Search

铜绿假单胞菌是最常见的烧伤感染创面病原菌，它能够编码多种毒力因子，具有很强的致病性，可导致预后差、病死率高。为了研究对抗铜绿假单胞菌感染的新方法，研究者们观察了其噬菌体与宿主之间广泛的相互作用。噬菌体通过多种机制影响甚至主导宿主细菌的结构、运动、代谢，促进宿主进化，也是影响宿主环境适应性和致病性的重要因素。该文分别从单细胞水平和群体水平对铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体与宿主的相互作用进行了综述。了解这些相互作用可为铜绿假单胞菌临床感染的治疗研究提供新的思路，为未来研发抗菌制剂以及指导烧伤感染治疗提供基础。.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein system, as an emerging gene editing system, can be divided into class 1 and class 2 systems according to the number of Cas protein. The CRISPR/Cas9 in class 2 system can cleave target nucleic acid only with the help of Cas9 protein and single-stranded guide RNA, which is currently the most widely used CRISPR/Cas system. In addition to gene editing in the treatment of genetic diseases, a variety of CRISPR/Cas system derived technologies have vast application prospect in the fields of disease-related gene screening, gene expression regulation, and rapid detection, prevention, and control of pathogens. This article summarizes the discovery process of CRISPR/Cas system and applications of several major CRISPR/Cas derived technologies, aiming to provide a reference for researchers in the field of life science.成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白基因（CRISPR/Cas）系统，作为一种新兴的基因编辑系统，根据Cas蛋白的数量可分为一类系统和二类系统。二类系统中的CRISPR/Cas9仅借助Cas9蛋白和单链向导RNA即可对目标核酸进行切割，是目前应用最为广泛的CRISPR/Cas系统。除了基因编辑在遗传病治疗中的应用，CRISPR/Cas系统衍生出的多种技术在疾病相关基因的筛查、基因表达调控、病原微生物的快速检测和防治等领域也展现了巨大的应用前景。本文就CRISPR/Cas系统的发现历程及其衍生的几个主要技术的应用进行总结，旨在为生命科学领域研究人员提供参考。.

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms can significantly increase the mortality of patients with burn injury. Management and prevention of infections by MDR organisms in burn intensive care unit (ICU) become challenging problems in clinical treatment of severe burn patients. The prevention and control of nosocomial infections are important measures to minimize or avoid the spread of MDR organisms in burn ICU. It is recommended to optimize the therapeutic regimen for infections by MDR organisms and achieve the best therapeutic effect by monitoring the characteristics of organisms in local burn unit, evaluating and reducing the susceptibility of burn patients and using the antibiotics rationally. In addition, rapid and accurate diagnosis and non-antibiotic treatment are expected to be the directions for breakthrough in the future.多重耐药菌感染可显著增加烧伤患者的病死率，烧伤重症监护病房（ICU）中多重耐药菌感染的防治已成为重症烧伤患者临床救治中面临的棘手问题。院内感染的防控是减少或避免烧伤ICU内多重耐药菌传播的重要措施，建议从关注病区内病原菌的特征、评估并降低烧伤患者的易感性以及合理应用抗菌药物3个方面优化多重耐药菌感染治疗方案，以达到最佳治疗效果。另外，耐药菌感染的快速精准诊断以及非抗生素治疗是将来可望有所突破的方向。.

After the first single-cell RNA sequencing of human islet in 2016, a large number of analysis of RNA sequencing at single-cell level on mouse and human islets emerged, which has brought new progress to the research of islet cell biology. It has been proved that single-cell RNA sequencing can characterize rare types of endocrine cells, find the cellular heterogeneity of typical endocrine cells and new cell subtypes, analyze the differences of endocrine cells among species, and describe different states of various types of islet cells in developmental processes and metabolic diseases more accurately. Although the detection efficiency of single-cell RNA sequencing for low abundance transcripts is relatively low at present, with the improvement of technology and the progress of analytical methods, this technology will undoubtedly become a powerful tool to explore the cellular heterogeneity, development, and biological characteristics of metabolic diseases.自2016年首次对人类胰岛进行单细胞水平RNA测序后，涌现了大量关于小鼠及人类胰岛的测序分析结果，为胰岛细胞生物学的研究带来了新的进展。研究证明，单细胞RNA测序技术能够表征罕见类型内分泌细胞，观察到典型内分泌细胞的异质性和新的细胞亚型，更好地分析内分泌细胞的种属间差异，以及更精准地描述胰岛各类型细胞在发育和代谢性疾病中的不同状态。目前，单细胞RNA测序技术对低丰度转录本的检测效能尚较低，但随着技术的改善和分析方法的进步，该技术无疑将成为探索胰岛细胞异质性、发育及代谢性疾病生物学特征的重要工具。.

2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is one of the beta coronaviruses and is identified as the pathogen of the severe " coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" in 2019. China manages COVID-19 according to the reguirement of the highest level infectious diseases in China. Currently, the prevention and control of COVID-19 in China is at a critical period. Burn Department as an emergency discipline is confronted with risk of 2019-nCoV infection. Based on the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (6th trial edition), in combination with the latest literature at home and abroad, the features of the COVID-19, the recommendations for the COVID-19 prevention and control issued by the National Health Commission of China, and the management experience of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment of other related disciplines, we put forward some recommendations for the medical practices of burn treatment during the outbreak of the COVID-19 in outpatient and emergency, inpatient treatment, and the management of operation theatres and wards, etc. We hope these recommendations could benefit the medical professionals in the field of burn treatment and relevant hospital management during the outbreak of COVID-19, improve burn treatment, and avoid or reduce the risk of infection of medical staff.新型冠状病毒属于β属的冠状病毒，是导致2019年严重疫情——新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发的元凶。我国按照中国最高级别的传染病来管理新型冠状病毒肺炎。目前仍是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控的关键时期，作为急诊科室的烧伤科面临着严峻的风险。为提高患者救治率，避免或减少医务人员感染，笔者依据国家最新发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)》，结合国内外最新的文献资料，根据新型冠状病毒肺炎基本特性和国家卫生健康委员会关于新型冠状病毒肺炎的防治建议，并参考兄弟学科的诊疗管理经验，在门急诊、住院治疗、手术及病区管理等方面提出指导新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间烧伤科诊疗工作的建议，希望对烧伤救治同道们和相关医院管理者有所裨益。.

