, 75, 80at.%) alloys were obtained by planar flow casting. The phase selection behavior of the alloys under different processing conditions was studied by using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. In contrast to the conventional casting ingots, the volume fraction of γ′-Ni 3 Al in the melt-spun ribbons increased and the volume fraction of β-NiAl decreased. In the alloys Ni 70 Al 30 and Ni 75 Al 25 , this trend is mainly due to the domination of the γ′ phase in the competition with the β phase, caused by the higher kinetic undercooling of the γ′ phase during rapid solidification. The effects of melt quenching on the phase compositions were explained on the basis of the kinetic analyses of nucleation and dendrite growth of coexisting intermetallics γ′(L1 2 ) and β (B2) phases.

Microstructure of rapidly solidified AlFeTi alloys with and without Ce addition was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A new equation was given to calculate the relationship between the growth rate V , the ribbon temperature T and the solid thickness fraction f s . The results were consistent with the microstructure observation. It can be concluded that the substitution of AlTiCe ternary phase for the Al 3 Ti particles by introducing Ce into rapid solidification AlFeTi alloy resulted in the elimination of potent heterogeneous nucleants.

Broad-band monolithic diode mixers covering 17.5-33 GHz with different topologies are designed, fabricated and tested. The topologies under investigation include the singly balanced mixer with 90/spl deg/ and 180/spl deg/ coupler and the sub-harmonically pumped (SHP) mixer. These monolithic microwave integrated circuits are fabricated using a 0.2-/spl mu/m pseudomorphic HEMT foundry process on a 4-mil thick GaAs substrate, and thus the measurement results for each topology are evaluated on a fair basis. The SHP mixer, with a miniature size of 1.3 mm/spl times/1.1 mm, demonstrates 10-12 dB conversion loss at 17.5-33 GHz of RF with 2.5-GHz IF and both LO-to-RF, LO-to-IF isolations of both better than 25 dB. It outmatches the singly balanced approaches, as well as achieves rival performance compared with previously reported results at similar frequencies.

Magnetic hysteresis loops(MHL) of the single crystal Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ were measured with different temperature under the same applied field sweep rate, and these results are used to investigate the pinning properties of this sample, and we could also extend this method to other measurements.