Search

We present a nonvolatile memory of two transistors and one ferroelectric-capacitance with the three-bit-per-cell capability. With a control transistor, the memory can be turned-off correctly when the ferroelectric capacitance is programmed such that the threshold-voltage of the unit cell shifts to a deep negative value. This unit cell can be programmed in 80 ns and erased in 20 ns. The conductance can be tuned gradually in $2.5\times 10^{{4}}$ folds of the on-off ratio with 30 cycles by pulse operations. The eight conductance values can be cycled more than $10^{{7}}$ times. Data stored in distinguished eight conductance values can be retained in 80 Celsius degrees for ten years. This work offers an applicable solution for embedded non-volatile memories with ferroelectric mechanisms.

The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 105 and 109 GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.

Purpose The objective of this study was to explore whether there were any differences between the theoretical recommendations for children's supracondylar humeral fractures (CSHF) according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) guidelines and the treatments they actually received in our institution. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts and radiographs of all CSHFs at our hospital between January 2015 and December 2018. In all, 301 children meeting our inclusion criteria were identified and evaluated using the AAOS-Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) application for supracondylar humerus fractures. Actual treatment was then compared with the treatment recommended by the AUC. Results Actual operative management was undertaken in 0/58 (0%) Gartland type I fractures, 61/108 (56.5%) type II fractures and 98/135 (72.6%) type III fractures. Actual nonoperative management was undertaken in 58/58 (100%) Gartland type I fractures, 47/108 (43.5%) type II fractures and 37/135 (27.4%) type III fractures. Surgeon decisions for nonoperative treatment were in agreement with the AUC recommendations 100% of the time, whereas surgeon decisions for surgery matched the AUC recommendations 65.4% of the time. Predictors of actual operative management were age (p =0.003), fracture classification (p =0.000), associated orthopaedic injury requiring surgery (p =0.025) and anterior humeral line (AHL) not intersecting the capitellum (p =0.008). Conclusion We found low agreement between actual treatments and the AUC-recommended ‘appropriate’ treatments. The AUC favoured operative intervention more frequently largely on the basis of fracture classification while we emphasized age, fracture classification, associated orthopaedic injury requiring surgery and alignment of the AHL with the capitellum in our operative decision-making process. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level II

Purpose The aims of present study are to clarify the follow questions: 1) what constitutes paediatric chondrosarcoma?; 2) what are the effects of the demographic and tumour characteristics on survival in patients with paediatric chondrosarcoma?; 3) which prognostic factors of paediatric chondrosarcoma differ from those of the adult population, which have been reported previously? Methods Paediatric patients who were diagnosed with chondrosarcoma were searched for using the case listing session protocol of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 databases (1973 to 2014). The extracted demographic information includes: age, race, gender, year of diagnosis, tumour sites, tumour histological subtype, grade, stage and treatment. Results A total of 247 paediatric chondrosarcoma patients were extracted and included in our present study. We find that the paediatric patients have significantly better survival rates than the adult patients. The year of diagnosis, tumour sites, tumour histological subtype, grade, stage and surgery received are independent prognostic factors for the survival rate of paediatric chondrosarcoma patients, but race, gender and age are not. Conclusion The paediatric chondrosarcoma patients have better survival rates than the adults. Paediatric patients with a diagnosis at an early age, tumour site at the vertebral column and pelvis/sacrococcyx, myxoid variants, high grade, distant stage and who did not have surgery have a poorer prognosis than patients with a diagnosis at a later age, tumour site at limbs, head and base, chondrosarcoma not otherwise specified, lower grade, localized stage and who received surgery. Level of Evidence II -Prognostic Study

本文报道1例子宫腺肌病病灶切除术后子宫瘢痕妊娠患者的诊治经过，并复习相关文献，探讨子宫腺肌病病灶切除术后的妊娠并发症及术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的诊治方法。患者35岁，孕2产0，子宫腺肌病病灶切除术后3年，停经66 d，间断阴道流血20余天，血β-hCG水平升高，影像学检查提示子宫底壁肌层瘢痕周围囊性灶，考虑异位妊娠，予甲氨蝶呤（MTX）肌内注射及妊娠囊内注射治疗成功。妊娠囊内注射MTX后28 d血β-hCG水平降至正常。治疗后2个月月经恢复，复查影像学检查提示妊娠囊缩小。子宫腺肌病病灶切除术后子宫瘢痕妊娠少见，MTX进行保守治疗是有效的治疗手段。.

