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Cowpea is considered as one of the underutilized legumes which is rich in secondary metabolites. These metabolites can be detected during the plant growth and the contents increase especially after the plants are stressed both abiotic and biotic. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity in seeds of eight cowpea genotypes. Two extraction solvents (70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone) were used to extract the secondary metabolites in those cowpea genotypes. Total flavonoid contents of those genotypes extracted in 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone were in the range from 7.28 to 10.90 mg CE/g and 7.84 to 11.58 mg CE/g, whereas total phenolic contents were from 15.20 to 19.99 mg GAE/g and 15.03 to 21.15 mg GAE/g. Inhibition percentages of antioxidant activity were in the range from 46.90 % to 59.46 % and 50.71 % to 63.81 % for 70% acetone and 70% acidified acetone, respectively. Both solvents were effective to extract those secondary metabolites. Flavonoid and phenolic contents of MLGU 0239 were the highest among other genotypes, which were 11.58 mg CE/g and 21.15 GAE/g and antioxidant activity was 63.81 % inhibition after being extracted with 70% acidified acetone. This study observed the variation of the secondary metabolites among eight cowpea genotypes with different seed coat colours.

The soybean productivity can be increased simultaneously by improving the genetic potential and saving the yield losses due to pod shattering. The research aimed to evaluate the agronomic characters and seed yield of 14 soybean elite lines and two check varieties, and to identify their resistance to pod shattering. The experiment was conducted in two stages, i.e. field, and laboratory research. The field experiment was conducted in Mojokerto (East Java, Indonesia) from February to May 2019, and arranged in a randomized block design using 16 soybean genotypes with four replications. The pod shattering resistance was evaluated using the oven-dry method in the laboratory of ILETRI, Malang. The agronomic characters of days to flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, and seed yield were significantly different among genotypes, meanwhile, the other agronomic characters (plant height, number of nodes, number of branches, number of empty pods, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant) were not significantly different. The range of seed yield of 14 elite lines was 2.76 – 3.14 t/ha, and the check varieties of Anjasmoro and Gema were 2.56 t/ha and 2.76 t/ha, respectively. All elite lines have a large seed size but medium maturity. The shattering evaluation obtained two resistant lines and twelve elite lines as very susceptible to pod shattering. Combination of the characters of high yield (based on the LSI value) and shattering resistance resulted in two elite lines with high yield and shatter-resistant, and eleven high yielding lines but susceptible to pod shattering. Those elite lines could be recommended for varietal development, but with the implication that the high yielded lines and susceptible to shattering need to be harvested immediately after maturity, thus were suggested to be developed in areas with no labor scarcity. On the contrary, it was possible to delay harvest for the resistant elite lines without causing significant yield losses.

The optimum performance of the cowpea plant population in the field could be determined by their seed quality. The research aims to evaluate the seed quality of several cowpea local varieties after being stored in the form of seeds and pods. A total of 18 cowpea local varieties from East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, and West Sulawesi were evaluated for their seed vigor and viability after being stored for 30 and 60 days at room temperature using plant material in the form of seeds and pods. The seed multiplication was conducted in the field at Banyuwangi, and the seed quality test using sand media was carried out at the glasshouse of ILETRI Malang. The storage of cowpea in the form of pods and seeds for up to 30 days did not significantly affect the seed quality. Four local varieties (VU 0007, VU 0093, VU 0125, VU 0155) showed good viability at the storage of 30 and 60 days, respectively. The VU 0032 and VU 0076 have optimum viability after being stored for 60 days. The speed of the germination index (SGI) was not only describing the level of vigor but also able to show the type of plant material to be stored. The VU 0007, VU 0093, and VU 0155 were recommended to be stored in the form of seeds, meanwhile, the VU 0125 can be stored for up to 60 days in the form of seeds or pods. The morphological characters of sprouts, namely hypocotyl length, stem dry weight, and root dry weight, could be considered as a benchmark parameter for seed vigor of cowpea.

