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Multiple skleroz, kronik ve dejeneratif bir hastalık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Multiple skleroz tanılı çocuk hastalarda bazı belirti ve bulguların ortaya çıkması ve bu bulguların hastalığa özgü olmaması, belirsizliğin öncüleri olarak görülmektedir. Bu belirsizlikle büyümek çocuklarda ikincil sağlık problemlerine ve yetişkinlik döneminde bazı krizlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunda, 14 yaşında multiple skleroz tanısı almış ve şu anda 21 yaşında olan hastanın, çocukluktan erişkinliğe yaşamış olduğu deneyimleri ortaya çıkartılması ve bu deneyimlerin Hastalıkta Belirsizlik Kuramına göre açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Buna yönelik olarak, olgu ile iki kez derinlemesine bireysel görüşme yapılmış ve bu görüşmelerde yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Görüşmeler sonucu elde edilen veriler fenomenolojik kuramsal temelde ele alınmış ve Maxqda Plus v10 nitel veri analiz programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, olgunun, çocukluk döneminde yaşadığı belirsizliği tehlike olarak anlamlandırdığı ve öfke, kaçınma, içe kapanma, uyumsuzluk gibi etkisiz baş etme stratejilerini kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Erişkin dönemde ise, mevcut durumunu büyüme fırsatı olarak gördüğünü, hastalığı ve tedaviyi kabul ederek daha anlamlı bir yaşam sürmeye başladığını belirtmiştir.

Genellikle sağlık ya da hayvan hakları sebebiyle olmak üzere farklı sebeplerle insanlar vegan ve vejetaryen beslenme şekillerini tercih etmektedir. Geçmişten günümüze vegan ve vejetaryen beslenme tarzını benimseyen kişilerin sayısının artış gösterdiği görülmektedir. Vegan ve vejetaryen beslenme, sadece insanların sağlıklı ve uzun bir ömür sürme arzularından ileri gelen bir ihtiyaca cevap vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte vegan ve vejetaryen beslenenler dışarıda yemek yediklerinde özellikle çalışanların bilgi eksikliği dolayısıyla çeşitli sorunlarla karşılaşmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Türkiye’deki yiyecek-içecek sektöründe çalışanların vegan ve vejetaryen beslenme tarzına yönelik tutumlarının ve bilgi düzeylerinin bazı demografik değişkenler açısından farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktır. Veri toplama tekniği olarak anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler bağımsız örneklem t- testi, ANOVA ve Açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları yiyecek-içecek işletmelerinde çalışan personellerinin vegan ve vejetaryen beslenmeye yönelik temel bilgi düzeylerinin kısmen yeterli olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma sonucunda restoran çalışanlarına vegan ve vejetaryen ihtiyaçlarını karşılama konusunda önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Background/Aims In the present study, after adapting the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) video produced by the European Association of Urology (EAU) into the Turkish language and showing it to the participating patients, we evaluated the effect on their anxiety and pain levels using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I) anxiety form and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Materials and Method Involved in the study were 59 patients who were evaluated in three centers between 1 July and 1 October, 2020. The patients were divided into two groups, the first of which was asked to fill out a consent form, and was shown the video and provided with verbal and written information; while the second group was provided with a consent form and provided only verbal and written information. Each group completed the STAI-I Anxiety form after being given preoperative information, while the VAS was applied after the procedure. The patients’ age, sex, BMI, stone size, stone surface area, stone side, stone location, stone-to-skin distance, the mean number of shock waves required and fluoroscopy time were compared statistically with the scores of the VAS scores and the STAI-I. Results The mean age of the 59 study patients was 40.1 ± 13.1 (16–68); the mean stone size was 12.4 ± 4.5mm, and the mean stone surface area was 99.8 ± 77.4 (15–320). There was no statistical difference in sex, age, BMI, stone size, stone surface area, stone side, stone location or stone skin distance values recorded for the two groups. The STAI-I anxiety form score was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.004), and the recorded fluoroscopy time and VAS scores were lower in favor of Group 1 (p = 0.045 and p = 0.021) (Table 1). Conclusion Although the provision of video-guided information before ESWL led to an increase in anxiety in the patients, compliance during the procedure was improved, and the total fluoroscopy time and pain scores of the patients were decreased.

