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This paper develops a spatial platform for economic agglomerations that can represent a hierarchical structure of cities, towns, and so on. A global system models geographical distribution of a system of cities, while population size and local geography of each city are modeled by an individual square lattice network. The mechanism of economic agglomeration is described by economic geography models with the replicator dynamics. As a major theoretical contribution of this paper, we elucidate the bifurcation mechanism of the mono-centric distribution in a square domain. Such bifurcation expresses how satellite places appear around a large city. This bifurcation behavior, called sustaining bifurcation, is different from symmetry-breaking bifurcation studied in nonlinear mathematics, and is not given much attention in economic geography, despite its importance. An air-network of cities with the seven largest hub airports in USA is employed as a realistic example, and is modeled as a global–local system comprising a series of local square lattices with different sizes connected by an equidistant economy. This system for an economic geography model displays successive sustaining bifurcations occurring many times leading to gradual emergence of satellite places around a large city.

Background: In Japan, docetaxel, a cytotoxic monotherapy, is the standard drug administered to elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel (nab-PC) demonstrated a high objective response rate (ORR) in patients with squamous histology and was suggested to improve overall survival (OS) for these patients. The CAPITAL trial aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of nab-PC versus docetaxel as first-line therapy for elderly patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. Methods: This multicenter, open-label, phase III, randomized trial was performed at 92 institutions in Japan. Inclusion criteria: 1) advanced squamous NSCLC with no prior systemic chemotherapy, 2) age ≥70 years, and 3) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1. Patients were randomized 1:1 to nab-PC arm (carboplatin AUC, 6 mg/mL/min plus nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 weekly) or D arm (docetaxel 60 mg/m2) for each 21-day cycle. Findings: The nab-PC arm showed higher OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0·52; 90%CI: 0·38–0·70; median: 16·9 versus 10·9 months; p = 0·0003), progression-free survival (median: 5·8 versus 4·0 months; HR: 0·42; 95%CI: 0·30–0·58; p < 0·0001), and ORR (66·3 versus 28·0%; p < 0·0001) than the D arm. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events were leukopenia (46·3%), neutropenia (63·2%), and anemia (38·9%) in the nab-PC arm, and leukopenia (56·7%), neutropenia (77·3%), and febrile neutropenia (17·5%) in the D arm; ≥ grade 2 sensory peripheral neuropathy was observed in 15 (15·8%) and 1 (1·0%) patient(s) in the nab-PC and D arms, respectively. Serious treatment-related adverse events and deaths occurred in 13 (13·7%) and 11 (11·3%) patients and in 2 and 1 patient(s) in the nab-PC and D arms, respectively. Interpretation: Nab-PC improved OS more than docetaxel and can be used as standard first-line treatment for elderly patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. Clinical Trial Registration Details: This trial was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000019843) and the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs041180110) and its protocol has been published previously. Funding Information: This study was conducted by the National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center under a funding contract with Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Declaration of Interests: Y.K. reports grants from Taiho Pharmaceutical, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from MSD, personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work. S.I. reports grants and personal fees from ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., personal fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., MSD K.K, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED., outside the submitted work. H.S. reports grants from Taiho Pharmaceutical, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, MSD K.K, Ono Pharmaceutical, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharma, from Kyorin, outside the submitted work. A.K. reports grants from Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., outside the submitted work. S.A. reports grants from The National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (26-A-22, 29-A-15, 2020-A-13), Taiho Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Ono, Taiho, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, MSD, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Merck, grants and non-financial support from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, personal fees from Hisamitsu, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Novartis Pharma, Thermo Fisher Scientific, outside the submitted work.YT reports grants and personal fees from Taiho pharmaceutical Co, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly, Ono pharmaceutical Co, Chugai pharmaceutical Co, MSD, Takeda, grants from Daiichi Sankyo, Kyowa-Hakko Kirin, personal fees from Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. A.I. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Chugai Pharmaceutical, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, outside the submitted work. T.K. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, MSD, Eli Lilly, Chugai, Ono, Bristol Myers, Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from AstraZeneca, MSD, Ono, Eli Lilly, Takeda, outside the submitted work. I.O. reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono Pharmaceutical, MSD Oncology, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharma, grants from Astellas Pharma, Novartis, AbbVie, personal fees from Pfizer, outside the submitted work. M.Y. reports grants and personal fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical, grants from Daiichi Sankyo, MSD, Pfizer Japan, outside the submitted work. M.S. reports grants and personal fees from Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, MSD K.K, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., personal fees from AstraZeneca Co., Ltd, outside the submitted work. T.Y. reports grants and personal fees from Takeda, Chugai, Taiho, Ono, Bayer, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Sysmex, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, MSD, Sanofi, Otsuka, Kyowa Kirin, grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, outside the submitted work. M.A. reports grants from Kyowa Kirin, Co. Ltd., outside the submitted work. K.K. reports grants and personal fees from Ono, Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Chugai, MSD, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kyowa Hakko KIRIN, Taiho, outside the submitted work. M.T. reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Covidien Japan, Eli Lilly Japan, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer Japan, Taiho Pharmaceutical, personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Nippon Kayaku, and grants from KM Biologics, outside the submitted work. TS reports grants and personal fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly Japan, MSD, Novartis Pharma, Pfizer Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical, grants from AbbVie, Kissei Pharmaceutical, LOXO Oncology, Merck Biopharma, personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Covidien Japan, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Precision Medicine Asia, outside the submitted work. N.Y. reports grants and personal fees from MSD K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., TAIHO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD., Takeda Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Pfizer Inc., AstraZeneca, personal fees from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Life Technologies Japan Ltd., NIPPON KAYAKU, Merk Biopharma, grants from Astellas Pharma Inc., TSUMURA & CO., SHIONOGI Co., Ltd., AbbVie GK., Amgen Inc., KYORIN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., TERUMO CORPORATION, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., TOSOH, outside the submitted work. A.G. reports personal fees from Taiho, Nihon Kayaku, AstraZeneca, Chugai, Ono, Behringer-Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of each participating institution and written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to participation in the study. It was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, 2013.

