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Background Vascular inflammation has been recognized as one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Peri-coronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation by computed tomography angiography (CTA) has emerged as a marker specific for coronary artery inflammation. We examined the relationship between clinical presentation and coronary artery inflammation assessed by PCAT attenuation and coronary plaque characteristics. Methods Patients with ACS or stable angina pectoris (SAP) who underwent pre-intervention coronary CTA and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were enrolled. PCAT attenuation was measured around the culprit lesion and in the proximal 40 mm of all coronary arteries. PCAT attenuation and OCT findings were compared between patients with ACS versus SAP. Results Among 471 patients (ACS: 198, SAP: 273), PCAT attenuation was higher in ACS patients than in SAP patients both at the culprit plaque level (−67.5±9.6 Hounsfield unit [HU] vs. −71.5±11.0 HU, p Conclusions PCAT attenuation at culprit plaque, culprit vessel, and pan-coronary levels was higher in ACS patients than in SAP patients. Vascular inflammation appears to play a crucial role in the development of ACS. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Objectives: Home-visit nutritional support services by registered dietitians for home-care patients are not popular due to a shortage of visiting registered dietitians. This study examined the effects of indirect nutritional intervention by a registered dietitian through visiting nurses in community-dwelling older home-care recipients. Design: A randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial. Setting: Community. Participants: Thirty-four nutritionally at-risk older home-care recipients aged 65 years or older who were receiving home-visit nursing care services. Intervention: Dietary counseling promoting highly varied food intake provided by visiting nurses trained by a registered dietitian. Measurements: Nutritional status based on the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA®-SF), dietary variety, anthropometric measurements, activities of daily living, and subjective diet-related quality of life were measured at baseline and after three months. Results: Nutritional status tended to improve in the intervention group (P = 0.087). Analysis of the changes of MNA®-SF item scores revealed significant improvement in “Appetite loss” (P = 0.046) and a trend toward improvement in “Weight loss” (P = 0.053) in the intervention group. Conclusion: Indirect nutritional intervention by a registered dietitian through visiting nurses was effective in improving the nutritional status of nutritionally at-risk older home-care recipients.

By using the GRACE-Loop system, we calculate the full O ( α ) electroweak radiative corrections to the process e + e − → e + e − γ , which is important for future investigations at the International Linear Collider (ILC). With the GRACE-Loop system, the calculations are checked numerically by three consistency tests: ultraviolet finiteness, infrared finiteness, and gauge-parameter independence. The results show good numerical stability when quadruple precision is used. In the phenomenological results, we find that the electroweak corrections to the total cross section range from ∼ − 4 % to ∼ − 21 % when s varies from 250 GeV to 1 TeV . The corrections also significantly affect the differential cross sections, which are a function of energies and angles of the final state particles. Such corrections will play an important role in the high-precision program at the ILC.

This paper studies the cooling performance and the energy-saving potential of a novel hybrid solar-assisted CO2 heat pump. This novel hybrid heat pump integrates a solar thermal driven absorption chiller (ABS) and a conventional CO2 heat pump together. The solar thermal driven absorption chiller is used to super-cool CO2 in vapor-compression loop when working fluid leaves the gas cooler. Comparison study of the ideal cycles shows the feasibility and the advantage of the studied hybrid heat pump over the unit without solar cooling. With solar-assisted absorption cooling, the COP of the device can reach 3.8 when temperature difference of super-cooling is 7.7 °C (Gas cooler outlet temperature and evaporator temperature are assumed as 38 °C and 7 °C). Moreover, simulation in TRNSYS for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is performed. The simulation results are validated by experiment. The influences of some external factors, such as: weather, domestic hot water (DHW) load and indoor load, are analyzed. Energy consumption in one case study shows that the hybrid CO2 heat pump can save 19.3% electricity consumption per year compared with conventional CO2 heat pump for whole year operation in Shanghai.

We report the recent development on the SUSY calculations with the help of GRACE system. GRACE/SUSY/1LOOP is the computer code which can generate Feynman diagrams in the MSSM automatically and compute one-loop amplitudes in the numerical way. We present new results of various two-body decay widths and chargino pair production at ILC (international linear collider) at one-loop level.