Objective: This retrospective study was conducted to present the clinical features and treatment experiences of child and adolescent patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS).Methods: Demographic data, current complaints and clinical findings of patients in addition to treatment modalities applied and compliance of pediatric patients with MS to treatments were evaluated retrospectively in the context of a data collection form. Results: The data of 40 patients were analyzed in this retrospective study. Of our patients 77.5% were female and the mean age of participants was 16 and the mean of age when patients experienced the first attack was 13.9% approximately half of our patients were receiving interferon beta 1a subcutaneously and 27.5% were receiving glatiramer acetate and their mean duration of use was 18 months. The ratio of patients who did not receive any treatment was 20%. Of the patients receiving treatment, 31.2% experienced side effects due to the drug and 15.6% could not comply with the treatment because of side effects of treatment. The treatment of all patients who failed to comply with the current treatment was changed. In our study, there was a family history of MS in 3 cases. Of patients, 72.5% received intravenous methylprednisolone treatment for between 3 and 10 days during the the first episodes of their illness, and more than half (79.2%) of the patients got completely or nearly completely better. Of patients, 80% had relapsing-remitting MS and 20% had clinical / radiological isolated syndrome.Conclusion: Childhood MS is seen more commonly in girls and the most frequently in the relapsing-remitting form. Interferon beta 1a and glatiramer acetate are mostly used in the treatment of childhood MS. With immunomodulatory treatment, a decrease both in the number of attacks and in the average expanded disability status scale score, besides an improvement for health can be provided., Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışma, multiple skleroz (MS) tanısı ile izlenen çocuk ve adölesan hastaların demografik ve klinik özelliklerini sunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem: Araştırma verileri, 10-25 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında İzmir’de bulunan üç hastanede izlenen pediatrik MS tanılı olguların, demografik verileri, başvuru yakınmaları, klinik bulguları veuygulanan tedavileri veri toplama formu ile retrospektif olarak elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: Bu retrospektif çalışmada 40 hastanın verileri incelenmiştir. Hastaların %77,5’i kız, yaş ortalaması 16 yaş ± 2,3 ve ilk atak yaş ortalaması 13,9 yaş olarak bulunmuştur. Hastaların yaklaşık yarısı interferon beta 1a subkutan, %27,5’i glatiramer asetat tedavisi aldığı ve ilaç kullanım sürelerinin ortalama 18 ay olduğu görülmüştür. Hastaların %20’si ise herhangi bir tedavi almamıştır. Tedavi alan hastaların %31,2’si ilaçtan dolayı yan etki yaşamış ve %15,6’sı yan etki nedeniyle tedaviye uyum sağlayamamıştır. Uyum sağlayamayan tüm hastaların tedavileri değiştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 3 olguda ailesel MS hastalığı öyküsü bulunmaktadır. Hastaların %72,5’i ilk ataklarında 3-10 gün intravenöz metilprednizolon tedavisi almış, tedavi alanların yarısından fazlası (%79,2) metilprednizolon tedavisi sonrası tama yakın/tamamen düzelme sağlamıştır. Hastaların %80’i relapsing-remitting MS ve %20’si klinik/radyolojik izole sendrom formundadır. Sonuç: Çocukluk çağında MS hastalığı, kızlarda daha sık ve en sık relapsing-remitting formunda görülmektedir. Çocukluk çağı MS tedavisinde büyük oranda interferon beta 1a ve glatiramer asetat kullanılmaktadır. İmmünomodülatör tedavi ile atak sayısında azalma, genişletilmiş özürlülük durum ölçeği puan ortalamasında düşme ile iyilik hali sağlanabilmektedir.

Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışma, multiple skleroz (MS) tanısı ile izlenen çocuk ve adölesan hastaların demografik ve klinik özelliklerini sunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma verileri, 10-25 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında İzmir’de bulunan üç hastanede izlenen pediatrik MS tanılı olguların, demografik verileri, başvuru yakınmaları, klinik bulguları veuygulanan tedavileri veri toplama formu ile retrospektif olarak elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: Bu retrospektif çalışmada 40 hastanın verileri incelenmiştir. Hastaların %77,5’i kız, yaş ortalaması 16 yaş ± 2,3 ve ilk atak yaş ortalaması 13,9 yaş olarak bulunmuştur. Hastaların yaklaşık yarısı interferon beta 1a subkutan, %27,5’i glatiramer asetat tedavisi aldığı ve ilaç kullanım sürelerinin ortalama 18 ay olduğu görülmüştür. Hastaların %20’si ise herhangi bir tedavi almamıştır. Tedavi alan hastaların %31,2’si ilaçtan dolayı yan etki yaşamış ve %15,6’sı yan etki nedeniyle tedaviye uyum sağlayamamıştır. Uyum sağlayamayan tüm hastaların tedavileri değiştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 3 olguda ailesel MS hastalığı öyküsü bulunmaktadır. Hastaların %72,5’i ilk ataklarında 3-10 gün intravenöz metilprednizolon tedavisi almış, tedavi alanların yarısından fazlası (%79,2) metilprednizolon tedavisi sonrası tama yakın/tamamen düzelme sağlamıştır. Hastaların %80’i relapsing-remitting MS ve %20’si klinik/radyolojik izole sendrom formundadır. Sonuç: Çocukluk çağında MS hastalığı, kızlarda daha sık ve en sık relapsing-remitting formunda görülmektedir. Çocukluk çağı MS tedavisinde büyük oranda interferon beta 1a ve glatiramer asetat kullanılmaktadır. İmmünomodülatör tedavi ile atak sayısında azalma, genişletilmiş özürlülük durum ölçeği puan ortalamasında düşme ile iyilik hali sağlanabilmektedir.