Quasi-elastic scattering angular distribution for the $$94.5\ \hbox {MeV}\ ^{17}\hbox {F}$$ radioactive ion beam on the $$^{208}\hbox {Pb}$$ target has been measured. To describe the experimental quasi-elastic scattering angular distribution and explore the reaction dynamic, firstly, the optical potentials with the double-folding Sao Paulo and Akyuz Winther potentials for both real and imaginary parts were used to analyze the experimental data. It is observed that both theoretical angular distributions are very similar. The optical model results describe reasonably the experimental data until 100 $$^\circ $$ but underpredict the data for larger angles. Secondly, the continuum discretized coupled channel method (CDCC) was used to study the effect of the breakup channel on the elastic scattering. The double-folding Sao Paulo and Akyuz Winther potentials were used as nuclear interactions giving again similar results. The agreement with the data is slightly improved at intermediate angles. The sensibility of the CDCC effects upon the nuclear interaction potential was checked. Finally, the influence of inelastic states of both projectile and target, the one-proton, one-neutron, two-neutron and $$\alpha $$ transfer channels on the quasi-elastic scattering angular distribution is analyzed in the frame of the coupled channel and coupled reaction channel methods, respectively. It is observed that the coupling to the first excited state of $$^{17}\hbox {F}$$ is the one that affects more the elastic scattering, although the inelastic channels of the target also influence it when compared with the optical model results. The effect of the transfer channels on the quasi-elastic angular distribution is negligible.

This study proposes a high-efficiency energy-saving shower system consisting of a direct-heating heat pump water heater (HPWH) and a self-developed waste heat recovery heat exchanger. The system recovers the waste heat from both shower wastewater and hot steam. It is shown that the coefficient of performance of the heat pump (COP HP ) is equal to 5.6. Moreover, an energy consumption analysis of shower water was researched by the study, which finds the waste heat recovery is 12.51 kW and the heat recovery ratio is 72%. Finally, the overall coefficient of performance of the shower system (COP sys ) is equal to 9.4. Due to its high efficiency and waste heat recovery, the physical size of the shower system can be reduced, thereby enabling its integration into the building structure.

WLCSP package has been demonstrated as one of most adequate packaging solution in both high electrical performance products, such as RF device, and high voltage application products, such as PMIC device, by its characteristics of short interconnection path and low package cost. As electronic components are aggressively adopted for automotive application to realize the autonomous driving capability in coming future, this makes WLCSP a very suitable package by its merits mentioned above besides its very thin small form-factor. To fulfill automotive application requirement (i.e. 1500C HTS 2000 hours or 1750C HTS 1000 hours for Grade 0), high temperature stress performance of package becomes extremely critical and essential. In WLCSP package structure, the most vulnerable interconnection interface to high temperature stress is UBM/solder ball interface due to Cu/Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) formation with kirkendall voiding issue. Therefore, it becomes the objective of this study to investigate different UBM Cu layer condition and solder ball composition impact on high temperature stress reliability performance of UBM/solder ball interface, also to evaluate accelerated stress conditions to shorten the investigation cycle.