Phages can fight against sepsis through directly lysing the bacteria and influence the patients' self-response to the pathogens through the immunomodulation effects in a coordinated way. Under the situation of the rising antimicrobial resistance, phage has attracted wide attention of researchers at home and abroad. Along with the development of researches and clinical related trials, we believe phage therapy in sepsis treatment can be expected soon in the future.噬菌体可以直接裂解细菌对抗脓毒症，同时还可以通过免疫调节效应影响患者自身对病原菌的反应，起到协同对抗感染的作用。在抗生素的耐药性逐渐升高的情况下，噬菌体受到了中外研究者的广泛关注。随着噬菌体研究的深入，以及相关临床试验的不断开展，我们相信将噬菌体应用于脓毒症的治疗指日可待。.

Phages are traditionally deemed to lyse host bacteria, while new evidences have convinced their immunomodulation effects in metazoan hosts during period of anti-infection treatment. For sepsis induced by bacteria, phage therapy has attracted widespread attention of researchers at home and abroad for its lytic and immunoregulation functions. Clinical and basic researches in mechanism, usage, dosage, and safety of phages in China are inadequate and urgent to be carried out in depth and strengthened. Here we review overall anti-inflammation functions of phages in the treatment of sepsis, influence of phages in human immune cells, and clinical advances in present researches of phage therapy for sepsis.传统上认为噬菌体只裂解宿主菌，但是新的证据证明噬菌体在抗感染治疗过程中对后生宿主具有免疫调节作用。针对细菌导致的脓毒症，噬菌体疗法由于兼具裂菌和免疫调节作用，受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。但中国噬菌体疗法的临床和基础研究在噬菌体治疗的机制、用法用量、安全性等方面的探讨都不充分，亟须深入开展和加强。本文对噬菌体在治疗脓毒症方面的总体抗炎作用、对各种人体免疫细胞的影响及目前开展的噬菌体治疗脓毒症的临床研究进展做一综述。.

The 15th Syposium on Chinese Burn Medicine and the 2nd Congress of Burn Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare (CPAM) was successfully held in Suzhou, from June 20th to 22th in 2019. A total of 400 specialists and scholars across the country attended the meeting. Focusing on the theme of " Guide and consensus: exploration and consideration " , with form of one main meeting place and two branch meeting places, the related hot and difficult problems were discussed warmly. During the conference, Working Conference of Editorial Committee of第十五届全国烧伤救治专题研讨会暨中国医疗保健国际交流促进会烧伤医学分会第二届学术大会于2019年6月20—22日在苏州成功召开，来自全国各地近400名专家学者出席了会议。本次会议的主题为"指南与共识的践行思考"，以1个主会场＋2个分会场形式多维度研讨相关热点、难点问题，会议现场气氛热烈。会议期间，还召开了《中华烧伤杂志》编委工作会、中华医学会烧伤外科学分会常委会、中国医疗保健国际交流促进会烧伤医学分会全委会，务实高效。.

The Working Conference of Editor-in-Chief, sponsored by the Editorial Committee of2019年4月10—12日，《中华烧伤杂志》编辑委员会在贵州省贵阳市召开了主编工作会，终身顾问、名誉总编、总编、副总编及常务编委围绕杂志的建设发展、杂志20周年庆策划、下一步工作设想等内容给出有效务实的指导性意见。.

The outstanding work of2018年《中华烧伤杂志》所做的亮点工作："烧伤医学60年"专栏的成功策划与展示，推出7篇行业指南与共识，网站开设"优先出版"、"视频中心"板块。其中，"烧伤医学60年"庆祝专栏特别邀请院士、烧伤学术界老前辈及近3年复旦版中国医院专科声誉排行榜上榜科室作为代表撰写的30余篇论文讴歌了学科60年发展历程并畅谈学科未来建设、发展构想，值得同道们认真品味思考，借此开启学科探索新征途，杂志定将陪伴您左右携手与共推动学科迈向新高峰。.

There is no national referral criteria for burns in China till now, which brings inconvenience and confusion. Based on the oversea experiences and the actual situation in China, many famous experts on burns discussed and developed this Chinese burn referral criteria (2018 version). We hope these referral criteria will be helpful in clinical practice in burn field and can be improved continuously during application.直到目前，我国并无烧伤患者收治住院的相关标准，从而带来一些不便与困惑。本文组织了国内众多知名专家学者，结合国内外情况，共同制订了《中国烧伤患者住院收治标准(2018版)》，以指导烧伤患者的临床收治，并希望在临床实践中不断改进与完善。.