Recently, while the use of wearable, portable, implantable electronics (such as smartphones, tablets, sensors, and laptops) has increased rapidly in everyday life, the world of science has intensified its efforts on new technologies that can provide these devices with continuous, sustainable, and stable energy. Currently, batteries used as energy sources in portable/wearable electronics are heavy, have limited life, and are hard and difficult to use, so studies on lighter, flexible, and sustainable power sources are of great interest. In this chapter, first, general information about photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric technologies are presented. Next, the production methods and application areas of textile-based energy generators as well as hybrid energy generators are explained. Finally, the current and future research and development challenges for energy-generating textiles are highlighted.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, küçük alan oyunları, maksimal aerobik sürat (MAS) antrenmanı ve kombine antrenman (küçük alan oyun + MAS) yöntemlerinin bazı performans değişkenleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırmaya Eskişehirspor DSİ Bent Spor U-15 ve U-16 futbol takımında aktif olarak futbol oynayan 30 futbolcu katılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan futbolcular küçük alan oyunları (KAO) grubu (yaş=15,6±,09), maksimal aerobik sürat (MAS) antrenman grubu (yaş=14,09±1,10) ve kombine antrenman grubu (KAG) (yaş=15,8±,06) olarak 10 kişilik üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan futbolcuların vücut bileşenleri, sürat, çeviklik, tekrarlı sprint, aerobik ve anaerobik dayanıklılık performans parametrelerinde meydana gelen değişimleri tespit etmek için antropometrik ölçümleri (Boy uzunluğu ve DEXA), 10 m, 20 m ve 30 m sprint testleri, Arrowhead çeviklik testi, kan laktat testi, Yo-Yo 1 ve Yo-Yo 2 aralıklı toparlanma testi, ve global pozisyonlama sistemi (GPS) kullanılmıştır. Veriler iki faktörlü karma desenli ANOVA testi ile SPSS 25,0 programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonunda her üç grupta da vücut bileşenleri, sürat, çeviklik, tekrarlı sprint, aerobik ve anaerobik dayanıklılık performans parametrelerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı gelişmeler tespit edilmiştir (p

İnsanın yaratılışı, insanlık tarihi boyunca hep merak edilen bir husus olmuş ve bu doğrultuda pek çok çalışma ortaya konulmuştur. Çoğunluk tarafından ilk insan olduğuna inanılan Hz. Âdem de, bu çalışmalara konu olmuştur. Günümüz İslam dünyasının Şiî kanadının en önemli temsilcilerinden biri sayılan Tabâtabâî, tefsirini kaleme alırken konuyla ilgili âyetlere geniş yer vermiş ve zaman zaman değişik görüşler beyan etmiştir. Bu durum, tez konusu olarak, `Tabâtabâî'nin el-Mîzân Tefsirinde Hz. Âdem -Yaratılışı ve Hayatı-` başlığının seçilmesinde etkili olmuştur.Çalışma bir giriş ve iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde Tabâtabâî'nin hayatı, eserleri ve Mîzân tefsiri hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde insanın yaratılış aşamaları, evrimi, Hz. Âdem'in ilk insan olup olmadığı meselesi, Hz. Âdem'in ve eşinin yaratılışı ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde Hz. Âdem'in cennet hayatı başlığıyla kendisine halifelik verilmesi, isimlerin öğretilmesi, ona secde edilmesi, İblisin Hz. Âdem ve Havva'yı kandırması gibi hususlar incelenmiş; dünya hayatı başlığı altında, Hz. Âdem'in ve eşinin tövbesi, cennetten inişleri, çocuklarının evliliği gibi hususlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonuç bölümünde ise, ulaşılan sonuçlar özet olarak verilerek genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. The creation of man has always been a subject of interest throughout human history and many studies have been put forward in this direction. Prophet Adam, who is believed to be the first man by majority, has also been the subject of these studies. Tabatabaii, who is considered to be one of the most important representatives of the Shiite wing of today's Islamic world, while writing his commentary, he gave a lot of verses to the subject and from time to time expressed different opinions. This situation, as the subject of the thesis, `Tabatabai's el-Mizan in the commentary of the Prophet Adam -Creation and Life- ` was effective in selecting the title. The study consists of an introduction and two parts. In the introduction, brief information about Tabatabai's life, his works and Mizan commentary are given. In the first chapter, the stages of human creation, evolution, whether Prophet Adam was the first human being or not, the creation of Prophet Adam and his wife are discussed. In the second section, to give him the caliphate with the title of heaven life, to teach the names, to be prostrated to him, Satan's deceit of Adam and Eve were examined. Under the title of world life, the issues have been focused such as Prophet Adem and his wife's repentance, the descent from heaven, the children's marriage. In the conclusion section, a general evaluation was made by giving a summary. 157

