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The effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic responses of multi-storey buildings is investigated. The execution of SSI effects is conducted in two ways viz. Winkler approach and soil continuum approach. Time-history analysis methods are used for the seismic evaluation of parameters like time period, modal mass participation, base shear, lateral displacement, storey drift and inter-storey drift ratio. The present study consists of two parts; one is fixed base analysis i.e. without SSI, and the other is flexible base analysis i.e. with SSI. The buildings are modelled using finite element-based software SAP2000, where the equilibrium equations are solved by Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method. A parametric study is performed with existing ground motion and varying numbers of stories to inherit the above parameters' responses. The results obtained from flexible base conditions are compared to those corresponding to fixed base conditions. The study shows that the behaviour of the structure changes under the SSI conditions and it may become vital in some cases; however, ambiguity also subsists with SSI.

Tube wells water is increasingly being sought as a supply of ingesting water because of the shortage, non-availability and bacteriological pollutants of floor water. This paper describes the vital results of the Physico-chemical evaluation of the tube wells water samples of the rural areas in Churela, District – Jhunjhunu of Rajasthan State. The special parameters determined are pH, TDS, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, overall alkalinity and overall hardness. It has been discovered that nitrate values are better compared to ICMR requirements. Other parameters had been determined inside appropriate limits. As a result the analysis of the water pleasant is very important to maintain and prefect the natural eco system. The examine of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of this tube wells water samples indicates that the evaluation of water nice parameters in addition to water pleasant control practices ought to be accomplished periodically to shield the water sources.

The water has become an emotive issue with the people. The paper presents groundwater quality assessments of Pilani Town District Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan India. The water samples were collected from 10 open wells, tube wells and hand pumps in Pilani. Ground water is increasingly being sought as a source of drinking water due to the scarcity, non-availability and bacteriological pollution of surface water. This paper describes the important results of the Physico-chemical Assessment of the ground water samples of the open wells, tube wells and hand pumps of the urban areas in Pilani, District Jhunjhunu of Rajasthan. The different parameters determined are pH, TDS, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total alkalinity and total hardness. It has been observed that nitrate values are higher compaired to ICMR standards. Other parameters were found within desirable limits. The interesting fact is that the nitrate alone is making ground water unfit for drinking.

In Present Paper the Physicochemical Studies of ground water of Chirawa, Buhana and Surajgarh tehsil of Jhunjhunu district have been studied. Water samples from the ground water of villages, colonies, school, hospitals and railway station were collected and analysed for physico- chemical parameters like ammonia, alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Total hardness, and concentration of ions like chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, some heavy metal like as Mn and Fe. It has been observed that all parameters were found within desirable limit compared to BIS, but fluoride, potassium, and sodium values are higher compared to WHO. The interesting fact that phosphorus, iron and manganese were not found in any ground water samples. Only fluoride, potassium and sodium are making ground water unfit for drinking.

The pre-scission α-particle multiplicity (αpre), measured in $^{16}$O (96 MeV) + $^{232}$Th reaction, is observed to be significantly lower than the global trend reported earlier. Statistical model calculations also show a much shorter fission-time to reproduce the experimental αpre. By assimilating the previous measurements, it is observed that the αpre makes a changeover from high to a very low value while crossing the Businaro Gallone point in mass asymmetry in the entrance channels in heavy-ion induced fission of $^{232}$Th. Similar discontinuous behavior with respect to the entrance channel mass asymmetry was observed earlier in fission fragment angular anisotropy data, and it was attributed to “pre-equilibrium fission”. The present results on αpre provide compelling evidence for an admixture of non-equilibrium fission which depends on the entrance channel dynamics.

BACKGROUND Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacillus, multidrug resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogen, which is normally present in hospital surroundings. It has been one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections due to risk factors such as extended intensive care unit (ICU) stays and multiple invasive procedures. In this study we wanted to assess the antibiotic sensitivity pattern with various antimicrobial agents i.e. levofloxacin, minocycline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, & ticarcillin-clavulanic acid with special focus on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). METHODS In vitro analysis was conducted on 164 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from blood and respiratory tract from January 2016 to November 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), levofloxacin (LVX), ticarcillin - clavulanic acid (TIM), and minocycline (MIN) were performed using Vitek 2, as per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guideline. RESULTS A total of 164 S. maltophilia were isolated. Out of the 164 S. maltophilia isolates, 26 (16 %) were isolated from blood, 114 (70 %) were isolated from respiratory samples, 20 (12 %) from pus & tissue, and 4 (2 %) from urine. Out of the 164 patients, 130 (80 %) were males and 32 (20 %) were females. Maximum patients were above 50 years of age 93 (56 %) followed by 20 - 50 years 55 (34 %). Out of the 164 patients, 67 (40 %) were admitted to wards, 92 (56 %) were in ICU and 5 (3 %) were seen in out-patient department (OPD). A total of 90 % strains were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Total 91 % strains were sensitive to levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS S. maltophilia is emerging as a significant nosocomial pathogen, with a growing rate of isolation. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is still the drug of choice, but resistance to it has been reported. KEYWORDS Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), Levofloxacin