Background Of patients receiving moderate emetic risk chemotherapy (MEC), 30–90% experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV); however, the optimal antiemetic treatment remains controversial. Methods In this multicenter, prospective, observational study of adults treated with MEC while receiving chemotherapy for various cancer types in Japan, the enrolled patients kept diaries documenting CINV. All participants received a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone. Results Of the 400 patients enrolled from May 2013 to January 2015, 386 were eligible for evaluation. The median age was 64 (range, 26–84). The overall complete response (CR; no emetic events and no antiemetic measures) rate was 64%. The proportion of patients showing CR was low in the carboplatin (CBDCA)- and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy groups, especially among women. We showed that the CR rates in men were high in the CBDCA (AUC5) + etoposide (ETP) (80%), capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) (78%), and CBDCA+ paclitaxel (PTX) groups for lung cancer (73%). Total control (TC; no emetic events, no antiemetic measures, and no nausea) and complete control (CC; no emetic events, no antiemetic measures, and less than mild nausea) were achieved in 51 and 61% of patients, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed history of motion sickness, history of pregnancy-associated vomiting and CBDCA-based chemotherapy as risk factors for CR and history of motion sickness and history of pregnancy-associated vomiting as risk factors for TC. Additional, Ages ≥65 years is an independent predictive factor for achieving TC. Conclusions Our data showed that two antiemetics were insufficient to control CINV in patients receiving CBDCA- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. However, two antiemetics may be sufficiently effective for elderly male patients receiving CBDCA (AUC5) + ETP, CBDCA+PTX for lung cancer, or CAPOX. Additionally, we consider that three antiemetics are necessary for women with colorectal cancer receiving CAPOX. Risk factor analysis related to CR showed that CINV prophylaxis in patients treated with CBDCA-based chemotherapy was generally supportive of the guideline-recommended three antiemetics. However, the control of nausea in patients receiving non-CBDCA-based chemotherapy is a key point to note. The further individualization of antiemetic regimens for patients receiving MEC based on both types of chemotherapy regimens and sex is needed.

