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With the advent of a new generation of neutrino experiments which leverage high-intensity neutrino beams for precision measurements, it is timely to explore physics topics beyond the standard neutrino-related physics. Given that the realm of beyond the standard model (BSM) physics has been mostly sought at high-energy regimes at colliders, such as the LHC at CERN, the exploration of BSM physics in neutrino experiments will enable complementary measurements at the energy regimes that balance that of the LHC. This is in concert with new ideas for high-intensity beams for fixed target and beam-dump experiments world-wide, e.g., those at CERN. The combination of the high intensity proton beam facilities and massive detectors for precision neutrino oscillation parameter measurements and for CP violation phase measurements will help make BSM physics reachable even in low energy regimes in accelerator based experiments. Large mass detectors with highly precise tracking and energy measurements, excellent timing resolution, and low energy thresholds will enable searches for BSM phenomena from cosmogenic origin, as well. Therefore, it is conceivable that BSM topics in the next generation neutrino experiments could be the dominant physics topics in the foreseeable future, as the precision of the neutrino oscillation parameter and CPV measurements continues to improve. In this spirit, this white paper provides a review of the current landscape of BSM theory in neutrino experiments in two selected areas of the BSM topics - dark matter and neutrino related BSM - and summarizes the current results from existing neutrino experiments to set benchmarks for both theory and experiment. This paper then provides a review of upcoming neutrino experiments throughout the next 10 - 15 year time scale and their capabilities to set the foundation for potential reach in BSM physics in the two aforementioned themes.

Background: Despite the advent of modern neurosurgical techniques, new antibiotics, and powerful imaging technologies, brain abscess remains a potentially fatal central nervous system infection. Aim: To determine the epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and outcomes of bacterial brain abscess, to improve the therapeutic strategy for this disease. Design: Retrospective hospital‐based epidemiology study. Methods: Over a period of 15 years (1986–2000), 123 patients were retrospectively identified as having brain abscesses at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. To compare changes over time, the appearance of disease among our patients was divided into two time periods: 1986–1993 and 1994–2000. Results: The prevalence rate of brain abscesses caused by Gram‐negative organisms significantly increased in the second study period. Viridans streptococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the two prevalent pathogens associated with haematogenous spread. Metastatic septic abscess, a devastating complication of K. pneumoniae septicaemia, frequently occurs in diabetic patients, with a high mortality rate. Viridans streptococci were the most prevalent pathogens from infection in paranasal sinusitis, but no fatality occurred. In recent years, head trauma and/or post‐neurosurgical states have become important predisposing factors, and nosocomial infections also play an important role. Discussion: Despite the availability of new antibiotics and the development of better neurosurgical techniques, therapeutic outcomes of brain abscess showed no significant change when comparing the two study periods, and only the presence of septic shock influenced outcome.

The authors identify an important class of parallel computations, called +or-2/sup b/-descend, with an efficient implementation on a hypercube. Given the input A(0:N-1), a computation in this class consists of log N iterations. Iteration b, b=log N-1, . . ., 0, computes the new value of each A(i) as a function of A(i), A(i+2/sup b/) and A(i-2/sup b/). They obtain a general algorithm for implementing any computation in this class in O(log N) time on a SIMD hypercube. Their general descend algorithm results in an efficient O(log N) implementation of the Batcher odd-even merge algorithm on a hypercube. The best previously known implementation of odd-even merge on a SIMD hypercube requires O(log/sup 2/ N) time. >

We describe a two level FASTBUS based trigger processor designed and built for the CDF detector at the Fermilab p p collider. The Level 1 decision is based on the global energy deposition in the calorimeters as well as on the presence of muon candidates and stiff tracks in the central drift chamber. The Level 1 decision is made in the 3.5 μs between beam crossings, incurring no deadtime while reducing a raw event rate of 50–75 kHz to a few kHz. The remaining events are passed on to Level 2. The Level 2 decision is driven by the topology of the event, operating on calorimeter clusters, central stiff tracks and muon candidates. Level 2 is designed to reduce the rate to 1–100 Hz, incurring less than 10% deadtime, before initiating readout of all the detector elements. A large fraction of the trigger hardware is used for both the Level 1 and Level 2 decisions.

The trigger for the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) is described. The detector is designed to study 2 TeV p p collisions at a luminosity of 10 30 cm −2 s −1 . The interaction rate of 50 kHz is reduced by the trigger to the full event readout rate of 1–100 Hz.

Sumbox is the end point of level 1 calorimetry trigger at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), though the final level 1 decision is made by another logic board which considers both calorimetry triggers and other triggers. The total energies (linear or weighted) deposited on the entire detector are summed here, and compared with preset thresholds to make level 1 calorimetry decisions. Sumbox is a fastbus slave implemented with geographical and logical addressing, secondary address and random data cycles, and various responses to incorrect internal addresses and imprudent accesses. Its summing and comparing can be fully tested via fastbus.

All CDF event data are collected in a multilevel FASTBUS network. At the lowest level of this network, MEP/MX and SSP scanners read and buffer data from RABBIT and FASTBUS front end systems. Operation of these front end scanners is coordinated by the Trigger Supervisor module which initiates parallel readout after receiving Level 1 and Level 2 triggers. Dataflow from scanners to consumer processes on host VAX computers is supervised by the Buffer Manager which directs an Event Builder to collect and format data from a set of scanner modules. This system is designed to allow partitioning into semi-independent sections for parallel development and calibration studies.