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (BM) has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for improving memory and cognitive deficits which is also evidenced through experimental and clinical studies. The neuropharmacological properties of BM are attributed to “bacosides”, a complex mixture of saponin compounds. BM extracts enriched with bacosides offers commercial advantage due to perceived higher efficacy. However, there is no scientific data to support the same. In the present study, methanolic extract of BM (BME) was compared with bacosides enriched (BME-EF) vis a vis bacosides free fraction (BME-FF). Potential antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity has been evaluated using in vitro and in vivo methods. BME showed not only the highest anti-amnesic efficacy but also antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity, followed by either BME-FF or BME-EF. Interestingly, no significant differences were found in between the groups. These findings dispel the notion that bacosides enrichment enhances anti-amnesic efficacy and also suggests the contribution of other components.

Post stroke recanalization has been associated with increased risk of oxidative stress. Stimulating endogenous antioxidant pathway by activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) plays a key role in neuronal defense against inflammation and oxidative stress in penumbra. Here, we explored whether monomethyl fumarate (MMF) could produce neuro-protection after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via Nrf2/HO1 activation. In male SD rats, middle cerebral artery was occluded for 90 min and confirmed using Laser Doppler flowmeter. MMF (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) was administered in two divided doses at 30 min post ischemia and 5-10 min after reperfusion. After 24 h, effect on neurobehavioral parameters, infarct damage by TTC staining and MRI, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Expression studies of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic HO1 were performed in peri-infarct cortex and striatum; followed by dual immunofluorescence study to check the specific cell type. I/R induced neurobehavioral deficits and infarct damage were significantly (p 0.05) attenuated by MMF (20 and 40 mg/kg). MMF, 20 mg/kg, significantly normalized I/R induced altered redox status and increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β in the ipsilateral cortex. MRI data showed significantly reduced infarct in cortex but not in striatum after MMF treatment. Expression of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic HO1 were significantly (p 0.05) increased in peri-infarct cortex after treatment with MMF. Additionally, dual immunofluorescence showed increased Nrf2 expression in neurons and HO1 expression in neurons as well as astrocytes in peri-infarct cortex after MMF treatment. Our results show the neuro-protective potential of MMF probably by restricting the progression of damage from striatum to cortex through activation of Nrf2/HO1 pathway in peri-infarct cortex.

Cisplatin is an effective anti-cancer drug which causes remarkable toxicity to kidney by generating reactive oxygen species and by stimulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathway. Citrus flavonoid, like nobiletin has been reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate these properties of nobiletin, a polymethoxy flavone in cisplatin-induced acute renal injury. Adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. Nobiletin was administered at the dose of 1.25, 2.5 and 5mg/kg for a period of 10 days. On 7th day, a single injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg) was injected to rats. Cisplatin administration resulted in renal dysfunction as evident by increase in serum creatinine and BUN levels. Oxidative stress in cisplatin group was reflected by increase in MDA level, and depletion of anti-oxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in renal tissue. Furthermore, cisplatin increased the expressions of Bax, caspase-3 and DNA damage along with decreased expression of Bcl-2 in the renal tissue. Histological analysis also revealed acute tubular necrosis. However, pretreatment with nobiletin preserved renal function and restored anti-oxidant status. Nobiletin supplementation inhibited activation of apoptotic pathways and DNA damage. It also attenuated tubular injury histologically. Collectively, the result of this study suggests the nephroprotective potential of nobiletin which may be related to its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Two new exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations for perfect fluid distribution are obtained using Lake’s (Phys. Rev. D 67:104015, 2003) algorithm. The same are utilized to construct stellar models of physical relevance and possessing the maximum mass 2.6956M Θ (quark star) and 0.9643M Θ (white dwarfs) with the corresponding radius 20.5489 km and 3.1699 km respectively.