From January 2014 to June 2018, 12 patients with skin and soft tissue defects in shoulder and elbow were admitted to General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University with skin and soft tissue defect size of 6 cm×5 cm to 11 cm×8 cm, including 9 males and 3 females aged 15-56 years. Wounds of 5 patients were repaired with rotator scapular artery perforator flap (flap area of 8 cm×7 cm to 12 cm×6 cm), and the donor flap area was sutured directly. Wounds of 3 patients were repaired with lateral thoracic perforator flap (flap area of 8 cm×7 cm to 13 cm×9 cm). The donor flap area of two patients was sutured directly, the majority of the donor flap area of one patient was sutured directly, and a small part was covered by split-thickness skin graft from ipsilateral thigh. Wounds of 4 patients were repaired with medial brachial artery perforator flap (flap area of 6 cm×5 cm to 12 cm×10 cm). The donor flap area of two patients was sutured directly, and two patients were covered with split-thickness skin graft from left chest wall. The flaps of 11 patients survived after surgery. Blood flow disorder at the distal end of the flap was observed in one patient. After treatment, the distal end of the flap presented 3 cm×2 cm necrosis, and the skin graft survived after second skin grafting and debridement. During the follow-up of 6 to 24 months post surgery, all patients had good texture of flap, with light scar hyperplasia in the donor flap area, and good recovery of elbow and shoulder joint function. The rotator scapular artery perforator flap, lateral thoracic perforator flap, and medial brachial artery perforator flap with the advantages being of relatively simple operation, high survival rate, and good surgical outcome, are good choices for repairing the skin and soft tissue defects in shoulder and elbow.2014年1月—2018年6月，宁夏医科大学总医院收治肩部和肘部皮肤软组织缺损患者12例，其中男9例、女3例，年龄15～56岁，皮肤软组织缺损面积6 cm×5 cm～11 cm×8 cm。5例患者创面采用旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣(皮瓣面积8 cm×7 cm～12 cm×6 cm)修复，供瓣区直接缝合。3例患者创面采用侧胸部穿支皮瓣(皮瓣面积8 cm×7 cm～13 cm×9 cm)修复，2例患者供瓣区直接缝合，1例患者供瓣区大部分直接缝合，小部分移植同侧大腿中厚皮覆盖。4例患者创面采用臂内侧动脉穿支皮瓣(皮瓣面积6 cm×5 cm～12 cm×10 cm)修复，2例患者供瓣区直接缝合，2例患者取左侧胸壁中厚皮覆盖。11例患者术后皮瓣成活，1例患者皮瓣远端出现血运障碍，经处理，皮瓣远端出现3 cm×2 cm坏死，经二次扩创植皮后，皮片成活。术后随访6～24个月，所有患者皮瓣质地良好，供瓣区瘢痕增生轻，肘关节及肩关节功能恢复良好。旋肩胛动脉穿支皮瓣、侧胸部穿支皮瓣、臂内侧动脉穿支皮瓣具有手术操作相对简单，皮瓣成活率高、手术效果好等优点，是修复肩部和肘部皮肤软组织缺损的较佳选择。.

A super breathable skin-like fabric with artificial sweating glands to excrete fluid droplets and repel external liquids., Personal moisture management fabrics that facilitate sweat transport away from the skin are highly desirable for wearer’s comfort and performance. Here, we demonstrate a “skin-like” directional liquid transport fabric, which enables continuous one-way liquid flow through spatially distributed channels acting like “sweating glands” yet repels external liquid contaminants. The water transmission rate can be 15 times greater than that of best commercial breathable fabrics. This exceptional property is achieved by creating gradient wettability channels across a predominantly superhydrophobic substrate. The flow directionality is explained by the Gibbs pinning criterion. The permeability, mechanical property, and abrasion resistance (up to 10,000 cycles) of the fabric were not affected by the treatment. In addition to functional clothing, this concept can be extended for developing materials for oil-water separation, wound dressing, geotechnical engineering, flexible microfluidics, and fuel cell membranes.