Background FLAURA, the prospective trial of osimertinib as a first-line therapy compared with first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), did not show superior survival benefit for osimertinib in either the subgroup of Asians or the subgroup with the L858R mutation. In addition, the superiority of osimertinib compared with second-generation EGFR-TKI is thus far unclear. Patients and methods We reviewed the clinical data of all consecutive patients who were treated with osimertinib or afatinib as first-line therapy between May 2016 and October 2019 from 15 institutions in Japan. We defined the groups based on first-line EGFR-TKI as the afatinib group and the osimertinib group. Outcomes included time to discontinuation of any EGFR-TKI (TD-TKI), overall survival (OS), and time to treatment failure, with propensity score analysis carried out as an exploratory analysis in the survival and subgroup analyses. Results A total of 554 patients were enrolled. Data on 326 patients in the osimertinib group, and 224 patients in the afatinib group were analyzed. TD-TKI adjusted by propensity score in the afatinib and osimertinib groups was 18.6 months (95% confidence interval 15.8 to 22.0) and 20.5 months (95% confidence interval 13.8 to not reached), respectively, without significant difference (P = 0.204). OS adjusted by propensity score favored the afatinib group with a significant difference (P = 0.018). Subgroup analysis with propensity score showed that patients with L858R and without brain metastasis had superior survival benefit with afatinib compared with osimertinib (P < 0.001). Conclusions TD-TKI in the afatinib group was not significantly prolonged compared with the osimertinib group in the practical data. In the exploratory analysis of patients with L858R-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer without brain metastasis, afatinib showed more benefit in OS over osimertinib., Highlights • The large-scale practical data of 550 patients who were treated with osimertinib or afatinib as first-line therapy were analyzed. • The superiority of osimertinib compared with afatinib could not be demonstrated in all populations. • Osimertinib therapy showed effectiveness in patients with brain metastasis. • Afatinib therapy showed potential benefit in patients with L858R mutation and without brain metastasis.

Background There has been no phase III study of comparing the efficacy of first- and second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the triplet regimen with dexamethasone and aprepitant for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). Patients and methods Patients with a malignant solid tumor who would receive HEC containing 50 mg/m2 or more cisplatin were randomly assigned to either palonosetron (0.75 mg) arm (Arm P) or granisetron (1 mg) arm (Arm G), on day 1, both arms with dexamethasone (12 mg on day 1 and 8 mg on days 2–4) and aprepitant (125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg on days 2–3). The primary end point was complete response (CR; no vomiting/retching and no rescue medication) at the 0–120 h period and secondary end points included complete control (CC; no vomiting/retching, no rescue medication, and no more than mild nausea) and total control (TC; no vomiting/retching, no rescue medication, and no nausea). Results Between July 2011 and June 2012, 842 patients were enrolled. Of 827 evaluable, 272 of 414 patients (65.7%) in Arm P had a CR at the 0–120 h period when compared with 244 of 413 (59.1%) in Arm G (P = 0.0539). Both arms had the same CR rate of 91.8% at the acute (0–24 h) period, while at the delayed (24–120 h) period, Arm P had a significantly higher CR rate than Arm G (67.2% versus 59.1%; P = 0.0142). In secondary end points, Arm P had significantly higher rates than Arm G at the 0–120 h period (CC rate: 63.8% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0234; TC rate: 47.6% versus 40.7%, P = 0.0369) and delayed periods (CC rate: 65.2% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0053; TC rate: 48.6% versus 41.4%, P = 0.0369). Conclusion The present study did not show the superiority of palonosetron when compared with granisetron in the triplet regimen regarding the primary end point. Clinical Trial Registry Identifier UMIN000004863.

Resistance to antiemetic treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist is an issue. This study evaluated the potential roles of ABCB1 and ABCG2 polymorphisms in antiemetic treatment resistance in patients with cancer previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 156 patients were evaluated for their responses to antiemetic therapy and then subdivided into granisetron or palonosetron groups. The genotypes were evaluated for their association with antiemetic efficacy in each treatment groups. Additional risk factors associated with complete response (CR) were examined using a multivariate regression analysis. No significant associations were identified for genetic polymorphisms in the palonosetron group. In the granisetron group, patients with ABCB1 2677TT and 3435TT genotypes had higher proportion of CR. In addition to ABCB1 polymorphisms, gender and cisplatin dose were associated with granisetron response by univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the ABCB1 3435C>T polymorphism and cisplatin dose were significant predictors of CR.