A new version of GRACE/1-loop , a system for the automatic calculation of 1-loop Feynman diagrams, has been developed after the replacement of its symbolic manipulation engine from REDUCE to FORM . This enables us the efficient memory management that is essential for the handling of a tremendous number of Feynman diagrams, so that the performance of GRACE/1-loop is significantly improved as demonstrated in the text.

東京大学北海道演習林では, 積雪期にエゾシカによる激しい樹皮剥ぎが発生し, おもに小径の樹幹が剥皮される。この演習林では, イタヤカエデ, イチイ, イヌエンジュ, ウダイカンバ, エゾマツ, オヒョウ, シウリザクラ, シラカンバ, ハリギリ, ハルニレ, ミズナラ, ヤチダモが森林施業や保全の上で重要である。われわれは, これら12樹種小径樹幹の内樹皮成分を分析し, 各成分とエゾシカの樹皮嗜好性との関連を検討した。エゾシカはイヌエンジュに対して低嗜好性を示したが, この樹種はアルカロイドを含む唯一の種であった。他の11樹種に関しては, エゾシカの樹皮嗜好性に対して灰分含有割合が正の, 酸性ディタージェントリグニン含有割合が負の関係をそれぞれ示した。

Endovascular surgery has been proposed as an alternative treatment for cerebral aneurysms. However, for wide neck and large sized lesions it is very difficult to obtain complete occlusion and tissue organization. The present study was conducted to examine the efficacy of electrical thrombosis for cerebral aneurysms and parent arterial occlusions using Interlocking Detachable Coils (IDCs), focusing on the minimum current volume and stimulation time required for stable electrical thrombosis formation. We used ten mixed-breed adult dogs (in the study body weights 9–12 kg; males: 5, females: 5). Guiding catheter sand microcatheters were introduced into both sides of the distal external carotid artery (ECA) and placed at the same level. To prevent migration, IDCs (4 mm × 12 cm) were placed in the ECA without being detached. After confirming no vessel occlusion, we applied a positive current (2–6 mA) to the coil on one side and performed angiography every ten minutes to observe whether vessel occlusion with electrothrombosis had occurred. It was determined that to achieve complete occlusion of the external carotid arteries in mixed-breed dogs, a minimum stimulation current of 4mA and a minimum stimulation time of ten to 20 minutes are required.

We present the full O(α) electroweak radiative corrections to associated Higgs top pair production in e+e− collisions. We combine these results with a new calculation of the full one-loop QCD corrections. The computation is performed with the help of GRACE-loop. We find that the O(α) correction can be larger than the O(αs) corrections around the peak of the cross section especially for a light Higgs mass. At threshold these corrections are swamped by the QCD corrections which are enhanced by the gluon Coulomb contribution. We have also subtracted the complete QED corrections and expressed the genuine weak correction both in the α-scheme and the Gμ-scheme. This reveals that the genuine weak corrections are not negligible and should be taken into account for a precision measurement of this cross section and the extraction of the Yukawa ttH coupling.

Based on HI gas-plasma etching (high-density plasma-assisted RIE), the activation energy for an ITO dry-etching reaction was obtained. The value was calculated 35-40 kJ/mol for 20 sec from the reaction starting time. The reaction dead time is characteristic of the ITO dry-etching process, but the reaction is relatively simple. Therefore, ITO dry-etching technology, based on HI gas plasma, is useful in the the fabrication of LCDs, and was used in a recently developed Multi-Coaxial-Plasma-Source (MCPS) dry etcher.