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kompozit malzemeler sahip oldukları yüksek özelliklerden dolayı çağımızın gözde malzemeleridir. Dünya çapında geniş uygulama alanı bulan bu malzemelerin, Türkiye'de de kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada termoset matrisli kompozitlere göre üzerinde daha az çalışılan termoplastik matrisli kompozit üretimi ve çekme mukavemeti üzerinde durulmuştur. Takviye olarak kullanılan cam elyaf üzerine termoplastik matris olarak kullanılan PVC kaplaması yapılmış, daha sonra bu malzeme uygun formatta hem dokuma hemde tek yönlü olarak preslenerek anizotropik yapıda kompozit levha üretilmiştir. Bu levha üzerinde uygun standartlara göre çekme deney numuneleri çıkarılarak her iki yöndeki (atkı-çözgü) çekme dayanımları karşılaştırılmıştır. Fiber olarak kullanılan cam elyafa göre oldukça düşük dayanıma sahip olan ancak kolay üretilmesi, çok geniş kullanım alanına sahip olması, elektrik ve ses izolasyonu sağlaması, geçirgenlik ve geri dönüşüm yeteneğine sahip termoplastik matris malzeme (PVC)'ye daha yüksek mekanik özellikler kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır., Composite materials are the favorite materials in our age because of their high properties. The use of these materials has wide application area in the world and usage has increasing in Turkey. In this study focuses on thermoplastic matrix composite production and tensile strength, which are less studied than thermoset matrix composites. On the glass fiber used as a reinforcement, PVC coating which is used as a thermoplastic matrix was made, then this material was pressed in a suitable format both in weaving and unidirectional to produce anisotropic composite sheet. Tensile test specimens were removed from this plate according to the appropriate standards and the tensile strengths on both direction (weft-warp) were compared. It is aimed to acquire higher mechanical properties to thermoplastic matrix material (PVC) which has very low strength but has easy production, wide usage area, electrical and sound insulation, transparency and recycling ability compared to glass fiber used as fiber.

Objectives: Hydatid disease, a parasitic infestation caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is diagnosed commonly in the east and south-east regions of Turkey. The aim of this study is to emphasize the relatively frequent occurrences of echinococcosis in our region, and to discuss therapeutic options and treatment results according to current literature. Methods: A retrospective 10-year review of nine different clinics’ records of the Research Hospital of the Medical School of Yuzuncu Yil University revealed 372 hydatid disease cases that were localized in various organs and treated surgically (271 cases) or drained percutaneously (99 cases). Hydatid disease was diagnosed by ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography scans (CT) and confirmed histopathologically. Results: The involved organ was lung in 203 cases (131 adults, 72 children), liver in 150, spleen in 9, brain in 2, kidneys in 7 cases and the retrovesical area in 1 case. The urogenital system is involved at a rate of 2.15%. Two hundred and seventy-one cases were treated surgically and 99 percutaneously. Two cases with renal hydatid cyst refused the surgical procedure (one had a solitary kidney with hydatid cyst). Albendazole was administered to 192 patients; 93 patients had open surgical procedure and 99 patients underwent percutaneous procedure. Cysts were excised totally in the open surgical procedure; however, involved kidneys were removed totally (four cases) except one. Cystectomy and omentoplasty was performed in one case. Complications were as follows: in six cases, cystic material was spilled into the bronchial cavity during the dissection and a renal hydatid cyst ruptured and spilled retroperitoneally. Conclusion: Hydatid disease is a serious health problem in Turkey. The mainly affected organs are liver and lung. It can be treated surgical or by percutaneous aspiration.