Plant secondary metabolites exist during normal plant growth. The production increases remarkably when the plants are challenged by environmental stress. Quantification of these metabolites is affected by extraction solvents and preparation treatments. This study aims to select extraction solvents and treatments which are able to extract high total flavonoid and phenolic contents in cowpea seeds. Acetone at concentrations of 70-80% produced higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 10.37-11.93 mg CE/g and 18.20 – 20.20 mg GAE/g in two cowpea cultivars. Antioxidant activities were in the range from 115.9 to 126.1 umol TE/g. Extraction of cowpea seeds using 70% acidified acetone produced a similar amount of total phenolic contents to those of 70-80% acetone. Traditional extraction treatments of shaking and maceration extracted a similar amount of the secondary metabolites. These simple extraction methods, therefore, could be suggested to extract flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity in cowpea where access to modern types of equipment is limited.

In order to fulfil rice production, there were new land clearing programs outside Java, including Merauke, Papua. There were several obstacles on rice cultivation in this area such as low soil fertility which has an effect on less optimal production. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of rice straw with biodecomposer and biofertilizer application for improving soil quality in new land clearing in Merauke, Papua. The research design was a split plot with the main factor was fertilizer (with and without rice straw with biodecomposer and biofertilizer application). The sub factor was three kinds rice varieties. The data were collected consist of soil chemical and biological properties, the rice growth and yield components. The results showed the addition of fertilizer did not significantly improved soil quality in new land clearing in Merauke, Papua. On the contrary, biofertilizer affect to seed vigor and viability in the nursery. The fertilizer addition significantly effected on rice growth and yield components, it was suspected by rice varieties having different resistance to pests and diseases and straw as compost will suppress the blast growth through temperature factor during decomposition. The highest yield was reached by Inpari 33 of 8.20 Mg ha−1.

The renewal of the cultivars is believed to contribute significantly to crop yield increased, including groundnut. Indonesia has released 45 improved cultivars from 1950 to 2017. Among those, thirty cultivars were evaluated to assess the yield gain of th e crop’s improvements. The period in which the thirty cultivars released divided into five eras, separated every ten years, except between the first and second era. Those cvs planted in Jambegede Res. Sta. during the dry season 2018, were arranged in randomized complete block design, replicated 2 times. Each cv was planted in 6 rows of 2 m length, 50 x 10 cm planting distance, one plant per hill. Two rows were used for destructive samplings, and the rest four rows were harvested for yield and yield components measurements. Data collected consisted of growth rates at four growth stages (plant height, branches number, leaflets number, gynophore number, shoot and root dry weight), pod size, seed size, dry pod yield. All the cultivars were highly varied in yield and yield components variables at harvest. However, there was no variability existence on the observed growth parameters. The exception were on branch and leaflets number at 15 days and gynophore number at 80 days. Cultivars mean dry pod yield of the five classification eras ranged from 1531.4 g-1847,7 g 8m−2 with yield gain 5.89 g/8 m2 or 0,38% year−1.

Shattering in soybean occurs after the pods reached maturity which can cause considerable yield loss. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pod shattering resistance and the performance of the agronomic traits of several soybean genotypes. The field study was conducted at Banyuwangi (Indonesia) from July to October 2018 using twelve soybean genotypes. Pod-shattering evaluation was done as per oven-dry and sun-drying methods. The variability of shattering start to occur at oven temperature treatment of 50°C and 60°C. Based on the oven-dry method, two genotypes were found resistant, three genotypes were susceptible, and seven genotypes were highly susceptible to pod shattering. Based on the sun-drying method (15 days drying), two genotypes were categorized as resistant, three genotypes were moderate, five genotypes were susceptible, and two genotypes were highly susceptible. Soybean genotypes ATgt-18-009 and Anjasmoro showed consistently resistant to pod shattering based on the oven-dry as well as sun-drying methods. Those genotypes also produce high yield (more than 3.0 t/ha) with days to maturity ranging from 82 to 85 days, therefore it could be potentially developed in the soybean production centers in Indonesia.