We have developed a new electron–ion coincidence apparatus combined with synchrotron radiation in order to examine the various ion desorption mechanisms related to the Auger process induced by core excitation. Photon stimulated ion desorption (PSID) of a poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin film has been investigated by this apparatus. The PSID of PMMA induced by carbon core excitation has been examined using Auger electron yield, total ion yield, resonant Auger electron, and Auger electron–photoion coincidence (AEPICO) spectra. The spectrum of the total ion yield divided by the Auger electron yield shows that the desorption efficiency is largely increased at the resonant excitation of carbon 1s electron in the O–CH3 side chain to σ*(O–CH3) orbital. In AEPICO measurement, H+ and CHn+ (n=1–3) ions are observed at various resonant excitations. The AEPICO signal intensity depends on the Auger electron energy. Particularly, the CH3+ ion desorption in coincidence with Auger electron at 270 eV shows strong enhan...

Facilitative glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) is abundant in trophoblast cells and is responsible for glucose transport in the placenta. However, the change in GLUT expression in human placenta upon trophoblast differentiation remains to be clarified. Therefore, we first examined the localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 using human first-trimester chorionic villi. We found that GLUT1 and GLUT3 were mainly localized to syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells respectively. We analyzed whether placental GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression changes during differentiation using a human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cell line which is known to show functional and morphological differentiation in response to cAMP in culture. Treatment of BeWo cells with 8-bromo-cyclicAMP (8-bromo-cAMP) increased the level of hCG secretion and induced cell fusion leading to the formation of large syncytia. Treatment of BeWo cells with 8-bromo-cAMP also resulted in a significant increase in glucose uptake on days 2-3 of culture. The stimulating effect of 8-bromo-cAMP on glucose uptake was concentration dependent. Northern and immunoblot analyses revealed that the levels of mRNA and protein of GLUT1, but not of GLUT3, were significantly increased by 8-bromo-cAMP. These findings suggest that 8-bromo-cAMP stimulates GLUT1 expression with differentiation in BeWo cells.

Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT) is a new technique for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is difficult to distinguish those lesions in which necrosis has been induced from the viable residual lesions during the procedure, because the margin of the tumor becomes unclear during PMCT. We determined the area of necrotic lesions during the procedure using color Doppler imaging. PMCT was performed on 10 patients (17 lesions) with recurrent HCC. The electrode of the microwave delivery system was moved around the tumor and the surrounding area until color mosaic images disappeared from the entire area of the tumor. The areas in which necrotic tissue was indicated by color Doppler imaging were later confirmed by other modalities such as angiography or contrast-enhanced computed tomography. This leads us to believe that real-time, effective evaluation of PMCT is possible with color Doppler imaging.

The band properties of the quasi two-dimensional transition metal sulphide alloy system BaCo 1 − x Ni x S 2 ( x =0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0) have been studied by X-ray photoelectron, X-ray absorption and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with tunable synchrotron radiation. It is found that the metallic character of the BaCo 1 − x Ni x S 2 system increases with x in accordance with the results of transport property measurements. The S L 2,3 X-ray emission spectra show an excitation energy dependence which allowed separate mapping of the distribution of S(2) and S(1)+S(2) 3s3d partial density of states.

An analytical vefification method for structural dynamics subject to partial design change is proposed. The method can predict time-domain structural dynamic responses after the changes are implemented, incorporated with the entire structural characteristics including the unchanged portion, by using small numbers of modal parameters of the original structure and the modified component. The concise computation of the degrees of freedom of the modal representation, which are formulated to retain the residual flexibility in the equation of motion, can correctly provide changed effects. The representation of the component mode synthesis and the force equilibrium between the changed component and the main structure are utilized to develop the algorithm, which yields the modal mass-stiffness conversion in the component modes. Applying this method to the spacecraft redesign, without the physical property information of the launch vehicle or repetition of coupled load analysis, the established algorithm can improve the prediction of the coupled spacecraft and launch vehicle structural dynamics. A reanalysis can be implemented using a limited number of available modal parameters from the coupled analysis for the original structure. Demonstrations applied to simple beam and spacecraft-launch vehicle models presented show the effectiveness of the method.