BACKGROUND: Indapamide is an antihypertensive agent similar to thiazides, but with some different effects. Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are useful in preventing recurrent urinary stone formation due to their hypocalciuric effects. OBJECTIVE: To determine the hypocalciuric and other effects on certain laboratory parameters of indapamide 1.5 mg in different patient groups. METHODS: Four groups of patients recruited from urology and nephrology outpatient departments were experiencing non-hypercalciuric urinary stone disease (group 1), idiopathic hypercalciuria (group 2), urinary stone disease with hypercalciuria (group 3), and essential hypertension (group 4). In all patients, fasting serum uric acid, calcium, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, triglyceride, parathyroid hormone (PTH) values, and morning second-spot urine calcium and creatinine levels were assessed before and 8 weeks after treatment with indapamide. RESULTS: Urinary calcium excretion was reduced significantly in all groups: group 1 from 0.10 ± 0.02 to 0.07 ± 0.03 (mean ± SD; 30% reduction; p < 0.001), group 2 from 0.30 ± 0.15 to 0.15 ± 0.10 (50% reduction; p < 0.001), group 3 from 0.35 ± 0.15 to 0.20 ± 0.10 (43% reduction; p < 0.001), and group 4 from 0.10 ± 0.03 to 0.08 ± 0.02 (20% reduction; p < 0.0010). These results should be interpreted with caution since no control group was included in this study. Mean serum uric acid and triglyceride levels were significantly increased, and mean PTH and potassium levels and diastolic and systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in all groups. Few temporary adverse effects, such as dizziness and fatigue, were noticed and none of them caused discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Indapamide 1.5 mg/day is effective in decreasing calciuria in patients with non-hypercalciuric urinary stone disease, idiopathic hypercalciuria, urinary stone disease with hypercalciuria, and essential hypertension. This could be achieved with few adverse effects similar to those of thiazides and indapamide 2.5 mg. Indapamide decreased the PTH levels in all groups. Long-term clinical benefits of these effects should be evaluated prospectively with further randomized studies.

Bu tezde dielektrik rezonatör antenlerinin dizi yapısı içerisinde kullanımı amaçlanmıştır. Anten şekli ve besleme mekanizmalarına göre Dielektrik Rezonatör Antenler (DRA) tasarımcısına çeşitli seçim serbestliği sağlamaktadırlar. Bu tezde üç temel anten şekli; yarı küresel, silindirik ve dikdörtgen biçimli DRA'lar incelenmiş olup silindirik ve dikdörtgen biçimli DRA tasarımları yapılmıştır. Bununla birlikte tasarım başlangıcında anten boyutlarını hesaplamak için kullanılmak üzere bir yazılım geliştirilmiş, geliştirilen yazılımla tasarlanan antenlerin Sonlu Elemanlar Metodu (FEM) tabanlı elektromanyetik yapı çözücüsü kullanılarak tam dalga analizleri yapılmış ve boyutları optimize edilmiştir.2.9-3.3GHz frekans bandında çalışan kompakt bir DRA konsepti gösterilmiştir. Tasarlanan antenlerin geriş dönüş kaybı, empedans karakteristikleri, dahili alan dağılımları ve ışıma örüntüleri incelenmiştir. Anten ve besleme mekanizmasının boyutlarının yapı üzerindeki etkileri parametrik olarak araştırılmıştır. Dikdörtgensel ve katmanlı-silindirik DRA üretilmiş ve mikroşerit yarıklar ile beslenmiştir.Dikdörtgensel DRA yapısında %20.3 -10dB geri dönüş kaybı bant genişliği ve 5.28dB kazanç gözlenmiştir. Katmanlı-silindirik DRA yapısı ile %44.7'lik -10dB geri dönüş kaybı bant genişliği ve 9.35dB kazanç elde edilmiştir.10 derece ana hüzme genişliği ve 30dB yan hüzme seviyesi elde etmek üzere Taylor genlik dağılımlı doğrusal anten dizisi tasarımı yapılmıştır. Sekiz dikdörtgensel (ve katmanlı-silindirik) elemandan oluşan doğrusal dizide kullanılmak üzere sekiz kollu güç bölücü tasarlanmıştır. Doğrusal dizide elemanlar arası genlik dağılımını sağlayabilmek amacıyla çeşitli güç bölüm topolojileri incelenmiş, değiştirilmiş eşitsiz Wilkinson bölücü yapısı kullanılmıştır.Dizi antenler yakın alan test odasında ölçülmüştür. Anten elemanları ve dizi yapılarının ışıma ölçümleri, HFSS simülasyonları ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Dikdörtgensel DRA ile oluşturulan dizi yapısında 10.1 dB kazanç, -26dB yan hüzme seviyesi and 9.6 derece yarım güç hüzme genişliği, Katmanlı-silindirik DRA ile oluşturulan dizi yapısında 14.3dB kazanç, -26.9dB yan hüzme seviyesi ve 9.5 derece yarım güç hüzme genişliği elde edilmiştir. The aim of this thesis is to utilize Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) as array elements due to their advantages over other conventional antenna elements such as dipoles and microstrip patches. Depending on both the excitation mechanisms and the antenna shape, a Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) provides its designer multiple independent degrees of freedom. In this thesis three antenna shapes, namely hemispherical, cylindrical and rectangular DRAs, are investigated. The cylindrical and the rectangular shaped DRAs are used in designs. A design software that calculates the initial dimensions of the DRAs is developed and these dimensions are optimized through the full-wave analysis performed by using a Finite Element Method (FEM) based electromagnetic field solver.The concept of a compact DRA with wideband operation in 2.9-3.3 GHz frequency band is presented. The return losses, impedance characteristics, internal field distributions and radiation patterns of DRA elements are discussed. The effect of dimensional parameters of both antenna element and feed network are investigated. The rectangular and stack-cylindrical shaped DRAs are manufactured and excited via microstrip slots. For rectangular DRA a -10dB impedance bandwidth of 20.3% and a gain of 5.28dB are obtained. An enhancement is achieved both in the -10dB impedance bandwidth (44.7%) and the gain of the antenna (9.35dB) with stacked-cylindrical DRA configuration.A Taylor amplitude tapered linear array is designed to achieve 10 degree half power beam width (HPBW) with 30dB side lobe level (SLL). An 8-arm modified Wilkinson unequal power divider is designed to implement a linear array with high ratios between excitation amplitudes. Array characteristics are measured in the near field antenna measurement chamber. The prototype and the test results for the antenna element and the array structure are discussed. For rectangular DRA array, 10.1dB gain, -26dB SLL and 9.60 HPBW are obtained. For stacked-cylindrical DRA configuration, 14.3dB gain, -26.9dB SLL and 9.50 HPBW are achieved. 127