Burn medicine of China started in 1958. Great progress has been achieved in discipline construction, scientific research, clinical treatment level, and talent team construction in 60 years. A large number of severely burned patients have been successfully treated, and plans for treatment of burn patients with Chinese characteristics have been established with world-leading treatment level. At the same time, in the continuous improvement of clinical treatment level, extensive experimental researches for the key scientific problems in clinical treatment of burn patients have been conducted, and a large number of innovative research results have been achieved by Chinese burn medicine workers. The theoretical research of burn medicine in China has stepped into advanced ranks of the world. Burn medicine will confront development opportunity and tough challenge in the future. We can take advantage of wound repair of burn discipline to deal with the situation of decreasing incidence of burn and undiminished importance of burn medicine. To establish and improve the chain of burn treatment is an important direction for burn discipline development in the future.我国烧伤医学于1958年起步，60年来在学科建设、科研学术、临床救治水平、人才队伍建设等方面都得到快速发展，救治了大批严重烧伤患者，形成了中国特色的烧伤救治方案，治疗水平世界领先。在不断提高临床救治水平的同时，我国烧伤医学工作者还针对烧伤临床救治的关键科学问题，广泛开展实验研究，取得了一大批创新研究成果，使我国烧伤医学理论研究步入世界先进行列。展望未来，烧伤医学既面临发展机遇，也面临严峻挑战，应对烧伤发生率降低、重要性不减的态势，利用烧伤学科治疗创面的优势，建立和完善烧伤救治链是烧伤学科未来发展的重要方向。.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after severe burn, which portends a worse prognosis. Sepsis is the leading etiology of late AKI after severe burn. The pathogenesis of sepsis-induced AKI remains incompletely understood. Although there have been numerous preventive and therapeutic measures evaluated for sepsis-induced AKI, the precise and available intervention in sepsis-induced AKI after burn has yet to be defined.

Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) on the antioxidation and nutrition metabolism in broiler chickens. Broilers were placed on a high-nutrient diet for 41 days, and half were given orally DEX-supplemented water at 20 mg/L every other day from 19 to 41 days of age. DEX treatment downregulated superoxide dismutase activity as well as the mRNA expression of CuZn-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase with a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in malondialdehyde level in the liver of broilers. DEX treatment aggravated oxidative damage in the liver and, therefore, increased the sensitivity of broilers to ascites syndrome with higher mortality and reduced growth performance. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that DEX treatment significantly increased the levels of glucose, intermediates in protein metabolism (valine, proline, serine, threonine and urea) and lipid metabolism-related products (palmitic acid, stearic acid and cholesterol) while decreasing the levels of β-hydroxy butyric acid, succinic acid and malic acid, demonstrating that DEX treatment inhibited the Krebs cycle and the oxidation of fatty acids, and promoted the de novo synthesis of fatty acids as well as protein decomposition in the liver of broilers. Additionally, detection of metabolism-related enzymes revealed that DEX treatment inhibited glycolysis and promoted glycogen decomposition. In summary, DEX treatment resulted in oxidative stress and glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the broilers.

The present study was conducted to estimate the NE values of corn, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and wheat bran (WB) for laying hens based on an indirect calorimetry method and nitrogen balance measurements. A total of 576 twenty-eight-wk-old Dwarf Pink-shell laying hens were randomly assigned to four groups fed a basal diet (BD) or a combination of BD with 50% corn or 20% DDGS or 20% WB, with four replicates each. After a 7-d adaptation period, each replicate with 36 hens were kept in one of the two respiration chambers to measure the heat production (HP) for 6 days during the feeding period and subsequent 3-d fasting. The equilibrium fasting HP (FHP) provided an estimate of NE requirements for maintenance (NEm). The NE values of test feedstuffs was estimated using the difference method. Results showed that the heat increment that contributed 35.34 to 37.85% of ME intake was not influenced by experimental diets (p>0.05) when expressed as Mcal/kg of DM feed intake. Lighting increased the HP in hens in an fed-state. The FHP decreased over time (p0.05). The estimated AME, AMEn, and NE values were 3.46, 3.44 and 2.25 Mcal/kg DM for corn, 3.11, 2.79, and 1.80 Mcal/kg DM for DDGS, 2.14, 2.10, and 1.14 Mcal/kg DM for WB, respectively. The net availability of AME of corn tended to be numerically higher than DDGS and WB (p = 0.096). In conclusion, compared with corn, the energy values of DDGS and WB were overestimated when expressed on an AME basis.

