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We have demonstrated an acousto-optical cavity dumping Tm:YAG ceramic laser at a wavelength of 2012.6 nm. The pulses were coupled out of the cavity by the lateral surface when radio frequency was added into the acousto-optical modulator. The minimum pulse width of the cavity dumped Tm:YAG ceramic laser is 31 ns, corresponded with an output power of 180 mW and a repetition rate of 200 kHz. In addition, the unsmooth pulse shape of the cavity dumped Tm:YAG ceramic laser was numerically calculated.

Lithology identification is one of the keys to understand the nature of hydrocarbon reservoir. Deep learning has become a popular and reliable method for image classification and in other fields. Instead of using ordinary neural networks and conventional logging curves, this paper developed deep learning methods and showed that it is possible to identify lithology, using results from borehole image logs. In this work, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which consists of two convolutional layers, two pooling layers and one fully-connected layer, is employed to identify lithology. Training is performed through back-propagation using the stochastic gradient descent algorithm with Nesterov Momentum. The trained CNN can be applied to new wells and provide accurate output (about 95%) of lithology types.

The original distribution of formation fluid around the well will be changed while mud filtrate invades permeability formations. Based on the water-oil phase flow theory and convective diffusion theory, the method ofnumerical simulation is applied to build the formation model for the study of the characteristics of mud invasion in low permeability reservoir, researching the distribution characteristics of salinity, water saturation, resistivity and remaining oil around the well during mud invasion. The numerical simulation results of mud invasion in different permeability formation show that mud invasion depth increases as permeability increases in the same invasion time in low permeability reservoir, and the invasion profile of salinity , water saturation ,resistivity and remaining oil change obviously as invasion time increases. Combined with practical well numerical simulation analysis found that the characteristics and resistivity separation of array induction logging response influenced by mud invasion depth and invasion time.The simulated results show that the distribution of remaining oil have obvious relationship with reservoir fluid property. Correctly understanding the characteristics of mud invasion and the distribution of remaining oil around the well can improve the accuracy in electric logging reservoir evaluation.

A new digital focusing method with different bucking coefficients is introduced, with no change in the conventional dual laterolog device, compared to the hardware focusing method. The conclusions can be achieve that using the new digital focusing method, we can get array measurement similar to the result obtained by array laterolog devices, on the other hand ,the error in hardware focusing method badly affects the measurement. This new method can be considered to be applied in the laterolog, with simple device which can save economy cost and be operated more easily.

In situ composite of LaB 6 -ZrB 2 eutectic prepared by floating zone melting is an interesting candidate for the manufacture of turbine blades because of its excellent mechanical properties. Studies of a composite prepared by floating zone melting showed that the average diameter of the ZrB 2 fibers was ∼0.2-1.2 μm. with fiber lengths up to 100 μm. LaB 6 was the first phase to nucleate when eutectic growth occurred, and ZrB 2 shows non-faceted growth. In an ingot solidified with planar growth, the orientation relationship of the phases was: growth direction [001] LaB6 //[00.1] ZrB2 , interfacial plane (110) LaB6 //(12.0) ZrB2 . Crack extensions along and perpendicular to the direction of fibers exhibit toughness of 8.7 and 17.8 MPa m 1/2 , respectively. The oxidation behavior of LaB 6 -ZrB 2 eutectic in situ composites was studied in the temperature range of 912-1223°C and in the pressure range 1.5× 10 4 -7.2× 10 4 Pa. The rate of weight change is described by k p = 9.71 × 10 -3 exp(-31000/RT) mg 2 cm -4 min -1 in the range 912-1094°C. Above 1094°C, rapid oxidation kinetics were observed, La 2 O 3 .B 2 O 3 and La 2 O 3 .3B 2 O 3 being the primary scale constituent with ZrO 2 deficiency in the outer scale.

Infant formula products can be classified into two categories: powdered formula and liquid formula. The processing technology of both types of infant formula will be discussed in this chapter. The wet mixing-spray drying process used to produce powder formula is more complicated than the processing of liquid formula. It is, however, very important during liquid formula processing to keep a balance between the heat treatment, the control of chemical changes, and the loss of nutrients. For preterm and low birth weight infants, the formulation requires a special design to adapt to the special nutritional requirements. The allergenicity of infant foods could be reduced by treating cow’s milk proteins using enzymatic hydrolysis or high pressure coupled with heat treatment.

The regulations of infant formula established around the world specify the provisions of manufacturing, fortified nutrients, and pesticide residues. The formulation and implementation of regulations and standards related to foods for infants and young children constitute the cornerstone of ensuring the quality of products for and safety of infants and young children. In this chapter, the infant formula regulations and standards of selected countries in the Asia-Pacific region (China, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand), Codex Alimentarius Commission, the United States, and the European Union are discussed.

Long-term treatment with cyclosporine A (CsA) is associated with various types of complications; however, CsA-induced anemia has not been reported. The present study examined the impact of CsA on hematopoietic parameters and intrarenal expression of erythropoietin (EPO) and the EPO receptor (EPOR) in a rat model of chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a low-salt diet (0.05% sodium) and were treated daily for 4 weeks with vehicle (olive oil 1 mL/kg subcutaneously) or CsA (15 mg/kg subcutaneously). The expression of EPO and EPOR was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, and hematopoietic parameters were assessed by measuring blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and these variables were compared between treatment groups. Renal function, oxidative stress, histopathology (tubulointerstitial fibrosis), apoptotic cell death, and expression of transforming growth factor β-inducible gene-h3 (βig-h3) were also compared between treatment groups. In kidneys from vehicle-treated rats, endogenous EPO and EPOR protein were expressed constitutively in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and the cortex. EPO protein expression decreased significantly in kidneys from CsA-treated rats. By contrast, EPOR expression was higher in kidneys from CsA-treated rats than in vehicle-treated rats. These changes were accompanied by decreases in serum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and correlated with the number of cells positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (r = -0.769, P = .003) and βig-h3 protein expression (r = -0.910, P < .001). Long-term treatment with CsA suppresses renal endogenous EPO expression, resulting in anemia. Increases in apoptotic cell death and βig-h3 expression are closely associated with inhibition of EPO expression in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity.

Presents an interpreted algebraic approach to deductive database systems. Unlike the compiled approach, which separates the resolution inference from the database operations (at compile time), the interpreted approach interleaves these two operations concurrently. It is shown that this approach is simple, natural, and sometimes efficient in processing recursive queries. It also provides a better way of dealing with unsafe logical formulae, e.g. those involving logical variables. In particular, it paves the way for run-time control and optimizations of query processing. Partial solutions for the problems of termination and optimization are also proposed. >

By viewing the problems of formal aspects in incomplete and distributed knowledge-based systems as the development of a logic of epistemic notions, the author obtains a computational logic of belief that formalizes beliefs in an extended clausal form of logic. It is shown that this logic can capture many intentional subtleties of quantified beliefs that might result from the communications between subsystems in a distributed environment. In particular, it is shown that the logic can offer an efficient resolution-like proof mechanism with controlled granularity for each subsystem. >