We present the full $\mathcal{O}(\alpha)$ electroweak radiative corrections to the process $e^+e^- \rightarrow t \bar{t} \gamma$ at the International Linear Collider (ILC). The computation is performed with the help of the GRACE-Loop system. We present the total cross-section and the top quark forward-backward asymmetry ($A_{FB}$) as a function of the center-of-mass energy and compare them with the process $e^+e^- \rightarrow t \bar{t}$. We find that the value of $A_{FB}$ in $t \bar{t} \gamma$ production is larger than $A_{FB}$ in $t\bar{t}$ production. It is an important result for the measurement of the top quark forward-backward asymmetry at the ILC. Applying a structure function method, we also subtract the QED correction to gain the genuine weak correction in both the $\alpha$ scheme and the $G_{\mu}$ scheme ($\delta_{W}^{G_{\mu}}$). We obtain numerical values for $\delta_{W}^{G_{\mu}}$ which are changing from 2% to -24% when we vary the center-of-mass energy from 360 GeV to 1 TeV., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures

We recently demonstrated that continuous t-glutamate exposure led to cell death in C6 glioma cells over a period of 24–36 h, due to inhibition of cystine uptake through the cystine/glutamate (xc¯) antiporter. The antioxidant vitamin E provided protection against this effect, supporting the hypothesis that depletion of glutathione might be responsible, resulting from insufficient cystine uptake. To clarify the content of oxidative stress after glutathione depletion, the present study was done to investigate accumulation and target molecules of reactive oxygen species induced by glutamate treatment. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species was increased three-fold as compared to a control culture. Membrane oxidation, as judged by lipid peroxidation, was increased two-fold after glutamate treatment. Cellular ATP content was significantly reduced by glutamate exposure. For the two cytosolic enzymes examined, activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was slightly enhanced by glutamate treatment, while activity of glutamine synthetase was not changed. Impairment of nuclear DNA after glutamate exposure was also revealed by nuclear chromatin condensation with DNA fragmentation. Thus, the multiple targets (membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei) of oxygen radicals in glutamate toxicity through the xc¯antiporter system were evaluated for the first time. Furthermore, prevention from cell death and from cellular toxicity induced by oxygen radicals could be seen using three specific oxygen radical scavengers, catalase, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrroline N-oxide and α-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone, without restoring the glutathione deficit. This indicates that radical scavengers did not interact with the xc¯antiporter system, but directly scavenged the oxygen radicals. Taken together, the data strongly suggest that O2−, H202 and .OH accumulate in response to oxidative stress after glutathione depletion, resulting in glutamate cell death of C6 glioma cells.

Human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) and enriched CD34 positive (CD34+) cells were transduced with adenovirus vectors encoding Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. Tranductions were carried out by 24-hour coincubation with adenovirus vectors at different multiplicities of infections (moi). Efficacy of gene transfer into BM cells and expression of the gene product (ie, beta-galactosidase) were studied using X-Gal histochemical staining and flow cytometric analysis. X-Gal staining demonstrated that the percentage of positive cells at mois of 5 to 500 was 3.4% to 34.5% for BMMNCs and 6.0% to 20.0% for enriched CD34+ cells. Similar results (1.5% to 35.7% for BMMNCs and 5.4% to 24.2% for enriched CD34+ cells) were obtained with flow cytometric analysis using fluorescein di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (FDG). Multicolor flow cytometry analysis, which included FDG, demonstrated that BM progenitors (CD34+ or CD34+CD38-), T cells (CD2+), B cells (CD19+), natural killer cells (CD56+), granulocytes, and monocytes all expressed the adenovirus transgene. To ascertain the effects of adenovirus vectors on normal BM progenitors, the numbers of colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), burst-forming unit- erythrocyte (BFU-E), and high-proliferative potential-colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) after 24-hour coincubation with adenovirus vectors were determined. When BMMNCs or enriched CD34+ cells were incubated with adenovirus vectors at mois of 5 and 50, no significant differences in the numbers of CFU-GM, BFU-E, and HPP-CFC were observed compared with the uninfected control cells. However, the numbers of CFU-GM were significantly (P < .01) decreased when BMMNCs or enriched CD34+ cells were incubated with adenovirus vectors at a moi of 500, compared with the uninfected control cells. The adenovirus infected cells, purified by cell sorting for FDG expression, were capable of growing in culture and gave rise to various colonies (ie, CFU-GM, BFU-E, and HPP-CFC). These data indicate that recombinant adenovirus vectors can be used to transfer genes to human BM hematopoietic cells with expression of the exogenous gene at a high transduction efficiency.