Formation region and hydrogen desorption and absorption properties of the perovskite-type structure in Li x Na 1− x MgH 3 with x = 0, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50 and 1.00 were studied in the present work. The experimental results are reasonably explained from the viewpoint of the geometric restrictions of ions that are described by so-called Goldschmidt tolerance factors. In NaMgH 3 ( x = 0), two plateau pressures of about 0.040 and 0.15 MPa were clearly detected by hydrogen pressure–composition ( p – c ) isotherm measurement at 673 K. Moreover, NaMgH 3 can be reversibly formed in 1.0 MPa of hydrogen at 673 K, from the decomposed phase of elemental Na and Mg.

Reversible hydriding and dehydriding reactions were experimentally confirmed in the perovskite-type hydride, NaMgH 3 . Nearly 6.0 mass% of hydrogen was released from NaMgH 3 within 8 min at 673 K, and two plateau pressures of about 0.15 and 0.040 MPa were clearly observed in the p – c isotherm measurement at the same temperature.

The shear viscosity of organic glass polystyrene has been determined under pure shear deformation mode from room temperature up to the glass transition temperature. A mechanical model of series connection of anelasticity and viscosity was used to determine the viscosity of the material. Relaxation time for the viscous flow was determined as a function of temperature. The relaxation was composed of two thermal-activation type relaxation processes: the high temperature relaxation (HTR) and the low temperature relaxation (LTR). In both relaxations the relaxation time was represented as τ=τo exp(E/kBT), and the values of τ0 and E were different in specimens treated differently – aged, loaded, and annealed. The observed τ0 and E were not independent of each other but a compensation effect, a linear decrease of logτ0 with increased E, was seen. The results were explained using the idea of cooperative relaxations of relaxing elements. HTR and LTR were considered to correspond to the structural and the slow relaxations, respectively, and the relaxing elements could respectively be a single atom or molecule and a segment in molecular chains.

Beginning of epitaxial growth of vapor deposition on (0 0 1) surface has been studied by use of molecular dynamics. The activation energies of motion and conversion can be calculated using an embedded atom potential at any temperatures. The activation energy of the motion of a gold adatom on (0 0 1) surface of gold is calculated to be 0.41 eV. The activation energies of dissociation in the direction of a di-adatom is 0.72 eV from the nearest neighbor to the next nearest neighbor, and 0.27 eV from the next nearest neighbor to the third neighbor. Butterfly motion of a di-adatom is 0.42+0.12 eV=0.54 eV. Tri-adatoms are classified by the angle between the two bonds in the adatoms and the lengths of the two bonds. The conversion energies of tri-adatoms have also been calculated. The activation energy for the motion of an adatom on (0 0 1) surface is much higher than those corresponding the motion on (1 1 1) surfaces.

Simulations were performed to model the response of a copper rectangular parallelepiped single crystal with a notch to tensile deformation. Partial dislocations were created near the tip of the notch as we expected. It is hard to see where the dislocations were created by just looking at the displaced positions of atoms, but the creation of dislocations was easily observed by a simulation of X-ray Lang method. Before creation of dislocations, some indication was quite clearly shown. Laue patterns during tensile deformation were also simulated.

This paper reports the plans and design of positron microscopes being built at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Tsukuba, Japan. A used electron microscope is remodeled. The kinetic energies of positrons produced by accelerators or by nuclear decays do not have a unique value but show a spread over in a wide range. Positron beam is guided to a transmission electron microscope (JEM100SX). Positrons are moderated by a tungsten foil, accelerated and focused on a nickel sheet. The monochromatic, focused beam is injected into an electron microscope. The focusing and aberration of positrons are the same as electrons in a magnetic system which is used in commercial electron microscopes. Imaging plates are used to record positron images for the transmission electron microscope.

