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Oriented nanocrystals, as seen in biominerals, have both the macroscopic hierarchical morphologies and the nanoscale interspace among the unit crystals. Here we studied the incorporation effects of the specific interspace in the oriented nanocrystals on the morphologies, properties, and applications of organic crystals. Organic crystals, such as 9-vinylcarbazole (VCz), azobenzene (AB), and pyrene (PY), were introduced into the specific interspace of oriented nanocrystals from the melts. The morphologies and properties of the incorporated organic crystals were systematically studied in these model cases. The incorporation of the organic crystals provided the composites with the original oriented nanocrystals. The incorporated organic crystals formed the single-crystalline structures even in the nanoscale interspace. The melts of the organic compounds were crystallized and grown in the interspace of the original materials. The incorporated organic crystals showed the specific phase transition behavior. The freezing points of the organic crystals were raised by the incorporation into the nanospace while the melting points were not changed. The hierarchical morphologies of the organic crystals were obtained after the dissolution of the original materials. The hierarchical morphologies of the original materials were replicated to the organic crystals. The incorporated organic crystal was polymerized without deformation of the hierarchical morphologies. The hierarchical polymer can be applied to the donor material for the generation of a larger amount of the charge-transfer complex with the acceptor molecule than the commercial polymer microparticles. The present work shows the potential use of the nanoscale interspace generated in the oriented nanocrystals.

The processes for the synthesis of polymers in a mesocrystal structure were studied for understanding of the mechanisms. The mesocrystal structure has the nanoscale pores between the unit crystals for incorporation of guest molecules. The monomers can be incorporated and polymerized in the nanospace of the mesocrystals. In the present work, a sea urchin spine and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were adopted as a model of the original mesocrystal and replicated polymer material, respectively. A sea urchin spine, as an original material, has the hierarchical architectures based on the mesocrystal structure consisting of the oriented carbonate nanocrystals. The monomers were introduced in the nanoscale pores. The composite of the original carbonate and PEDOT was obtained after the incorporation and the polymerization. After dissolution of the original carbonate, the resultant PEDOT architecture showed the hierarchical morphologies similar to those of the original sea urchin spine. The morphology replication processes were compared with those of the different polymers. The important factors for the morphology replication are studied. The present work suggests that the approach can be applied to morphogenesis of a variety of polymer materials.

We have studied the simultaneous synthesis and morphogenesis of polymer materials with hierarchical structures from nanoscopic to macroscopic scales. The morphologies of the original materials can be replicated to the polymer materials. In general, it is not easy to achieve the simultaneous synthesis and morphogenesis of polymer material even using host materials. In the present work, four biominerals and three biomimetic mesocrystal structures are used as the host materials or templates and polypyrrole, poly(3-hexylthiopehene), and silica were used as the precursors for the simultaneous syntheses and morphogenesis of polymer materials. The host materials with the hierarchical structure possess the nanospace for the incorporation of the monomers. After the incorporation of the monomers, the polymerization reaction proceeds in the nanospace with addition of the initiator agents. Then, the dissolution of the host materials leads to the formation and morphogenesis of the polymer materials. The scheme of the replication can be classified into the three types based on the structures of the host materials (types I-III). The type I template facilitates the hierarchical replication of the whole host material, type II mediates the hierarchical surface replication, and type III induces the formation of the two-dimensional nanosheets. Based on these results, the approach for the coupled synthesis and morphogenesis can be applied to a variety of combinations of the templates and polymer materials., (Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

For the purpose of a nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens in patients in Japan, the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy conducted their second year survey, during the period from January to August, 2007. A total of 1178 strains were collected from clinical specimens obtained from adult patients with well-diagnosed respiratory tract infections. Susceptibility testing was evaluable for 1108 strains (226 Staphylococcus aureus, 257 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 6 Streptococcus pyogenes, 206 Haemophilus influenzae, 120 Moraxella catarrhalis, 122 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 171 Pseudomonas aeruginosa). A total of 44 antibacterial agents, including 26 beta-lactams (four penicillins, three penicillins in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors, four oral cephems, eight parenteral cephems, one monobactam, five carbapenems, and one penem), three aminoglycosides, four macrolides (including ketolide), one lincosamide, one tetracycline, two glycopeptides, six fluoroquinolones, and one oxazolidinone were used for the study. Analysis was conducted at the central reference laboratory according to the method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The incidence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was high, at 59.7%, and the incidences of penicillin-intermediateresistant and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PISP and PRSP) were 30.4% and 5.1%, respectively. Among Haemophilus influenzae strains, 19.9% of them were found to be beta-lactamase-non-producing ampicillin (ABPC)-intermediately-resistant (BLNAI), 29.1% to be beta-lactamasenon-producing ABPC-resistant (BLNAR), and 6.7% to be beta-lactamase-producing ABPC-resistant (BLPAR) strains. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was not isolated. Two isolates (1.2%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains, including one (0.6%) suspected multidrug-resistant strain showing resistance to imipenem, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. These data will be a useful reference for future periodic surveillance studies and for investigations to control resistant infections as well. Continued surveillance is required to prevent the further spread of these antimicrobial resistances.