We adopt the tight-binding model and the mode-matching method to study the electrical modulation of the valley polarization in strained silicene constrictions. The effects of the potential energy, the external electric field, and the strain on the band structures and the transport property are investigated. The conductance shows a clear valley polarization and zero conductance in the absence of the electric field and the strain. It is found that the external electric field can open a clear bandgap and result in an extra zero conductance. However, the strain can not induce a bandgap, which only slightly change the energy band. Correspondingly, the strain has little effect on the system’s conductance. The transport behavior of zero conductance is elucidated in terms of band structures of the silicene constriction. Therefore, one can realize an effective modulation of the valley-dependent transport of the silicene constriction by combining the potential energy and the electric field. The electrical modulation of the valley polarization and zero conductance can be exploited for silicene-based valleytronics devices.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary nutrient density on haematic parameters, oxidative status and mitochondrial complex activity in the heart and liver of broilers under low ambient temperature. Eight-day-old male ROSS-308 chickens were randomly divided into two treatments fed with normal (control) and high metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein density (H) diets. A high nutrient density diet increased body weight gain and reduced the feed conversation ratio during the first 3 weeks. Increased ascites-related mortality (weeks 4 to 6), right ventricle/total ventricle (week 6), blood haemoglobin (weeks 2 and 4) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (week 2) were observed in treatment H. Levels of malonaldehyde and protein carbonylation were increased at week 4, and activities of glutathione peroxidase at week 4 and CuZn superoxide dismutase and catalase at week 6 were decreased in the heart; only malonaldehyde (week 6) was increased in the liver in treatment H. Relative mRNA expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (heart) was increased and heme oxygenase-1 (heart and liver) was decreased at week 4 in broilers fed with high ME and protein diet. Activities of mitochondrial complex III and IV (week 6) in the heart, and complex I (week 6) and complex III and IV (week 4) in the liver were decreased in treatment H. In conclusion, high levels of dietary ME and protein resulted in oxidative stress and high incidence of ascites in broilers under low ambient temperature. Heart dysfunction was primarily attributed to ascites development, in which oxidative injury and inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity were involved.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, organ weight, biochemical parameters of blood, heart and liver, and ascites susceptibility of broilers at different ages reared under a low-temperature environment. A total of 420 1-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments with fifteen replicates of fourteen broilers each. Treatment diets consisted of L-carnitine supplementation at levels of 0 and 100 mg/kg. At 11-d of age, low temperature stress was used to increase ascites susceptibility. Blood, heart and liver samples were collected at different ages for analysis of boichemical parameters. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in growth performance with L-carnitine supplementation, but the mortality due to ascites was significantly decreased. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced heart index (HI) and ascites heart index (AHI) on d 21, lung index (LUI) on d 35 and liver index (LI) on d 42. The broilers fed diets containing L-carnitine had significantly lower red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) concentration and hematocrit (HCT) on d 42. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content of heart tissue on d 21 and 35, and significantly increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the heart on d 21 and 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG) content on d 28 and 35 and serum glucose (GLU) on d 35 and 42, and significantly increased serum total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) content on d 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly enhanced liver succinodehydrogenase (SDH), malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity on d 28, and tended to reduce the lactic acid (LD) level of liver on d 35 (p = 0.06). L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum uric acid (UA) content on d 28, 35 and 42. Based on the current results, it can be concluded that dietary L-carnitine supplementation reduced organ index, red blood cell counts and hematocrit, enhanced antioxidative capacity of the heart, enhanced liver enzymes activity involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, and reduced serum glucose and triglyceride. Therefore, it is suggested that L-carnitine can potentially reduce susceptibility and mortality due to ascites.

Two experiments were conducted using male Ross-308 broilers. Exp. 1 was to determine the differences in liver transcriptomic profile of healthy broilers at 39 days (D39) vs. 21 days of age (D21), and of ascites vs. healthy broilers at D39 by GeneChips, under a low-temperature environment. Differentially expressed genes related to liver antioxidative capacity and energy metabolism were screened. Exp. 2 was to analyze the regulatory roles of L-carnitine on genes and biochemical parameters involved in liver oxidoreduction and energy metabolism. The results showed that the expression of 790 genes in D39 vs D21 healthy broilers (386 upand 404 down-regulated) and expression of 178 genes in ascites vs. healthy broilers on D39 (128 upand 50 down-regulated) was changed. The analysis of pathway and GO indicated that genes related to amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, Krebs cycle, carbohydrate metabolism, vitamin metabolism, cell apoptosis, immune response, oxidoreduction, angiogenesis, nitric oxide formation and erythrocyte differentiation were involved in the development of ascites. Liver MDA level of ascites broilers was significantly increased, but the activity of T-SOD was significantly decreased than healthy broilers. The activity of liver HK, MDH, PK and Na + -K + -ATPase was significantly lower in ascites broilers. The expression of liver HKDC1 and PCK1 was significantly down-regulated, and that of HNF-4α and AKR1B10 expression was significantly up-regulated. L-carnitine supplementation significantly increased the activity of T-SOD and PK, and significantly up-regulated HKDC1 and HNF-4α expression. It can be concluded that genes involved in many biological processes are differentially expressed due to ascites. Liver oxidation damage and energy generation obstruction were found in broilers with ascites. L-carnitine can alleviate the liver oxidative damage and promote the generation and utilization of energy. The present results demonstrated that L-carnitine could serve as a potential regulatory agent to reduce ascites susceptibility and mortality.