Centella asiatica (CA) has been used by Ayurvedic medical practitioners in India for almost 3000 years. The neuropharmacological properties of CA and its constituents have been studied extensively. Anti-oxidant, free radical scavenging and cholinergic modulatory activities are the reported mechanisms of action for its efficacy in memory disorders. Its medicinal values are mainly attributed to the presence of several triterpenes, namely asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, and madecassoside. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of these triterpenes content in CA extract on the antioxidant, cholinesterase modulation and anti-amnesic properties. The fractions of CA extract enriched for (CAE-EF) and depleted/freed of (CAE-FF) triterpenes contents were compared with methanolic extract (CAE). Both in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluation of antioxidant and anticholinergic activities were used. In vitro, free radical scavenging assays (ABTS, DPPH, NO, NORAC, and ORAC) and cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) inhibition assays were used. For evaluation of anti-amnesic effect, scopolamine induced amnesia in rats, as the acute model of memory loss was used. Following behavioural assessments (MWM, PA, EPM), biomarkers of oxidative stress (reduced GSH, MDA and SOD activity) and cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) status were also estimated in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rat brain. The methanolic extract (CAE) was found to perform best among all three fractions for in vitro free radical scavenging, cholinesterase inhibition, improvement of scopolamine-induced amnesia and also in vivo antioxidant effect and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Interestingly triterpenes free fraction (CAE-FF) showed better antioxidant activity than triterpenes enriched fraction (CAE-EF) along with comparable anti-amnesic effect. This indicates that triterpenes are not solely responsible for antioxidant activity, cholinesterase inhibitory and anti-amnesic effect of CA.

In the present work, an efficient synthesis of some new Amino-Pyrimidine Derivatives has been created through response of chalcones of cyclic imides and guanidine nitrate in presence of neutral alumina. The new synthesized amino-pyrimidines showed synergistic significant activities against Candida albicans and Aspergillus nigerfungal strains.

Ground water is one of the most useful water sources for sustaining life and environment, but over the last few decades the water quality has been deteriorated to it's over exploitation. Contamination of such water source is a big problem creating health hazard. The study has been carried out assess the ground water quality and its appropriateness for drinking in most rural habitations of Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan. And assess the ground water quality parameters such as; pH, TDS, Electrical Conductivity, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Potassium, Fluoride, Sulphate and Nitrate have been analysed.

Aim: The extreme efforts have been developed to design novel compounds to strains of resistant micro-organisms. On-going search for novel and amazing drug delivery systems is primarily impact of the well-established fact that the convectional dosages are not sufficiently effective in conveying the drug compounds to its site of action and this has required the need to search for more efficient drugs. The metal complexes of Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) with a tridentate ligand 2, 5-diamino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole has been prepared by cyclisation of bithiourea in a 3% hydrogen peroxide medium. 2, 5-diamino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole acts as neutral tridentate ligand and coordinates through the sulphur atom and nitrogen of the amines. The complexes are non-electrolyte in DMF. The complexes exhibited octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activities of ligand and its complexes were screened using sensitivity test, minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bacterial concentration method. Metal chelates showed greater antimicrobial activities as compared to the control and the ligand. The metal chelates and the ligand did not exhibited activity against Aspergillus niger and Penicillin species. Methods: Elemental analyses, IR spectra, magnetic susceptibilities by using Faraday Balance, molar conductance by using Genway 4200 conductivity meter. Metal estimation by using Alpha 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Thin layer chromatography was carried out using TLC plate coated with silica gel. Results: The results of the elemental analyses are in good agreement with those calculated for the suggested formulae, 1:2 (M:L) solid chelates are isolated and found to have the general formulae [(ML2)] X2; M¼Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) (X¼Cl). The IR spectra revealed that the ligand L is a neutral tridentate ligand. It coordinated to the metal ions via the nitrogen of the amines and sulphur atom. The molar conductance values of the Co (II), Ni (II), and Cu (II) complexes were relatively low, indicating the non-electrolytic nature of these complexes. The ligand and metal complexes show antimicrobial effect against the tested organism species except against molds of penicillin and Aspergillus. Niesseria gonorrhoea was probably the most sensitive organism to the 2, 5-Diamino-1, 3, 4-Thiadizole and its metal complexes. Metal complexes showed greater activity against some of the micro-organisms compared to the parent compounds.