The FIB-4 index is a simple formula to predict liver fibrosis based on the standard biochemical values (AST, ALT and platelet count) and age. We here investigated the utility of the index for noninvasive prediction of progression in liver fibrosis. The time-course alteration in the liver fibrosis stage between paired liver biopsies and the FIB-4 index was examined in 314 patients with chronic hepatitis C. The average interval between liver biopsies was 4.9 years. The cases that showed a time-course improvement in the fibrosis stage exhibited a decrease in the FIB-4 index, and those that showed deterioration in the fibrosis stage exhibited an increase in the FIB-4 index with a significant correlation (P0.001). Increase in the ΔFIB-4 index per year was an independent predictive factor for the progression in liver fibrosis with an odds ratio of 3.90 (P = 0.03). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the ΔFIB-4 index/year for the prediction of advancement to cirrhosis was 0.910. Using a cut-off value of the ΔFIB-4 index/year0.4 or ≥ 0.4, the cumulative incidence of fibrosis progression to cirrhosis at 5 and 10 years was 34% and 59%, respectively in patients with the ΔFIB-4 index/year ≥0.4, whereas it was 0% and 3% in those with the ΔFIB-4 index/year0.4 (P0.001). In conclusion, measurement of the time-course changes in the FIB-4 index is useful for the noninvasive and real-time estimation of the progression in liver fibrosis.

Objectives. —To improve end-of-life decision making and reduce the frequency of a mechanically supported, painful, and prolonged process of dying. Design. —A 2-year prospective observational study (phase I) with 4301 patients followed by a 2-year controlled clinical trial (phase II) with 4804 patients and their physicians randomized by specialty group to the intervention group (n=2652) or control group (n=2152). Setting. —Five teaching hospitals in the United States. Patients. —A total of 9105 adults hospitalized with one or more of nine life-threatening diagnoses; an overall 6-month mortality rate of 47%. Intervention. —Physicians in the intervention group received estimates of the likelihood of 6-month survival for every day up to 6 months, outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and functional disability at 2 months. A specially trained nurse had multiple contacts with the patient, family, physician, and hospital staff to elicit preferences, improve understanding of outcomes, encourage attention to pain control, and facilitate advance care planning and patient-physician communication. Results. —The phase I observation documented shortcomings in communication, frequency of aggressive treatment, and the characteristics of hospital death: only 47% of physicians knew when their patients preferred to avoid CPR; 46% of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were written within 2 days of death; 38% of patients who died spent at least 10 days in an intensive care unit (ICU); and for 50% of conscious patients who died in the hospital, family members reported moderate to severe pain at least half the time. During the phase II intervention, patients experienced no improvement in patient-physician communication (eg, 37% of control patients and 40% of intervention patients discussed CPR preferences) or in the five targeted outcomes, ie, incidence or timing of written DNR orders (adjusted ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.90 to 1.15), physicians' knowledge of their patients'preferences not to be resuscitated (adjusted ratio, 1.22; 95% Cl, 0.99 to 1.49), number of days spent in an ICU, receiving mechanical ventilation, or comatose before death (adjusted ratio, 0.97; 95% Cl, 0.87 to 1.07), or level of reported pain (adjusted ratio, 1.15; 95% Cl, 1.00 to 1.33). The intervention also did not reduce use of hospital resources (adjusted ratio, 1.05; 95% Cl, 0.99 to 1.12). Conclusions. —The phase I observation of SUPPORT confirmed substantial shortcomings in care for seriously ill hospitalized adults. The phase II intervention failed to improve care or patient outcomes. Enhancing opportunities for more patient-physician communication, although advocated as the major method for improving patient outcomes, may be inadequate to change established practices. To improve the experience of seriously ill and dying patients, greater individual and societal commitment and more proactive and forceful measures may be needed. (JAMA. 1995;274:1591-1598)