Aerial web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the main soil borne pathogens which infects soybean crops. Biological control using antagonistic fungi has been reported promising to reduce the incidence of this disease. This study aimed to determine antagonistic activity of Trichoderma virens and T. asperellum against R. solani and to investigate total phenolic changes in soybean plants which interact with those Trichoderma in infected soil. Volatile metabolites produced by Trichoderma were also detected and identified. Antagonistic activity of five isolates of T. virens and five isolates of T. asperellum were comparable; the ranges of in vitro antagonistic activities were 88.7-99.6% and 85.7-91.3%, respectively. Both Trichoderma were able to reduce R. solani infection. Disease intensities of 22-40% and 24-40% for T. virens and T. asperellum were observed lower than that of control (> 50%). The increase of total phenolic and flavonoid contents depended on Trichoderma isolates. Volatile compounds were detected in both Trichoderma. Isolates of T. asperellum (F isolate) and T. virens (E isolate) triggered the increase of total phenolic contents which could be potential for biological control agents to induce systemic resistance in soybean.

Ayam KUB memiliki keunggulan produksi lebih baik dari ayam kampung biasa. Kajian usaha tani ayam KUB bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi kelayakan usaha ayam KUB sebagai penghasil daging yang dipelihara secara intensif melalui pemanfaatan daun lamtoro sebagai pakan lokal. Pelaksanaan kajian berlangsung sejak September-Desember 2016. Metode pengkajian dilakukan secara on farm pada Kelompok Tani Anugrah di Kampung Yobeh, Distrik Sentani, Kabupaten Jayapura. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan empat perlakuan pakan yaitu P0 = Pakan basal (60% BR-2 (konsentrat) + 25% jagung + 15% dedak); P1 = 97% pakan basal + 3% daun lamtoro; P2 = 95% pakan basal + 5% daun lamtoro; P3 = 93% pakan basal + 7% daun lamtoro. Jumlah ayam KUB jantan yang digunakan sebanyak 100 ekor berumur empat minggu dengan bobot awal sekitar 322,45-349,0 g/ekor. Selama pengamatan ayam KUB dipelihara secara intensif sampai umur 10 minggu. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ayam KUB memberikan pertambahan bobot potong tertinggi pada perlakuan P1-P3 hingga sebesar 742,50 g/ekor, dibandingkan dengan perlakuan P0 menunjukkan lamtoro dapat meningkatkan bobot badan. Analisis kelayakan usaha tani menunjukkan bahwa semua jenis perlakuan memberikan kelayakan usaha yaitu R/C >1. Namun, efisiensi kelayakan usaha tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan P3 yaitu 1,5.

This study aimed was to evaluate nutrition value of sago waste and its effect on cattle performance.The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results of the study showed that of the utilization of sago waste had a positive effect on average daily gain (ADG), where with 2% sago waste of body weight (P2 treatment) gave the highest ADG 0.43 ± 0.02 kg/h/day and cattle which consumed only forage without sago waste (P0) gave the lowest ADG 0.26 ± 0.04 kg/h/day. Statistical analysis showed that the addition of sago waste significantly affected the ADG (P 0.05), but significant affect(P

Development of endotokia matricida and emergence of originating infective juveniles from maternal cadavers were comparatively investigated in vivo and in vitro for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. In the host insect Galleria mellonella larvae, endotokia matricida develop more fast and frequently in the 1st to 3rd generation females of the heterorhabditid than of the two steinernematids. The ratio of females bearing endotokia matricida increased with the increase of the inoculum size from 25 to 1,600 per host insect. The infective juveniles produced via endotokia matricida emerged mainly from natural openings of the maternal cadavers for the two steinernematid nematodes, while those of the heterorhabditid did mainly transcuticularly. Under in vitro conditions, induction rate of endotokia matricida was higher in RINGER's solution than on nutrient agar amended with or without the symbiotic bacteria of respective nematode species.