According to one suggested model, bending of a single crystal introduces edge dislocations of the same sign. In the present study, this model is examined by computer simulation using molecular dynamics. When a notch is present on the tension surface, Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations are created near the tip of the notch. In the compression surface, partial dislocations are created due to wrinkling of the crystal plane. The results of simulation shows that dislocations are more easily created in a compressive bending region than in a tension bending region or simple tension region.

10091 Background: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is one of the most unpleasant adverse effects of chemotherapy. Resistance to prophylactic antiemetic treatment is problematic, with 30%–50% of patients experiencing unsatisfactory control. Younger age and female sex are well-known risk factors for CINV. Genetic polymorphisms are suggested to influence antiemetic treatment response. Methods: This study included a subset of patients previously enrolled in a randomised controlled trial. This study aimed to evaluate the role of pharmacogenomic polymorphisms relevant to antiemetic response in patients with cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The study’s efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients with complete response (CR). The study endpoint was evaluated separately in the acute (CR0-24) and delayed (CR24-120) phases. Thirteen polymorphisms were genotyped, and the association of these genotypes with the efficacy of prophylactic antiemetics was then investigated. Confounding variables for CR were identified using stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. Age and sex were included as independent variables by the forced-entry method, and the stepwise method was used to select the pharmacogenomic factors for inclusion as independent variables. Results: In this genetic polymorphism association study, 156 patients with solid cancer were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ERCC1 8092AA (odd ratio [OR]: 11.251; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.741–72.712, P = 0.011) and female sex (OR = 3.630; 95% CI = 1.138–11.578, P = 0.029) were significant predictors of CR0-24. No significant association of CR24-120 with pharmacogenomic polymorphisms was found via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: ERCC1 polymorphism might be influenced the extent of CINV control in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Clinical trial information: 000009335.

Aromatic polyimide films, Upilex S partially carbonized between 700°C and 1000°C. Electrical conductivity is higher at higher temperatures. The electrical conductivity s could be expresses as s = so exp (−E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant, t is the absolute measuring temperature. so and E are found to be 4 × 10−1 Ω−1 m−1 and 0.02eB, respectively. The experimental data show that the Hall coefficient R is negative, and this implies that the carriers are negatively charged, i.e. electrons. The specimens are n-type semiconductors. The carrier density η is given by η = 1/(|e|R) and the mobility μ is μ is s/(η|e|), where |e| is the absolute value of the electron charge and s is the electrical conductivity. Fitting the data, η = A1 exp (−E1/κT) and μ = A2 exp (E2/κT). E1 and E2 depend on carbonized temperature. The polyimide films are not completely carbonized but partially carbonized at 700°C. The partially carbonized polyimide is an n type donor. It is concluded that the “impurity level” lies about 0.36eV below the conduction band.

This paper reports the plans of positron microscopes being built at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, employing used electron microscopes. The kinetic energies of positrons produced by accelerators or by nuclear decays do not have a unique value but are spread in a wide range. The positron beam will be guided near electron microscopes, such as a transmission electron microscope (JEM100S) and a scanning electron microscope (JSM25S). Positrons are slowed down by a tungsten foil, accelerated and focused on a nickel sheet. The monochromatic focused beam will be injected into an electron microscope. The focusing of positrons and electrons are the same in the magnetic system. The characteristic feature of this plan is that the electron microscopes can be used for positrons without changing the focusing system. The electron microscope is shielded from earth’s magnetic field and thus it is convenient to use electron microscopes. Imaging plates are used to detect positron images for the transmission positron microscope.

Among the relaxations of thermal-activation type τ=τ0 exp(E/kBT), “complex” relaxations showing the following abnormal characteristics were noted: (1) a strong correlation between the activation energy E and the preexponential factor τ0; (2) unreasonably small values of τ0(≪10−14 s) and unusually large values of E. As examples, (a) the viscosity relaxation in amorphous materials near the glass transition, and (b) the anelastic relaxation in heavily cold-worked alloys are shown. These are compared with examples of relaxation with normal characteristics, or “simple” relaxation. In complex relaxation, the “compensation effect,” a linear decrease of log τ0 with increasing E, can be seen. Cooperative jumps of relaxing elements were taken into consideration, and a simple formalism for interpreting the complex relaxation was derived. The above examples of complex relaxation were analyzed by considering (a) the cooperative movement of several atoms over potential barriers existing in the amorphous materials, and ...