To build inventory of phages against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii isolated from wounds of inpatients of burn ICU and analyze related characteristics.In 2014 and 2015, 131 strains of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii were isolated from wounds of inpatients of burn ICU from one hospital in Chongqing. In 2015, 98 strains of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii were isolated from wounds of inpatients of burn ICU from 6 hospitals in Guangdong province. Above-mentioned 229 strains were collected for conducting experiments as follows: (1) Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of strains isolated from Chongqing and Guangdong province was analyzed. (2) Sewage co-culture method was applied for isolation of phages with above-mentioned strains and sewage from Chongqing and Guangdong province. Numbers of isolated phages and times of successful isolation and unsuccessful isolation were recorded. (3) The most prevalent subtypes of strains from Chongqing and Guangdong province in 2015 were collected, and their phages respectively underwent cross infection with all strains from Chongqing and those from Guangdong province. The lysis ability of phage was observed when phage underwent cross infection with the same subtype of strain or not the same, and the lytic ratio was calculated. (4) Fluid of phage in one type was randomly selected and equally divided into 3 parts, and its titer was determined by double dilution method. Then each part of phage fluid was subdivided into 3 small parts, which were cultured with LB fluid medium and respectively stored under the condition of -20 ℃, 4 ℃, and room temperature. After being stored for 1 month and 2 months, the titer of phage was determined for evaluating stability of phage. Data were processed with Fisher's exact test, chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance.(1) The major type of strains from Chongqing in 2014 was ST368 (45%, 31/69), and major types of strains from Chongqing in 2015 were ST75 (26%, 16/62) and ST195 (24%, 15/62), while that from Guangdong province in 2015 was ST977 (46%, 45/98). (2) For strains from Chongqing, isolation effect of phage with sewage of Chongqing (8 times of successful isolation with 9 strains of phages and 1 time of unsuccessful isolation) was better than that with sewage of Guangdong province (1 time of successful isolation with 1 strain of phage and 7 times of unsuccessful isolation). For strains from Guangdong province, isolation effect of phage with sewage of Guangdong province (8 times of successful isolation with 6 strains of phages) was better than that with sewage of Chongqing (7 times of unsuccessful isolation with no phage). These differences were statistically significant (P0.05 or P0.01). There was no obvious difference in isolation effect of phage between strains from Chongqing with sewage of Chongqing and strains from Guangdong province with sewage of Guangdong province (P0.05). (3) The ratios of phages of ST75 and ST977 extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii strains lysing the strains with the same type were respectively 13/16 and 8/9, which were obviously higher than those lysing the strains with different type (respectively 11/115 and 3/53, with χ(2) values respectively 48.23 and 68.46, P values below 0.001). (4) Compared with that before storage, titer of phage under storage condition of -20 ℃, 4 ℃, and room temperature for 1 month decreased by approximately 1 order of magnitude, and that for 2 months decreased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude. After being stored for 1 month and 2 months, there were no statistically significant differences in titer of phage among 3 storage conditions (with F values respectively 1.29 and 1.07, P values above 0.05).This study has successfully built an inventory covering 229 strains of phages of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii. MLST of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii varies in different area and different time. Phage can be well isolated using sewage with the same source as that of strain. The lysis ability of phage is closely related to the MLST of strains. Inventory of phages should be built according to regional division. Moreover, phage cultured with LB fluid medium shows good stability without special requirements for storage conditions.

With the long-term and widespread use of antibiotics, drug resistance of bacteria has become a major problem in the treatment of burn infection. For treating multidrug resistant bacteria, phage therapy has become the focus of attention. Development of phage therapy to fill the blank of this field in China is extremely urgent.

To study the therapeutic effect of phages on extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-induced sepsis in mice.(1) Sixty BALB/c mice were divided into blank control group, sepsis control group, antibiotics treatment group, phage treatment group, and phage control group according to the random number table, with 12 mice in each group. Mice in blank control group were intraperitoneally (the same injection position below) injected with 1 mL normal saline. Mice in sepsis control group, antibiotics treatment group, and phage treatment group were injected with 1 mL extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (the strain was isolated from the blood of a severely burned patient hospitalized in our unit) in the concentration of 5×10(7) colony-forming unit/mL to reproduce sepsis model. Two hours later, mice in sepsis control group, antibiotics treatment group, and phage treatment group were injected with 1 mL saline, 1 mg/mL imipenem/cilastatin, and 1×10(8) plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL phages screened based on above-mentioned Acinetobacter baumannii (the same phages below) respectively. Mice in phage control group were injected with 1 mL phages in the titer of 1×10(8) PFU/mL. The injection was performed continuously for 7 days in each living mouse, and the survival situation of mice was observed each day to calculate the survival ratio in one week. (2) Another 60 BALB/c mice were grouped and treated as in experiment (1), and the injection was performed continuously for 5 days in each living mouse. On experiment day 2, 4, and 6, 3 mice from each group were selected (if the number of survived mouse in any group was less than 3 at sample collecting, all the survived mice were selected), and blood was drawn to determine white blood cell count (WBC, with 3 samples at each time point in each group). On experiment day 2, blood was drawn from the mice that had their blood taken earlier for bacterial culture, and lung, liver, kidney, and spleen tissue was collected from the same mice. The tissue samples were added to the LB solid medium after being homogenized and diluted for bacterial culture. The content of bacteria was calculated after the bacterial colony number was counted. Data were processed Wilcoxon rank sum test, one-way analysis of variance, LSD test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.(1) On experiment day 7, there were 12, 8, 10, and 12 mice survived in blank control group, antibiotics treatment group, phage treatment group, and phage control group respectively, while no mouse survived in sepsis control group. Compared with that in sepsis control group, the survival ratio of mice was significantly higher in the other four groups (with Z values from 55.635 to 106.593, P values below 0.05). The survival ratio of mice in phage treatment group was slightly higher than that in antibiotics treatment group, without statistically significant difference (Z=2.797, P0.05). (2) On experiment day 2, WBC data of mice in blank control group, phage treatment group, and phage control group were close[respectively (5.60±0.94)×10(9)/L, (5.16±0.36)×10(9)/L, and (5.26±1.89)×10(9)/L], all significantly lower than the datum in sepsis control group[(8.64±0.64)×10(9)/L, P0.05 or P0.01], and the WBC data in the latter two groups were significantly lower than the datum in antibiotics treatment group[(7.80±1.76)×10(9)/L, with P values below 0.05]. On experiment day 4, WBC data of mice in antibiotics treatment group, phage treatment group, and phage control group were close, all significantly lower than the datum in blank control group (P0.05 or P0.01), and WBC data in the above-mentioned four groups were all lower than the datum in sepsis control group (with P values below 0.01). On experiment day 6, there was no statistically significant difference in WBC among blank control group, antibiotics treatment group, phage treatment group, and phage control group (χ(2)=4.128, P0.05). On experiment day 2, respectively 12, 7, and 2 mice were detected as blood bacterial culture-positive in sepsis control group, antibiotics treatment group, and phage treatment group, while no positive result was detected in the other two groups. Positive ratios of blood bacterial culture of mice in blank control group, phage treatment group, phage control group were significantly lower than the ratio in sepsis control group (with χ(2) values from -30.000 to 30.000, P values below 0.01). Positive ratio of blood bacterial culture of mice in antibiotics treatment group was significantly higher than that in blank control group or phage control group (with χ(2) values respectively 17.500 and -17.500, P values below 0.05). On experiment day 2, except for the kidney tissue of mice in phage treatment group, the bacteria load in each viscus of mice in blank control group, phage treatment group, and phage control group was significantly lower than that in sepsis control group (with χ(2) values from -9.000 to 9.000, P values below 0.01). The bacteria load in kidney of mice in antibiotics treatment group was significantly higher than that in blank control group or phage control group (with χ(2) values respectively -7.500 and 7.500, P values below 0.05).Phages can significantly improve survival ratio, control inflammation response, and effectively clean bacteria in lung, liver, spleen, and kidney in treating extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-induced sepsis in mice.