In this study, technetium-99 ((99)Tc)-hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxine single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed on 13 children with classic lissencephaly (nine with epileptic seizures, four without seizures). Focal or multifocal hypoperfusions were observed in 12 patients. The hypoperfused areas observed on SPECT scanning did not correlate with the localization of agyric-pachygyric regions in all patients. The distribution of perfusion abnormalities by SPECT and the localization of agyria-pachygyria as detected by magnetic resonance imaging did not correlate strongly. All nine patients with seizures and three of the four patients without seizures had focal or multifocal cerebral blood flow abnormalities on the SPECT scans. The presence of brain perfusion abnormalities detected by SPECT and the occurrence of epileptic seizures did not have a significant relationship. These results suggest that the role of SPECT studies in classic lissencephaly is not clearly defined. More sophisticated methods are needed to clarify the correlation between structural and functional abnormalities of patients diagnosed with lissencephaly.

Several technical procedures mere described for estimation of epididymal sperm concentration until today. In all of the described techniques, epididymal material was drawn into a micro-pipette before counting procedure. We aimed to proceed this stage without using any pipette because of the difficulty in aspirating very viscous epididymal material into a micro-pipette. For measuring epididymal material we used a 2 mu l reservoir which me named as a micro-spoon. It was filled with the epididymal material and layered in a tube with Ringer's solution of 2 mi containing sodium hyaluronate. Then, it was mixed in order to obtain 1/1000 diluted suspension. Sperm cells in this suspension were counted on a Makler chamber under a light microscope. The procedure was easy and time saving, compared to the other techniques. (C) 2000 Tohoku University Medical Press.

Forty-two young men with abacterial prostatitis underwent physical examination, semen analyses, rectal US (TRUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Findings on TRUS showed no distinct differences like capsular irregularity, dilatation of the seminal vesicles and calcified foci in the prostate. In MRI pathologic conditions were noted as transitional zone cysts, prostatic utricle cysts and abscesses of the seminal vesicles. MRI had been found superior to TRUS in imaging the prostate and to predict associated pathologic conditions. It is also concluded that some additional factors as a cause of prostatitis must be determined in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis.

We report a 52-year-old woman with a right renal pelvic stone, mimicking a left upper ureteral stone in a kidney-ureter-bladder film. Computed tomography detected the exact anatomical location of the stone, which was not possible by intravenous urography and ultrasonography. In this study, we discuss diagnostic modalities of the urinary calculi in the light of the literature.