Viscosity of several phosphate glasses has been measured under pure shear deformation mode using a sensitive optical technique in the tempeature range from room temperature up to the glass transition. Two different mechanical relaxations were superposed in glasses containing molecular chains, while a single relaxation was observed in glasses without the chain. The relaxation times for the mechanical relaxation of the glasses were 10 −4 –10 −2 s at the glass transition. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and heat capacity of glasses have been determined simultaneously during the annealing or stabilization process below the glass transition using a hot-wire method. The relaxation time for the stabilization process was around 100 s at the glass transition for all phosphate glasses. Calorimetric data were also used to estimate the relaxation time at the glass transition.

A novel Josephson ternary logic circuit to perform multiplication is proposed. The fundamental circuit of the multiplier is based on Josephson complementary ternary logic circuit (JCTL). In this paper the principle of the ternary multiplier is described. We have fabricated the multiplier using SQUIDs which were made of Nb/AlOx/Al/Nb junctions, and measurements of the logic operation of the circuit were carried out. The results showed satisfactory operation of the multiplier, which agreed well with the results of simulation. The advantages of the proposed ternary multiplier are capability of ultra-high speed computation, low power consumption and very simple construction with less number of elements to perform a ternary multiplication.

DONET is a flexible and expandable submarine cabled seafloor observation infrastructure for mega-thrust earthquake research and disaster prevention. The system which consists of a backbone looped submarine cable system, five science nodes and 20 set of state of art earthquake and tsunami observatories was developed and constructed in the program started from 2006 and fully in operation from 2011 at the hypothesis region of To-Nankai earthquake. Simultaneously with the construction of original DONET, the development and deployment of second DONET system (DONET2) was planned and started in 2010 to subject for the hypothesis region of Nankai earthquake. Since this region spreads out in the wide area about 2 times rather than the region of the To-Nankai earthquake, deployment of a large-scale observation network system is required. Expansion of scale of observatory means the increase of power distribution capacity and the confliction of network topology, it will need to solve the several engineering subject to expand the design of original DONET to large scale system DONET2. This paper describe several indispensable technologies of submarine cabled seafloor observation system DONET (power consumption control, power blanching and time synchronization), then introduce the novel engineering approach for high voltage power distribution control and large scale network topology management for DONET2 off Kii channel observatory network.

Motion of dislocations was studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The embedded atom method (EAM) potential is used to express the non-central nature of atomic interaction in metals. A new EAM potential expressed by simple functions has been developed and used in the simulation. The equilibrium configuration of atoms and the motion of dislocations in Cu and Ag crystals were carefully investigated. From the change of the kinetic energy and the position of the dislocation, the Peierls potential was estimated.

10111Background: The aim of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 5 mg) of olanzapine (OLZ) in combination with standard antiemetic treatment (aprepitant [APR], palonosetron [PALO], and dexamethasone [DEX]) to determine the better dose of OLZ as a test arm in a subsequent placebo controlled phase III study for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). Methods: A multi-institutional, double-blind, randomized phase II, dose-finding study of OLZ was performed in patients with a malignant solid tumor who were receiving HEC with cisplatin (CDDP, ≥ 50 mg/m2). Patients were randomly assigned either OLZ 10 or 5 mg orally after supper on days 1–4, combined with APR (125 mg p.o. on day 1, 80 mg p.o. on days 2–3), PALO (0.75 mg i.v. on day 1) and DEX (9.9 mg i.v. on day 1 and 6.6 mg i.v. on days 2–4). The primary endpoint was a complete response (CR), defined as no emetic episodes and rescue medications used in the delayed phase (24 to 120 h). At least 72 pat...