Aim Pyrimidine and their derivatives play the vital role in the field of drugs and agricultural chemicals. In recent decades, a large no. of pharmacological studies has been done on Pyrimidine and their derivatives. But still more research is required in order to necessity of biological compounds. “The Chalcone is an aromatic compound that forms the central core for different necessity of biological compounds. The Chalcone is synthesized by an aldol, condensation of 4-methoxy acetophenone with m-phenoxy benzaldehydes in the presence of a catalyst that is treated with thiourea to provide Pyrimidine. The Pyrimidine treated with substituted N-1,3-benzothiazole-2-yl-2-chloro amide gives a compound”. Methods Elemental analysis, IR, H NMR, C NMR melting point, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates (silica gel G) is used to determine the purity of the compounds. Result Antimicrobial activity: All the synthesized compounds screened against four different strains, viz two Gram +ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes) and two Gram −ve bacteria (Escherichia coli & Pseudomonas aeruginosa), analyzed with standard drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, & norfloxacin. Antifungal activities: All the synthesized compounds screened against Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger organisms, analyzed with standard drugs nystatin and griseofulvin. Conclusion In this paper we focused on the reactions, synthesis, spectral analysis and Microbial activities of Pyrimidine based benzothiazole derivatives. The method gives excellent than previously reported literature. Some of the compounds were effective as antimicrobial and antifungal agents.

Patients on dialysis have an increased incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Rifampicin, a first-line antitubercular therapy (ATT) drug, is a potent inducer of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP). There is potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and anti-hypertensives that are CYP substrates: amlodipine and metoprolol. Therefore, hypertensive patients receiving rifampicin-based ATT are at risk for worsening of hypertension. However, this hypothesis has not yet been systematically studied. In this prospective study, hypertensive CKD 5D patients with TB were followed after rifampicin initiation. Blood pressure (BP) was ≤140/90 mmHg with stable anti-HT requirement at inclusion. Serum amlodipine, metoprolol, and prazosin levels were estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography at baseline and 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after rifampicin initiation. BP and anti-HT requirement were monitored for 2 weeks or until stabilization. All 24 patients in the study had worsening of hypertension after rifampicin and 83.3% required increase in drugs to maintain BP 50% in all patients and became undetectable in 50-75%. Drug requirement increased from 4.5 ± 3.6 to 8.5 ± 6.4 units (P < 0.0001). Mean time to first increase in dose was 6.5 ± 3.6 days. Eleven (46%) patients experienced a hypertensive crisis at 9.1 ± 3.8 days. Three of them had a hypertensive emergency with acute pulmonary edema. In two patients, rifampicin had to be discontinued to achieve BP control. In conclusion, rifampicin caused a significant decrease in blood levels of commonly used anti hypertensives. This decrease in levels correlated well with worsening of hypertension. Thus, we suggest very close BP monitoring in CKD patients after rifampicin initiation.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Arogyavardhini vati, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation has been used for liver and skin disorders in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. However, toxicity due to the presence of heavy metals in this traditional medicine is a matter of concern. Aim of the study To evaluate the safety of Arogyavardhini vati on brain, liver and kidney in rats. Materials and methods Arogyavardhini vati at doses of 50, 250 and 500mg/kg (1, 5 and 10 times of human equivalent dose respectively), mercury chloride (1mg/kg) and normal saline were administered orally to male Wistar rats for 28 days. Behavioral parameters were assessed on day 1, 7th, 14th and 28th using Morris water maze, passive avoidance, elevated plus maze and rota rod. Biochemical parameters (acetyl-cholinesterase activity, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione), histopathology and mercury level in brain, liver, kidney were assessed at the end of the experiment. Results There was no significant change in behavioral parameters, acetyl-cholinesterase activity, liver function (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin) and kidney (serum urea and creatinine) function tests at all doses of Arogyavardhini vati (50, 250 and 500mg/kg) as compared to normal control. However, significant change was observed in mercury chloride treated group. Mercury chloride treated group as well as Arogyavardhini vati treated groups (50, 250 and 500mg/kg) showed increased levels of mercury in brain, liver and kidney as compared to normal control. Histopathological results showed significant cytoarchitectural changes in brain, liver and kidney architecture in mercury chloride treated group. Whereas, normal cytoarchitecture was observed at all doses of Arogyavardhini vati. Conclusion The finding of the present study suggests that Arogyavardhini vati in the doses equivalent up to 10 times of the human dose administered to rats for 28 days does not have appreciable toxicological effects on brain, liver and kidney.