Lung cancer has an unfavorable prognosis due to the lack of efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this study sought to figure out the effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DANCR on lung cancer progression.LncRNA DANCR and miR-214-5p expressions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were detected by Real Time-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Function assays, including Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometric analysis were conducted to clarify the role of DANCR and miR-214-5p in the progression of NSCLC. Western blot, Dual-Luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay (RIP) were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanism.LncRNA DANCR was upregulated in NSCLC. The knockdown of lncRNA DANCR inhibited cell proliferation and accelerated cell apoptosis in NSCLC. LncRNA DANCR interacted with miR-214-5p. MiR-214-5p over-expression partially reversed the regulatory effects of DANCR on proliferation and apoptosis in NSCLC. In addition, CIZ1 was the downstream gene binding miR-214-5p. LncRNA DANCR could regulate the miR-214-5p/CIZ1 axis.Downregulation of lncRNA DANCR inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in NSCLC by regulating the miR-214-5p/CIZ1 axis. LncRNA DANCR may act as an oncogene and promote the progression of NSCLC.

Online game livestreaming is an emerging industry. Followers' donation is major source of live streamers' income. The reactions induced by the immediacy and interactivity of online game livestreaming are critical to viewers' engrossment in such livestreams. This study explores viewers' intention of following and donation toward streamers of online game livestreams, by considering characteristics of the livestreaming context, streamers, as well as viewers' feelings and perceptions. Results from analyzing data collected by online survey show that the relationship among loyalty, intention to follow, and intention to donate is significant. Value co-creation and flow experience are the main factors promoting viewers' loyalty. Enjoyment indirectly affects loyalty through the flow experience. The influence of user engagement, media richness, social interaction, and expertise on value co-creation and flow experience is as our expectation. But social interaction and expertise are not as important to viewers. Academic and practical implications are discussed further.

The photocatalytic antimicrobial activities of B and Ce co-doped TiO2 nanomaterials calcinated at different temperatures under visible-light illumination were investigated. B/Ce–TiO2 nanoma...

Background Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) occurs in 2 to 8% of patients that receive open or endoscopic carpal tunnel release (CTR). Because CRPS is difficult to treat after onset, identifying risk factors can inform prevention. We determined the incidence of CRPS following open and endoscopic CTR using a national claims database. We also examined whether psychosocial conditions were associated with CRPS after CTR. Methods We accessed insurance claims using diagnostic and procedural codes. We calculated the incidence of CRPS following open carpal tunnel release and endoscopic carpal tunnel release within 1 year. The response variable was the presence of CRPS after CTR. Explanatory variables included procedure type, age, gender, and preoperative diagnosis of anxiety or depression. Results The number of open CTRs (85% of total) outweighs the number of endoscopic procedures. In younger patients, the percentage of endoscopic CTRs is increasing. Rates of CRPS are nearly identical between surgery types for both privately insured (0.3%) and Medicare patients (0.1%). Middle aged (range: 40–64 years) and female patients had significantly higher rates of CRPS than did the general population. Preoperative psychosocial conditions did not correlate with the presence of CRPS in surgical patients. Clinical Relevance The decision between endoscopic and open CTR should not be made out of concern for development of CRPS postsurgery, as rates are low and similar for both procedures. Rates of CRPS found in this study are much lower than rates found in previous studies, indicating inconsistency in diagnosis and reporting or generalizability of prior work. Preoperative psychosocial disorders and CRPS are unrelated.

Coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) is native to North America. This tall tree species is used for forestation and lumber; its wood is also used for furniture, its burls for art ware, and its bark for fuel, insulation, and mulch. In August 2005, an instance of wilt was observed among 2-year-old tissue-culture-cloned plants (2) in the Sitou Forest of central Taiwan. Essentially, all plants were infected. The leaves or stems near the ground were affected first, but the wilt soon spread over the entire plant with the leaves becoming grayish brown and water soaked, and then wilting, drying, and finally defoliation occurred. Aerial hyphae were present over the affected areas, aerial mycelium was cob-web-like, hyaline, later becoming slightly brown. Hyphae were 6.5 to 10.4 μm wide with right-angle branching and septal constriction at their bases. Sclerotia were hemispherical, subglobose, to irregular in shape, 1 to 2 mm, and brown. The perfect stage of the fungus was not found. The fungus was identified as Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (3). Vegetative cells were stained with alkaline safranin solution and identified as multinucleate (1). Portions of the stem that displayed symptoms, together with adjacent healthy tissue, were disinfested for 1 min in 0.5% NaOCl and plated on to potato-dextrose agar (PDA) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) supplemented with 100 mg/L of ampicillin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Single hyphal tips were transferred to PDA and two isolates were established as pure cultures. On the basis of hyphal anastomosis with AG-IV tester isolates (exfop234, exfop241, and exfop250) (1), the fungus was identifed as R. solani AG-IV. Pathogenicity of the fungal isolates was confirmed by inoculating 2-month-old tissue-culture-derived S. sempervirens plants that were grown in pots and incubated in a growth chamber maintained at 28°C with a relative humidity above 95%. Inoculum consisted of a single mycelial 5-day-old 0.5-cm disc grown on PDA of the pathogen placed on the soil surface touching the base of each plant. Four plants were inoculated with mycelium and the four control plants were noninoculated. Inoculated plants wilted gradually over 4 days and all plants developed severe stem rot and were dead in 6 days, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The Rhizoctonia solani AG-IV was reisolated from all inoculated plants. This fungus has been observed to cause disease in many species of plants (4), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizoctonia blight of coastal redwood tissue-culture-derived saplings caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-IV in Taiwan. References: (1) T. T. Chang. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 12:47, 1997. (2) L. C. Huang et al. Plant Physiol. 98:166, 1992. (3) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (4) S. T. Su et al. List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan. The Phytopathological Society of the Republic of China, 2002.

A large scale floating airport, consisting of multi-modules coupled with flexible connectors, can be viewed as a dynamic network. The special dynamic behavior of amplitude death, a suppressed weak oscillatory state, is studied by using the nonlinear network theory. A generalized network model is established for the floating airport, and an analytical solution of its response is formulated. A semi-analytical method is employed to analyze the amplitude death phenomenon and then a critical condition is derived. The parameter domain for the onset of the amplitude death is obtained by numerical simulations which match well with the analytical results. The work provides a typical application of the network theory in the marina engineering and illustrates the importance of amplitude death mechanism in the stability design of very large floating structures.

AR3, a major one of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants, has been shown to play a pivotal role in concert with AR signalling in prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to characterise the expression pattern of AR3 in normal and impaired spermatogenesis. Expression of AR3 mRNA showed significantly lower level in testicular tissues with impaired spermatogenesis when compared to normal tissues. This aberrant expression profile of AR3 in human pathological testes was further confirmed by immunoblotting analysis. Moreover, in situ hybridisation studies revealed that the transcripts of the gene were dominantly localised in the pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, suggesting a potential involvement of this transcriptional regulator in the auto-/paracrine regulation of meiotic and post-meiotic differentiation. This hypothesis was strengthened by the observation that AR3 mRNA expression was positively correlated to average seminiferous tubule score and was negatively correlated to serum FSH level. To the best of our knowledge, such a distinct expression profile of AR3 has not been reported previously in human testis. Overall, our data are suggestive of a novel site of action of AR3 during human spermatogenesis and should shed light on the complicated circuit composed of AR and its splice variants.