To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogen isolated from severely burned patients with bloodstream infection, so as to provide reference for the clinical treatment of these patients.Blood samples of 162 severely burned patients (including 120 patients with extremely severe burn) with bloodstream infection admitted into our burn ICU from January 2011 to December 2014 were collected. Pathogens were cultured by fully automatic blood culture system, and API bacteria identification panels were used to identify pathogen. Kirby-Bauer paper disk diffusion method was used to detect the drug resistance of major Gram-negative and -positive bacteria to 37 antibiotics including ampicillin, piperacillin and teicoplanin, etc. (resistance to vancomycin was detected by E test), and drug resistance of fungi to 5 antibiotics including voriconazole and amphotericin B, etc. Modified Hodge test was used to further identify imipenem and meropenem resistant Klebsiella pneumonia. D test was used to detect erythromycin-induced clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The pathogen distribution and drug resistance rate were analyzed by WHONET 5.5. Mortality rate and infected pathogens of patients with extremely severe burn and patients with non-extremely severe burn were recorded. Data were processed with Wilcoxon rank sum test.(1) Totally 1 658 blood samples were collected during the four years, and 339 (20.4%) strains of pathogens were isolated. The isolation rate of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were 68.4% (232/339), 24.5% (83/339), and 7.1% (24/339), respectively. The top three pathogens with isolation rate from high to low were Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in turn. (2) Except for the low drug resistance rate to polymyxin B and minocycline, drug resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to the other antibiotics were relatively high (81.0%-100.0%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to polymyxin B but highly resistant to other antibiotics (57.7%-100.0%). Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to imipenem and meropenem, while its drug resistance rates to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam were 25.0%-49.0%, and those to the other antibiotics were 66.7%-100.0%. Drug resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefoperazone/sulbactam, imipenem, and meropenem were low (5.9%-15.6%, two imipenem- and meropenem-resistant strains were identified by modified Hodge test), while its drug resistance rates to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, cefoxitin, amikacin, levofloxacin were 35.3%-47.1%, and those to the other antibiotics were 50.0%-100.0%. (3) Drug resistance rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to most of the antibiotics were higher than those of the methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). MRSA was sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin, and teicoplanin, while its drug resistance rates to compound sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, minocycline, and erythromycin were 5.3%-31.6%, and those to the other antibiotics were 81.6%-100.0%. Except for totally resistant to penicillin G and tetracycline, MSSA was sensitive to the other antibiotics. Fourteen Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to erythromycin-induced clindamycin. Enterococcus was sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin, while its drug resistance rates to linezolid, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and high unit gentamicin were low (10.0%-30.0%), and those to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, minocycline, and ampicillin were high (60.0%-80.0%). Enterococcus was fully resistant to rifampicin. (4) Fungi was sensitive to amphotericin B, and drug resistance rates of fungi to voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole were 7.2%-12.5%. (5) The mortality of patients with extremely severe burn was higher than that of patients with non-extremely severe burn. The variety of infected pathogens in patients with extremely severe burn significantly outnumbered that in patients with non-extremely severe burn (Z=-2.985, P=0.005).The variety of pathogen in severely burned patients with bloodstream infection is wide, with the main pathogens as Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the drug resistance situation is grim. The types of infected pathogen in patients with extremely severe burn are more complex, and the mortality of these patients is higher when compared with that of patients with non-extremely severe burn.