The Pd(110)c(2×4)-O surface has been investigated mainly by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Two losses have been observed at 62 and 68 meV for the c(2×4) surface, which is consistent with the structure model involving substrate reconstruction into the (1×2) missing-row structure where the O atoms are located in the three-coordinated sites of the (111) microfacets to form zig-zag chains along the [110] Pd rows. The losses are attributed to the hindered motions of an O atom perpendicular and parallel to the (111) microfacet, respectively. A calculation of the vibrational energies of a Pd 3 O cluster based on Wilson's GF matrix technique suggests that the first interlayer spacing is expanded compared to that of the bulk.

A new reanalysis method, formulated on the framework of component mode synthesis, is proposed that uses small numbers of modal degrees of freedom. The proposed mode superposition method employs the modal mass-stiffness conversion technique which can eliminate the truncated modes effect without using the residual flexibility. Eigen-analysis is required, but its matrix contains only the lower modal degrees of freedom of the baseline structure. Problems that occur with large and frequent design changes can be handled. This method will be integrated into the space structure designing procedure based on the coupled load analysis (CLA) associated with the launch vehicle. The validity and effectiveness of the method are demonstrated by means of numerical simulations.

In train operations over 300 km/h, drivers are supposed to operate the handle for acceleration or deceleration quite often because of speed restrictions at the curves. In order to ensure on-schedule operation and lighten the burden imposed on drivers under high speed operation this paper developed the automatic train operation system for the Shinkansen train. This system automatically controls the speed to follow the target speed of operation as well as obey Automatic Train Control (ATC). The target speed is set by taking account of the ATC restriction, on-schedule running, and energy-efficient operation. The system was applied to running tests using a series E2 Shinkansen train from Morioka to Hachinohe, about 100 km, on Tohoku Shinkansen line. The test results tell that the accuracy of on-schedule operation is 4 s longer than the simulated running time, and the accuracy of following the target speed is within 2 km/h at the maximum speed of 320 km/h. The paper concludes that the system performance is satisfactory for the secure speed control and on-schedule operation.

It has been postulated that there exists a neuronal mechanism that generates respiratory rhythm and modulates respiratory output pattern in the high cervical spinal cord. Recently, we have found a novel respiratory neuron group in the ventral portion of the high cervical spinal cord, and named it the high cervical spinal cord respiratory group (HCRG). In the present study, we analyzed the detailed anatomical architecture of the HCRG region by double immunostaining of the region using a neuron-specific marker (NeuN) and a marker for motoneurons (ChAT) in the neonatal rat. We found a large number of small NeuN-positive cells without ChAT-immunoreactivity, which were considered interneurons. We also found two and three clusters of motoneurons in the ventral portion of the ventral horn at C1 and C2 levels, respectively. Next, we examined responses of HCRG neurons to respiratory and metabolic acidosis in vitro by voltage-imaging together with cross correlation techniques, i.e., by correlation coefficient imaging, in order to understand the functional role of HCRG neurons. Both respiratory and metabolic acidosis caused the same pattern of changes in their spatiotemporal activation profiles, and the respiratory-related area was enlarged in the HCRG region. After acidosis was introduced, preinspiratory phase-dominant activity was recruited in a number of pixels, and more remarkably inspiratory phase-dominant activity was recruited in a large number of pixels. We suggest that the HCRG composes a local respiratory neuronal network consisting of interneurons and motoneurons and plays an important role in respiratory augmentation in response to acidosis.