The results of experiments with a supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst were interpreted by a two-site model of the active sites, in order to enhance the understanding of multiple types of catalyst active sites and in particular the role of the external donor. The applicability of the two-site model is discussed and the stochastic parameters of the model are correlated with both the experimental and molecular modelling data. The two-site model satisfactorily explains the major part of the active sites of this highly isospecific catalyst and is a suitable tool for analysing the effects of the donors on catalyst active sites. Nevertheless, it does not completely describe the behaviour of Mg-supported Ziegler-Natta Ti catalyst. There is probably more than one kind of active site producing the part of polypropylene that is soluble in boiling heptane. This study also supports the earlier suggestion that some of the changes in the population of active sites can be explained only through the formation of new sites, and more specifically through the existence of fluctuating sites that can be stabilized by external donors. The stability of these new sites depends on both the structural and electronic properties of the external donors.

The internal friction (ultrasonic attenuation at 51 kHz) of a SiO 2 single crystal, pure SiO 2 glass and SiO 2 glass with excessive oxygen (10 17 /cm 3 ) was measured within the temperature range of 1.6–250 K. No original peak related to the excessive oxygen was recognized, although the doping of oxygen to the glass showed a slight increment of the internal friction at the same temperature. The doped oxygen probably enhances the internal friction caused by the bridging oxygen atoms; in other words, the doped oxygen molecules thought to exist in the gas phase slightly alter the potential acting on the bridging oxygen atoms in the random network.

The transient hot‐wire method for simultaneously measuring the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of materials has been modified to improve the accuracy of the measurements. In this new experimental method, called the multicurrent method, several constant current values are used for heating the hot wire in order to determine accurately the thermal transport quantities. The details of the multicurrent method are precisely described, and examples of experiments using the method with pure water, electrolytic solution, and ionic conducting glasses are given. It is shown that this method can be used both for liquid and solid materials; a relatively small amount of the specimen material is sufficient for each experiment; the material can be insulating as well as highly ionic‐conductive; the accuracies of the determined thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity values are, respectively, around ±1% and ±5%.

The thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of AgPO 3 and (AgI) 0.5 (AgPO 3 ) 0.5 glasses have been measured simultaneously in the temperature ranges below and above the glass transitions by using an improved transient hot-wire (multicurrent) method. Using this method, both of the thermal transport properties could be measured accurately. Special care was taken in the measurement concerning the high ionic conductivity of the materials. The temperature dependences of the two transport properties were especially noted, and apparent differences in them could be seen between two glassy materials. The experimental results were discussed on the basis of a simple phonon transport theory with special consideration of the present superionic conducting glasses.

Two-site model analysis was carried out for 13 C n.m.r. of polypropylene polymerized by Ziegler-Natta catalyst with external alkoxysilane donors. Four effects of the external donors were found: selective poisoning of symmetric site; transformation of a symmetric to an asymmetric (but fluctuating) site; increase of whole isotacticity due to that of polymers obtained by the fluctuating site; and increase of isotacticity of the polymers obtained by the fluctuating site when the concentration of external donor is high enough.

A method called the “multicurrent” transient hot-wire method has been developed for measuring thermal conductivity and diffusivity simultaneously and with accuracy. The method can be applied to specimen materials in liquid and solid states, and can be used with a wide range of temperatures. The principle of the hot-wire method is to measure the time variation in the temperature of an electrically heated wire enclosed in a specimen by utilizing the wire as a resistance thermometer. By using various electric heating current values, the convenience and accuracy of the method are greatly improved. As an example of this type of measurement, superionic conducting glass (AgI)0.5(AgPO3)0.5 was chosen as specimen material, and the thermal conductivity and diffusivity were measured in a temperature range including the glass transition. The experimental results are analyzed and briefly discussed on the basis of the gas kinetics theory of phonon conduction in solids.

熱輸送過程の研究にコンピューターを利用する方法について紹介する。 特に一次元不均質系に注目し, 物質の微視的構造と熱拡散過程との関連について, 具体的な計算機実験の実例を示しながら解説する.