To evaluate the clinical value of thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) and the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology(TBSRTC).FNAC was performed for 2 043 cases and cytopathological data were retrospectively analyzed. Cytopathological diagnoses according to TBSRTC were classified as non-diagnostic, benign, atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance(AUS/FLUS), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm(FN/SFN), suspicious for malignancy(SM) and malignancy. The results of 234 FNAC samples in which surgery was performed were compared with the histological diagnoses.Of the 2 043 FNAC samples, 15.7%(320/2 043)were non-diagnostic, 51.2%(1 047/2 043)were benign, 16.6%(339/2 043) were AUS/FLUS, 2.3%(46/2 043)were FN/SFN, 8.6%(176/2 043)were SM and 5.6%(115/2 043)were malignant. In 234 cases, there was follow-up histology. Rates of malignancy were as follows: non-diagnostic, 18.2%(2/11); benign(2.2%, 1/45); AUS/FLUS(25.6%, 10/29); FN/SFN(12.1%, 10/39); SM(91.8%, 56/61); malignant(100.0%, 45/45). The sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, false negative rate and overall accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules was 87.1%(101/116), 95.3%(102/107), 4.7%(5/107), 12.9%(15/116), 91.0%(203/223).FNAC is a reliable diagnostic method for evaluation of thyroid disease. TBSRTC is a accurate and effective reporting system for cytopathological diagnoses, so it is worthy of being widely popularized in clinical application.

To investigate adherence and the influence factors among patients who are on antiretrovirus therapy (ART) of 3 provinces in China.This study selected 18-year-old and older AIDS patients as the survey objects who initiated anti-retrovirus therapy between April and September of 2014 and kept on the treatment for one year in Yunnan,Sichuan,and Hu'nan province. Information of demography, treatment and social support was collected by questionnaires. Adopt SSRS questionnaire to calculate the information of objective support, subjective support and utilization of social support. χ(2) test and logistic regression were performed to examine relationships between factors and adherence.A total of 386 patients with medication were investigated. Among them, there were 365 (94.6%) cases who were compliant to the ART, and 357 (92.5%) cases can take their pills on time, and 29 (7.5%) cases take their medication in excess of the prescribed time more than two hours. Social support score was 27.2 ± 7.3, including objective support score (5.6 ± 2.7), subjective support score (16.1 ± 4.8), and utilization of social support (5.5 ± 1.9). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that adherence was significantly associated with the correct cognition of medication (OR (95%CI): 3.24 (1.17-9.00)), the self-awareness of the drug regimen was not complexity (OR (95%CI): 9.34 (3.27-26.68)), taking medication 1 time a day (OR (95%CI): 4.00 (1.35-11.84)), and the batter utilization of social support (OR (95%CI): 1.49 (1.06-2.01)). Married/cohabiting or farmers tend to be nonadherenced, while the OR (95%CI) was 0.24 (0.08-0.67) and 0.23 (0.08-0.69), respectively.The patients among these provinces were compliant to the ART, and most of them can take their pills on time. The social support score of these patients was lower than normal person. Participants who have correct cognition of medication, thinking their drug regimen was not complexity; Taking medication 1 time a day or have high level of utilization of social support showed a significantly higher level of self-reported adherence.

Most currently used insecticides are neurotoxic chemicals that target a limited number of sites and insect cholinergic neurotransmission is the major target. A potential target for insecticide development is the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR), which is a metabotropic G-protein-coupled receptor. Insects have A- and B-type mAChRs and the five mammalian mAChRs are close to the A-type. We isolated a cDNA (CG12796) from the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. After heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells, CG12796 could be activated by acetylcholine [EC50 (half maximal effective concentration), 73 nM] and the mAChR agonist oxotremorine M (EC50 , 48.2 nM) to increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Thus, the new mAChR is coupled to Gq/11 but not Gs and Gi/o . The classical mAChR antagonists atropine and scopolamine N-butylbromide at 100 μM completely blocked the acetylcholine-induced responses. The orthologues of CG12796 can also be found in the genomes of other insects, but not in the genomes of the honeybee or parasitoid wasps. Knockdown of CG12796 in the central nervous system had no effect on male courtship behaviours. We suggest that CG12796 represents the first recognized member of a novel mAChR class.