To observe and primarily evaluate the feasibility and validity of continuous blood purification (CBP) during the early stage of severe burn.Forty-one patients with severe burn admitted to our ward from January 2013 to July 2015, conforming to the study criteria, were divided into conventional treatment group (CT, n=21) and blood purification group (BP, n=20) according to the random number table and patient's personal consent. Patients in group CT received CT conforming to the traditional resuscitation principle for severe burn, while patients in group BP received CT and blood purification treatment in the mode of continuous venous-venous hemodiafiltration in addition up to post injury hour (PIH) 72. On post injury day (PID) 1, 2, 3, the vital signs, volume of fluid input, and volume of the urine output were observed and recorded; femoral artery blood was drawn to determine lactate, bicarbonate radical, and base excess, and oxygen index was calculated. At PIH 12, 24, 48, 72, femoral vein blood was drawn to determine white cell count, platelet count, neutrophils, creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, urea nitrogen, and blood glucose (the ratio of AST to ALT was calculated). The incidence of infection, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and the mortality of patients were recorded during 2 months after injury. Data were processed with chi-square test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, t test and Wilcoxon test, and the values of P were adjusted by Bonferroni.The observation was completed in the 41 patients without exclusion. (1) There were no statistically significant differences in vital signs, volume of fluid input, and volume of the urine output of patients between two groups on PID 1, 2, 3 (with t values from -1.64 to 1.48, P values above 0.05). (2) Compared with that in group CT, the level of lactate of patients in group BP declined significantly on PID 2 and 3 (with Z values respectively -2.37 and -2.46, P values below 0.05). Compared with those in group CT, the levels of bicarbonate radical and base excess of patients in group BP declined significantly on PID 3 (with t values both as -2.51, P values below 0.05). The oxygen index of patients in group BP on PID 3 was (370±98) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), which was significantly higher than that in group CT [(305±81) mmHg, t=2.27, P0.05]. (3) There were no statistically significant differences in white cell count, platelet count, neutrophils, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, AST, ALT, and AST to ALT ratio of patients between two groups at PIH 12, 24, 48, 72 (with t values from -1.47 to 1.19, Z values from -1.58 to -0.03, P values above 0.05). At PIH 24, 48, 72, the levels of creatine kinase-MB and blood glucose of patients in group BP were respectively (81±43), (55±34), (58±40) U/L and (7.9±2.0), (6.7±0.9), (6.9±1.8) mmol/L, which were significantly lower than those in group CT [(179±184), (124±71), (103±57) U/L and (10.1±3.8), (9.1±2.4), (8.8±4.1) mmol/L, with Z values from -3.73 to -2.02, P0.05 or P0.01]. Compared with those of patients in group CT, creatinine at PIH 48 and urea nitrogen at PIH 24, 48, 72 were obviously lower in group BP (with t values from -4.23 to -2.44, P0.05 or P0.01). (4) During the two months after injury, the infection rate of patients in group BP was 60.0% (12/20), which was significantly lower than that in group CT [95.2% (20/21), χ(2)=5.51, P0.05]. The incidence of sepsis and MODS and the mortality of patients in group BP were all lower than those in group CT, but there were no statistically significant differences (with χ(2) values from 0.22 to 2.93, P values above 0.05).Conducting CBP in the early stage of severe burn is safe and feasible, which does not obviously affect the vital signs, volumes of fluid input and urine output, or platelet count of patients, additionally, it could help protect the function of vital organs, eliminate stress hyperglycemia, and reduce infection rate. Clinical trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-TRC-12002616.

To investigate the incidence, influencing factors and intervention of gestrinone-related abnormal uterine bleeding at different dosage of gestrinone in the clinical treatment.This was a multicenter, randomized, control study of 195 Chinese women with endometriosis or adenomyosis from June 2011 to November 2013. The subjects were randomized into three groups with oral administration of gestrinone, 2.5 mg dose at one time; twice a week group: 67 cases with oral administration twice a week last three months; double dose first month group: 67 cases with oral administration triple times a week at first month, then twice a week for two months; three times a week group: 61 cases with oral administration three times a week last three months. The improvement of the abnormal uterine bleeding, the changes in estrogen, liver function and blood coagulation were evaluated. At the same time, B-ultrasound examination evaluation were performed.(1) Three months later, the incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding in twice a week group was 30% (20/67), in double dose first month group and three times a week group were 7%(5/67) and 16% (10/61) respectively, there were significant difference between three groups (P0.05). The incidence in double dose first month group was the most lower. (2) Univariate analysis showed that the dosage and ovarian size were the significant factors for abnormal uterine bleeding (OR=0.461,P= 0.003;OR=0.303,P=0.016); logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of abnormal uterine bleeding in double dose first month group was the lowest when compared with twice a week group and three times a week group, the risk in twice a week group was 5-fold higher than that in double dose first month group (OR=0.211,P=0.011). The incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding in participants with abnormal ovarian volume results from ovarian cyst or ovarian surgery was significantly lower than those with normal ovarian volume (OR=0.304,P=0.018). (3) After the treatment of three months, there were no significant difference in alanine transaminase level between the groups (P0.05). The body mass index significantly increased in three group (P0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups (P0.05). As for blood coagulation, there were also no significant differences between the groups (P0.05).Double dose of gestrinone in the first month could significantly decrease the incidence of gestrinone-related abnormal uterine bleeding. It is a more optimied dosage of gestrinone and without severe side effects.Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, registration number: ChiCTR-TRC-12002327.

Almost all the past CSWT studies show the beneficial effects on CAD patients in a maximum duration of 1-year follow-up. The aim of this study was to evaluate the actual CSWT effects in 6 years follow-up period.The subjects were selected exclusively on the basis of inclusion criteria. The total number of patients was 52, out of which control group (n = 11) and the shock wave group (SW group, n = 41) was selected.The wall motion, MPI, nitrate dosage, NYHA classification, SAQ scores, CCS grading, 6 MWT were markedly improved in the long-term (6 years) follow-up for SW group than the control group.Following 6 years of follow-up, the CSWT provided agreeable results that improved myocardial function and quality of life in comparing to the month 0 and the control group. These outcomes advise that on a long-term (72 months) CSWT shows better parameters than the control group. These findings highlight that CSWT can improve clinical symptoms, morphology, functions of the heart and quality of life in patients with CHD than the patients just on drug therapy for a long-term.

A (3+1)-dimensional Burgers equation is studied by the singular manifold method. By choosing di erent seed solutions, auto-Backlund transformation, the Cole Hopf transformation and a functional separation exact solution containing two low dimensional arbitrary functions are obtained for the equation in question. Some interesting localized coherent structures are given and their interaction properties are numerically studied. Some new nonlinear phenomena are reported.