大腸癌同時性肝転移症例60例を対象とし,臨床病理学的特徴を検討した.原発巣の部位別肝転移の頻度は,上行結腸癌,S状結腸癌で高く,直腸癌との間に有意差を認めた.組織型別では低分化腺癌で高率で,ついで中分化腺癌,粘液癌,高分化腺癌の順であったが,その差は有意なものではなかった.壁深達度別では壁深達度が増すにつれ転移率が高くなり,とくにss癌ではS状結腸癌と上行結腸癌は直腸癌に比べ有意に高率であった.主病巣切除例の生存率は非切除例のそれに比べ有意に良好で,さらに主病巣切除・肝転移巣切除例では肝転移巣非切除例に比べ有意に良好であった.主病巣切除・肝転移巣切除例においては化学療法+肝動注群で良好な予後を示した.大腸癌同時性肝転移例においては,主病巣および肝転移巣の積極的切除を行い,肝動注などの術後化学療法を行うことは,予後向上に有意義であると思われる.

The nuclear electric quadrupole moment of41Sc(Iπ=7/2−) was experimentally determined by use of the NMR detection in which the asymmetric β-ray distribution from spin polarized nuclei was monitored. The magnetic interaction of the state with high external magnetic field and the nuclear quadrupole interaction with the electric field gradient obtained in TiO2 crystal were studied. The field gradient seen to the implanted41Sc was measured independently by the high field NMR detection on the stable isotope45Sc located in the equivalent41Sc site with. |Q(41Sc;Iπ=7/2−)|=(0.120±0.006) b was determined.

A continuously variable valve timing and lift system (CVTL) can improve the fuel consumption of gasoline engines by reducing of pumping losses, and provide high torque and power by optimizing intake valve lift, valve opening and valve closing according to engine load and speed conditions. In general gasoline engines, engine load is controlled by throttling. On the other hand, CVTL can control engine load by altering intake valve lift and valve opening period under all engine load and speed conditions. Hence, CVTL requires high-precision control of intake valve lift in order to realize small engine load change at low engine speed condition such as idle condition. However, the dynamics of CVTL indicates non-linear characteristics, for example mechanical friction, backlash and hysteresis, because CVTL is generally composed of some gears and multi-link mechanisms. Therefore, it is difficult to realize smooth and small micro step of valve lift. This difficulty worsens the stability of idle speed control and smoothness of drivability. Consequently, a sliding-mode controller using delta-sigma modulation instead of previous non-linear switching input was developed and introduced to the valve lift control of CVTL. The sliding-mode controller could significantly improve the precision and smoothness of valve lift control.

This paper discusses the first introduction of delta-sigma modulation (DSM) as a method to compensate for nonlinearity. DSM is used as the compression method for audio and visual data, but has never been used as a method to compensate for nonlinearity. Increasing robustness has conventionally been used to compensate for nonlinearity, but the use of DSM enables direct compensation. In addition, DSM differs from standard methods of impressing high-frequency components in enabling highly accurate modulation of the control input calculated by the controller, and therefore entails no loss of control performance. The research discussed a modified form of DSM that has been termed "bypassed DSM," which resolves the accuracy deterioration of modulation when the reference signal with large amplitude is inputted to DSM. Bypassed DSM was applied in the lift control of inlet valves in an engine using a continuously variable valve timing and lift system (CVTL), and its effectiveness was verified in actual operation. The use of bypassed DSM resulted in a dramatic improvement in holding performance of valve lift to set point and in transient control performance during vehicle operation.

The current engine systems to achieve extremely low emission has a wide range lambda sensor positioned upstream and a switching lambda sensor downstream a catalyst. The system is required to maintain the output of the switching lambda sensor to optimal target value under all engine load and catalyst aging conditions in order to optimize the conversion rate of catalyst. Therefore, a standard STC (self-tuning controller) and the robust adaptive controller composed of an identifier, a predictor and a sliding-mode controller are applied to the system at the beginning of this research. However, the standard STC caused the drift phenomena of adaptive parameters and could not provide sufficient control performance. The identification algorithm of the robust adaptive controller cannot correctly identify the gain characteristic of the system by the influence of frequency weight characteristic of RLS (recursive least square) algorithm. Consequently, the identification algorithms of two adaptive controllers are modified to avoid these issues. As a result, the control performance of the output of the switching lambda was improved and the emissions from the engine were dramatically reduced to the level meeting LEV-II emission standard in California. These adaptive controls were applied to all mass production vehicles of Honda