外場が時間的に変動するとき、 種々の物理量はそれにともない何らかの応答を示す。 この非平衡系における時間変化は線形応答理論により緩和関数、 応答関数により記述される。 これらを周波数領域でとらえると動的感受率は分散を示すが、 誘電率や弾性率の分散は物質のダイナミクスを調べる手段として古くから測られてきた。 一方、 非平衡系の熱容量も動的感受率のひとつであり、 最近ではこの方面の研究も活発になってきた。 この講座第3回では、 これらの動的感受率の物理的意味、 緩和現象との関連、 ならびにその測定について話を進める。

本講座ではこれまで固体中の熱物性について, 主としてフォノンモデルに基づいた解説を行ってきた. フォノンは固体中の原子の波動的な運動であり, 隣接する原子の運動は規則的な相関をもっている. そこでは個々の原子の位置よりも, 振動数や音速といった波を特徴づける物理量が重要な意味をもっていた. これに対して気体中の原子や分子は自由に運動しており, 衝突の際にのみ, 運動量やエネルギーの交換を行うので, 隣の原子との運動の相関は殆どない. また固体中を原子が拡散する際も個々の原子の動きが問題となる. また, 液体中の原子の運動は, ある意味で気体と固体の中間的なものである. 今回は視点を個々の原子の運動に移して, 種々の問題を述べる.

熱伝導は熱的非平衡状態が平衡状態へ向かう際に起こる現象である。 固体中ではその過程で前回解説したフォノンが重要な役割を担う。 今回は固体の熱伝導について、 測定原理に基づいたマクロな現象を解説し、 更に、 そこに反映されるフォノンと物質のミクロな構造との関わりについて話を進める。

This study reports the actual situations of mobile phone market for mobile learning at universities in Japan. About 700 undergraduate students in Tokyo area participated into the survey research and the researcher-developed questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The results of descriptive analyses are reported focusing on distribution rate of mobile phones, daily usage of mobile phones, preferable mobile phone services to investigate possibilities of mobile phone use for learning. Comparisons of the results with that of last year show the tremendous increase of students' subscription of the flat rate for the unlimited use service of networking packets. This implies that infrastructure for mobile learning environments has been established at universities in Japan.

Mobility, expandability, replaceability, and real-time data transmission capability are key functions for the prospective observatory on seafloor to realize interdisciplinary in-situ continuous ocean observations with a variety of spatial and temporal scale coverage. Put this new approach on a firm footing, JAMSTEC developed a mobile seafloor observatory test bed called AOS (Adaptable Observation System) as an equipment fit in to the branching interface equipped in the latest submarine cable connected earthquake observation system. In 2001, the first AOS sea trial was carried out by JAMSTEC research vessels and underwater exploring system (such as towed vehicles and ROVs). The mobile observatory was successfully set up in the predetermined area which approximately 6km far from a branching interface in the backbone cable system. The components of AOS was recovered on land for inspect and maintenance after the end of first trial, and set it up again to another observation site in 2004. The evaluation of reliability of observatory and verification of major seafloor scientific instruments related technologies are being implemented in this trial. The engineering approach and observation technique demonstrated in these sea trials are essential to realize sophisticated 4-dimentional seafloor observation network in the future. This paper summarized the results of trials and discusses the approach to establish the solution for these engineering difficulties.

Ultrasonic absorption on SiO2-5 mole% GeO2 and SiO2-10 mole% GeO2 glasses between 1.6–250 K shows that the most probable origin of the structural relaxation of SiO2 glass is the transverse motion of the oxygen atom in SiOSi bridge among existing models. In addition it is also suggested that the same structure is the origin of two-level system (TLS) phenomena below 10 K.

The lack of stoichiometry in SiO2 glass causes optical absorption, luminescence and so on. The internal friction of SiO2 glasses with excessive and deficient oxygen was measured in the temperature range of 1.6–250 K. At 35 K excessive oxygen enhanced the intensity of the internal friction of the glass, and deficient oxygen reduced this intensity. These changes of internal friction are analyzed by the bending model related to bridging oxygens in SiOSi bonds. Densitues of both the excessive and deficient oxygen are in the order of 1017/cm3. It is supposed tha the changes in Young's modulus of these glasses are due to the OH contents.