Two particular cases of perfect fluid solution for the parameter K=-2, Buchdahal [1] are generalised to yield two new perfect fluid solutions using a solution generating theorem, Petarpa et. al. [2]. The fluid spheres so obtained are utilised to construct two super-dense stars models with surface density 2×10 14 gmcm -3 . The maximum mass and the corresponding radii for the newly obtained models are given as 5.7693 M Θ , 17.8074 km and 0.2330 M Θ , 5.9290 km.

There are conflicting reports in the literature about the influence of valproate on thyroid function. A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in ambulatory children aged 3 to 15 years with controlled epilepsy receiving valproate monotherapy for at least 6 months. Fifty-seven consecutive children with controlled epilepsy on valproate monotherapy and 52 healthy age- and sex-matched control children were studied. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, and serum valproic acid levels were measured. There was a significantly high ( P = .012) prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (26%) in those receiving valproate monotherapy compared with healthy controls (7.7%). Median duration of valproate therapy was significantly higher ( P = .039) in the subclinical hypothyroidism group (21 months, range 6-36) compared with those without subclinical hypothyroidism (14 months, range 6-25). Results of the present study suggest higher prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in children with controlled epilepsy on long-term valproate monotherapy.

In the present article we have obtained new set of exact solutions of Einstein field equations for anisotropic fluid spheres by using the Herrera et al.[1] algorithm. The anisotropic fluid solution so obtained join continuously to Schwarzschild exterior solution across the pressure free boundary. It is observed that most of the new anisotropic solutions are well behaved and utilized to construct the super-dense star models such as neutron star and pulsars., Comment: Accepted in Reports on Mathematical Physics, ISSN: 0034-4877- (ELSEVIER), 23 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1502.03378, arXiv:1410.5808 by other authors

In this article the charged analogues of recently derived Buchdahl’s type fluid spheres have been obtained by considering a particular form of electric field intensity. In this process, Einstein–Maxwell field equations yield eight different classes of solutions, joining smoothly with the exterior Reissner–Nordstrom metric at the pressure free intersurface. Out of the eight solutions only seven could be utilized to represent superdense star models with ultrahigh surface density of the order 2×1014 gm cm−3. The maximum masses of the star models were found to be 8.223931MΘ and 8.460857MΘ subject to strong and weak energy conditions, respectively, which are much higher than the maximum masses 3.82MΘ and 4.57MΘ allowed in the neutral cases. The velocity of sound seen to be less than that of light throughout the star models.

We have derived all the charged fluid spheres described by a space-time with its hypersurfaces t = const. as spheroids subject to a particular form of electric field intensity. Only one out of the four solutions so obtained is reducible to its uncharged counterpart in the absence of the charge.

Oxidative stress due to increased free radical generation and depletion of endogenous antioxidants have been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronal injury. The present study was carried out to study the effect of acute administration of alpha-tocopherol in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model of stroke in rats. Rats were anesthetized using chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg i.p.) and subjected to 2 h of transient MCA occlusion. alpha-Tocopherol was administered at the dose of 125 and 250 mg/kg orally 1 h prior to the occlusion of MCA. Motor performance test (grip test, foot fault test, rotarod performance test, spontaneous locomotor activity), markers of oxidative stress and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining were carried out 24 h after MCA occlusion. A vehicle-treated group was run parallel. It was observed that alpha-tocopherol at the dose of 125 mg/kg neither improved neurologic deficit, nor decreased the raised level of oxidative stress markers in comparison with the MCA-occluded rats. However, higher dose of alpha-tocopherol (250 mg/kg p.o.) afforded significant protection as evident by increase in motor performance tests and a decrease in the volume of infarction. The raised levels of malondialdehyde after MCA occlusion were also significantly attenuated. The results demonstrate that exogenous administration of alpha-tocopherol is able to reduce the neuronal damage caused during ischemia-reperfusion, which can be attributed to its antioxidant activity.

Summary 1. Centella asiatica, an Indian medicinal plant, has been described as possessing central nervous system activity, such as improving intelligence. In addition, we have demonstrated that C. asiatica has cognitive-enhancing and anti-oxidant properties in normal rats. Oxidative stress or an impaired endogenous anti-oxidant mechanism is an important factor that has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive deficits seen in the elderly. 2. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) in rats has been likened to sporadic AD in humans and the cognitive impairment is associated with free radical generation in this model. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for 21 days) was evaluated in i.c.v. STZ-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. 3. Male Wistar rats were injected with STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v.) bilaterally on the days 1 and 3. Cognitive behaviour was assessed using passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze paradigms on the days 13, 14 and 21. Rats were killed on the day 21 for estimation of oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the whole brain upon completion of the behavioural task. 4. Rats treated with C. asiatica showed a dose-dependent increase in cognitive behaviour in both paradigms. A significant decrease in MDA and an increase in glutathione and catalase levels were observed only in rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg C. asiatica. 5. The present findings indicate that an aqueous extract of C. asiatica is effective in preventing the cognitive deficits, as well as the oxidative stress, caused by i.c.v. STZ in rats.