Following experimental unilateral torsion of the testis the histologic effects of unilateral testicular torsion on the contralateral testis were investigated.Utilizing detorsion or orchiectomy at 4 hours and 8 hours after torsion, the effects of early and late treatment modalities on the contralateral testicle were observed.Morphometry of the contralateral testis revealed some alterations including focal sclerosis, decrease in mean seminiferous tubular diameter and a marked increase of the Leydig cells in some subgroups.In spite of some changes, definite evidence for contralateral damage due to ipsilateral torsion contributing to male infertility was hardly observed.

Ureteral fibroepithelial polyps are rare benign tumours. Sometimes an ureteric calculus may be seen, proximal to the polyp. We describe a case of fibroepithelial polyp (FEP) associated with a calculus in the distal part of the right ureter. To our knowledge this is the first ureteral FEP reported in the literature associated with a ureteral calculus distal to it. Aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis and therapy of fibroepithelial polyps are discussed in the light of the literature.

In this paper, the longitudinal vibrations of a follower which is the linear active component of a cam mechanism is studied as if it has a constant cross section. The basic Bernoulli method is applied to solve the partial differential equation which is supplied by taking the viscous damping factor into consideration and by adding a new term. For the first time, in addition to the viscous damping, in this investigation, the internal damping term has been imposed to the motion of the follower. The resultant integration constants are determined by using the boundary conditions, and the eigen frequencies are calculated. As a result, two different families of eigen frequencies are remained. The results are formed as computer graphics to be easily understandable.

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Biegeschwingungen der Antriebswelle des Kurvengetriebes mit Stoβel untersucht. In dem betrachteten Modell werden Torsionsdeformationen vernachlassigt. Die Bewegungsdifferentialgleichung wird in allgemeiner Form hergeleitet, vereinfacht und gelost. Die gefundenen Resultate werden bildich dargestellt und diskutiert.

This study deals with the torsional vibrations on the camshafts in force closed cam mechanisms. On the cam mechanisms with reciprocating followers, the variable torque which is produced by force exerted to the cam from the follower, will create torsional vibrations on the camshaft. A dynamic model of the camshaft was established and some nondimensional parameters which can be used to characterize dynamic behaviour of a camshaft were obtained. Torsional vibrations of camshafts are parametric and self-induced vibrations. The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically. Vibrations of camshafts with a flat-faced follower differ from ones with a roller follower because of the friction between cam and follower. Vibrations on the camshaft affect the follower motion and contact force.

We present a new ureterocalicostomy technique in a patient with intrarenal pelvis together with renal artery compression on the pelvis and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). The patient had grade ii hydronephrosis in the left kidney and angulation at the ureteropelvic junction. We performed side-to-side ureterocalicostomy between the ureter and lower calyx of the kidney.

We investigated the relationship between semen motility and various uropathogenic microorganisms.Semen specimens from healthy donors were divided into portions and incubated with uropathogenic microorganisms in concentrations varying from 2 x 10 to 2 x 10(7) microorganisms/ml(-1). Uninfected suspensions of spermatozoa served as controls. In all samples, sperm motility was examined at the second, fourth, and sixth hours after incubation in order to assess motility as a function of time. Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were used as bacterial agents. Besides these bacterial strains, Candida albicans was also used.Observed negative impact on sperm motility was not correlated with microorganism concentration. However, until a certain concentration threshold, this impact was prominent. Regardless of the microorganism, this deleterious effect could not be confirmed in specimens coincubated with lower microorganism concentration. No or poor correlation was found between motility and bacteria concentration except with E. aerogenes at the second hour. The data indicates that sperm function impairment is not related to direct sperm and bacteria interaction. Instead, bacterial concentration enough to change the environment or to consume high energy might result in motility loss.

Objective: Assessed the usefulness of virtual cystoscopy performed with multidetector computed tomography (CT) inpatients with different urinary bladder pathologies compared to the conventional cystoscopy.Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients with different bladder pathologies, which consisted of 11 tumors, 3 diverticula,2 trabecular changes and 2 stones, were assessed with conventional cystoscopy and virtual CT cystoscopy. The results ofvirtual CT cystoscopy were compared with the findings of conventional cystoscopy. We determined the detection rate andpositive predictive value of CT imaging based virtual cystoscopy in the diagnosis of urinary bladder lesions.Results: CT scanning was well tolerated by all patients, and no complications occurred. Images in 16 (88%) of the 18virtual cystoscopic examinations were either of excellent or good quality. All tumors except one, 2 trabecular changes and2 stones were characterized with similar findings in the both of methods. The masses ranged from 0.4 to 7.0 cm in diameter.While conventional cystoscopy could not evaluate interior part of the diverticulum, virtual CT cystoscopy could demon-strate clearly within it. There were no false-positive findings in our series.Conclusion: Virtual CT cystoscopy is a promising technique to be used in the detection of bladder lesions. It should beconsidered especially at the evaluation of bladder diverticula. In the future, it may be possible or even advantageous toincorporate into the imaging algorithm for evaluation of bladder lesion.Key words: bladder; cystoscopy; tomography, spiral computed; tumors; diverticula; stonesInt Braz J Urol. 2006; 32: 147-54