The aim of the present research was to determine the interactive effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and soybean isoflavone (ISO) on the growth performance, development of organs and serum parameters in prepubertal gilts. Ninety 75-day-old female pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 26.5 ± 0.60 kg) were randomly allocated to nine diet treatments during the 21-day study. The experiment employed a 3 × 3 factorial design using a non-soybean meal diet with the addition of 0, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg ZEA and 0, 300 or 600 mg/kg ISO. The results indicated that simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO had no significant influence on the growth performance in prepubertal gilts. Zearalenone with 2 mg/kg increased (p 0.05) on the relative weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen. Isoflavone at 600 mg/kg could offset the increased weight of the reproductive organs induced by ZEA. Simultaneous addition of ZEA and ISO to prepubertal gilts increased the level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum (p < 0.05) at day 14 but their levels decreased (p < 0.05) over time. Zearalenone increased the level of malondialdehyde and decreased the concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) in the serum. The results suggested that ISO added to diets at 600 mg/kg could reduce the increase in the relative weight of reproductive organs and relieve the oxidative stress induced by ZEA added at 2 mg/kg during the growth phase in prepubertal gilts.

New several classes of exact solutions are obtained in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function for some nonlinear partial differential equations modeling ion-acoustic waves as well as dusty plasmas in laboratory and space sciences. The Weierstrass elliptic function solutions of the Schamel equation, a fifth order dispersive wave equation and the Kawahara equation are constructed. Moreover, Jacobi elliptic function solutions and solitary wave solutions of the Schamel equation are also given. The stability of some periodic wave solutions is computationally studied.

Diluted magnetic semiconductor Co-doped ZnO film has been synthesized by a dual beam pulsed laser deposition method. The magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of the Zn0.985Co0.015O0.67 film are studied in this paper. The film shows ferromagnetic behavior with a coercivity of about 300 Oe at room temperature, and semiconductor behavior with carrier concentration of 2.2×1018 cm-3, and a resistivity of 102 mΩ cm. Structural investigations indicated that the film has similar lattice constants to that of ZnO. It is shown that the film exhibits excellent optical properties with a band gap energy of 3.31 eV, which is close to that of ZnO. The origins of the magnetism are also discussed.

Exact periodic wave solutions to two types of modified Boussinesq equations are obtained by the use of the Jacobi elliptic function method in a unified form. Some new, general solitary wave solutions are presented.

The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of early enteral feeding on the prevention of enterogenic infection in severely burned patients. A total of 22 patients with severe burns were randomly divided into an early enteral feeding group (EF) and a delayed enteral feeding group (DF). The levels of serum endotoxin and TNF-alpha were dynamically detected in the members of both groups, and two unmetabolized sugars (lactulose and mannitol) were orally administered to these patients 1, 3 and 5 days postburn. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by detecting the concentrations of lactulose and mannitol in the urine and the lactulose-mannitol ratio (L/M) ratio. The levels of serum endotoxin and TNF-alpha in severely burned patients were significantly higher than in normal subjects (P0.01). The endotoxin level was positively related to the TNF-alpha level (rEF=0.93, P0.01; rDF=0.80, P0.05). The urinary lactulose levels in both groups were significantly higher than in normal (P0.01), the urinary mannitol levels showed no obvious changes (P0.05). The urinary L/M ratios in both groups were significantly higher than in normal subjects (P0.01). The urinary L/M ratio was positively related to the serum endotoxin level (r=0.95, P0.01). The urinary lactulose levels and the urinary L/M ratios in the EF group were significantly lower than in the DF group (P0.01). The levels of serum endotoxin and TNF-alpha in the EF group were significantly lower than in the DF group (P0.01). It is suggested that intestinal permeability was markedly higher after burns than normal, and was positively related to the gut-derived endotoxemia. Early enteral feeding may decrease intestinal permeability, preserve the intestinal mucosal barrier and have a beneficial effect on the reduction of enterogenic infection.

The present study was conducted to estimate energy requirements for maintenance in laying hens by using indirect calorimetry and energy balance. A total of 576 28-wk-old Nongda-3 laying hens with dwarf gene were randomly allocated into four ME intake levels (86.57, 124.45, 166.63 and 197.20 kcal/kg body weight (BW)(0.75) per d) with four replicates each. After a 4 d adaptation period, 36 hens from one replicate were maintained in one of the two respiration chambers to measure the heat production (HP) for 3 d during the feeding period and subsequent 3 d fast. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was partitioned between heat increment (HI), HP associated with activity, fasting HP (FHP) and retained energy (RE). The equilibrium FHP may provide an estimate of NE requirements for maintenance (NEm). Results showed that HP, HI and RE in the fed state increased with ME intake level (p0.05). Based on the regression of HP on ME intake, the estimated ME requirements for maintenance (MEm) was 113.09 kcal/kg BW(0.75) per d when ME intake equals HP. The FHP was decreased day by day with the lowest value on the third day of starvation. Except for lowest ME intake level, the FHP increased with ME intake level on the first day of starvation (p0.05). The FHP at the two higher ME intake levels were greater than that at the two lower ME intake levels (p0.05) but no difference was found between the two lower ME intake levels. Linear regression of HP from the fed state to zero ME intake yielded a value of 71.02 kcal/kg BW(0·75) per d, which is higher than the extrapolated FHP at zero ME intake (60.78, 65.23 and 62.14 kcal/kg BW(0.75) per d for the first, second and third day of fasting, respectively). Fasting time, lighting schedules, calculation methods and duration of adaptation of hens to changes in ME intake level should be properly established when using indirect calorimetry technique to estimate dietary NE content, MEm and NEm for laying hens.