The most general accurate solutions for the Buchdhal fluid sphere were obtained and matched with the Schwarzchild's exterior solution at the pressure free interface. Various parameters of the solutions were so adjusted that the energy density, pressure and temperature were positive and decreasing away from the centre, and the velocity of sound was less than unity throughout the spheroid model. Using this procedure, the maximum mass of the fluid sphere with a surface density of2 × 1014gm cm-3 was determined to be 3.82MΘ and 4.57 MΘ for strong and weak energy conditions respectively. PACS number: 0402, 0402J, 0440D, 95301

Oxidative stress has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Central administration of colchicine is known to cause cognitive impairment in rats and is likened to sporadic AD in humans. However, it is not known whether this cognitive impairment is associated with free radical generation. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of intracerebroventricular colchicine was studied on paradigms of learning and memory behavior and the markers of oxidative stress in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were injected with colchicine (intracerebroventricular) bilaterally (15 μg/rat; 7.5 μg/site) on the first day. The learning and memory behavior was assessed using passive avoidance paradigm, elevated plus maze and closed field activity test on Days 13, 14 and 21. The parameters of oxidative stress were assessed by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels in brain tissue on Day 21 of the colchicine injection. The rats developed significant learning and memory impairment as indicated by deficit in behavioral paradigms. There was a significant elevation in MDA levels and decrease in levels of glutathione. No significant difference was observed in SOD and catalase levels. Thus, the study demonstrates that central administration of colchicine causes impairment in learning and memory with associated increase in oxidative stress.

We have recently shown free radical generation is associated with cognitive impairment in intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ) model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type in rats. Trans resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound and is known to have antioxidant activity. In the present study, the effect of trans resveratrol was investigated on ICV STZ induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were injected with ICV STZ bilaterally, on day 1 and day 3. The learning and memory behavior was assessed using passive avoidance paradigms, elevated plus maze and the closed field activity test while the parameters of oxidative stress assessed were malondialdehyde [MDA] and glutathione. The rats were treated with trans resveratrol chronically at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg,i.p. for 21 days starting from day 1 of STZ injection. Trans resveratrol treatment significantly prevented ICV STZ induced cognitive impairment. There was a rise in brain glutathione and an insignificant increase in brain MDA in trans resveratrol treated ICV STZ rats as compared to significantly elevated brain MDA levels in the vehicle treated ICV STZ animals. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of trans resveratrol in preventing the cognitive deficits as well as the oxidative stress caused by ICV STZ in rats and it's potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Centella asiatica, a plant mentioned in Indian literature has been described to possess CNS effects such as stimulatory-nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and intelligence promoting property. In the present study aqueous, methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. asiatica were investigated for their effect on cognitive functions in rats. Male Wistar rats of 200-250 g were used to study the effect on learning and memory by using shuttle box, step through, step down and elevated plus maze paradigms. Only the aqueous extract of whole plant (200 mg/kg for 14 days) showed an improvement in learning and memory in both shuttle box and step through paradigms. Therefore, further experiments were conducted with aqueous extract using 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg doses in different paradigms of learning and memory. All doses of aqueous extract increased the number of avoidances in shuttle box and prolonged the step through latency in step through apparatus in a dose dependent manner, while only two doses 200 and 300 mg/kg of aqueous extract showed significant increase in the step down latency in step down apparatus and transfer latency (TL) in elevated plus maze. Among doses of aqueous extract tested on oxidative stress parameters, only 200 and 300 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the brain levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) with simultaneous significant increase in levels of glutathione. There was a significant increase in the levels of catalase at the 300 mg/kg but no significant change in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were observed. The present findings indicate that the aqueous extract of C. asiatica has cognitive enhancing effect and an antioxidant mechanism is involved.

The Chalcone is an aromatic compound that forms the central core for various necessities of biological compounds. The Chalcone is synthesized by Claisen – Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde derivatives with acetophenone derivatives in dilute ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature. The structures of synthesized compounds were investigated by IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized was evaluated by Filter Paper Disc diffusion Method. The compound 1b showed excellent activity against S. aureus at both concentration i.e. 500µg/ml and1000 µg/ml.