Objective Circumcision is still the most commonly performed surgery in Islamic and Jewish societies. We report the findings of 48 cases referred for serious complications after circumcision that needed secondary surgical interventions. The aim of this study is to emphasize the important problem of circumcision complications. Patients and methods The 48 cases (mean age 14 years, range 5 months-24 years) with complications of circumcision were reviewed retrospectively. Circumcisions were performed at various medical centers or during religious ceremonies in environments other than health facilities. Results The most commonly observed complication was preputio-glandular fusion, seen in 25 cases (52%). The other complications were: meatal stenosis in 11 (23%), urethral fistula in five (10.4%), partial glandular amputation in four (8%) and opening distal urethra in three (6%). Adhesion freeing and revision were performed in all cases of preputio-glandular fusion, patients with meatal stenosis underwent meatotomy, urethral fistulae were repaired by simple closure, partial glans amputations were patched with buccal mucosa, and patients with complete open distal urethra were repaired by Mathieu (one patient) and tubularized incised plate urethroplasty techniques. Conclusion Circumcision may be associated with many serious complications. To prevent these complications, the operation should be performed by educated and experienced personnel.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR) is the most common primary cardiac tumor in childhood. Although CRs are asymptomatic in many cases, they may cause arrhythmia, heart failure and fetal hydrops. Babies with arrhythmia in the neonatal period must be investigated for structural heart disease including CR. Cardiac rhabdomyoma may either present as an isolated tumor or may be related with tuberous sclerosis. Arrhythmia due to CR may be the initial sign of tuberous sclerosis. We report a case of tuberous sclerosis presenting with ventricular premature beats and second-degree atrioventricular block in the first day of life who was found to have multiple CR during echocardiographic examination.

Cerebral infarcts are an important cause of neonatal convulsions. We report the etiologic factors, and clinical and neuroradiologic findings of four full term neonates who presented with neonatal convulsions and had cerebral infarct. In our patients the risk factors for the cerebral infarct were perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, dehydration and catheter application. All had convulsions as the initial sign of infarct and had cranial imaging which revealed the definitive diagnosis. The patients underwent an extensive evaluation for hereditary causes of cerebral infarct that included anticoagulant factors (Proteins C and S, antithrombin III, antiphospholipid antibodies), factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations, blood and urine amino acid and urine organic acid levels. The results were found to be within normal limits. In conclusion, neonatal convulsions can be the first sign of cerebral infarct. For this reason it seems preferable to include cranial imaging by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the work-up of cases with unexplained neonatal convulsions.

The aim of the study was to compare serum levels of cytokeratin-18 of patients with bladder cancer with those of the healthy controls, and to investigate the relation between cytokeratin level and the tumor stage.Serum cytokeratin-18 levels of 38 patients with bladder cancer and of 25 healthy people were determined. Tumor stage was T(1) in 12 patients, T(2) in 9 patients, T(3) in 10 patients and T(4) in 7 patients. The serum cytokeratin-18 levels in these cases were analyzed with respect to the stage of the tumor.Cytokeratin-18 level in the patient group was found to be significantly higher than that of the control group (p0.010) when the groups were totally compared. However, when the levels in patients with different tumor stages were compared with that of the controls, the difference was not significant in patients with stage 1 and 2 tumors (p0.05). Regarding the cut off value as 4.0 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity for serum cytokeratin-18 were found to be 53% and 72% respectively. When sensitivity was calculated with respect to tumor stages, it was 8% for T(1,) 33% for T(2,) 90% for T(3) and 100% for T(4.) On the other hand, considering higher stage (T(3) and T(4)) tumors only, the sensitivity was calculated as 94%, but the sensitivity for lower stage (T(1) and T(2)) tumors was 19%.It is clear that serum cytokeratin-18 level increases in patients with bladder cancer. However, it can only be useful as a tumor marker in the diagnosis of T(3) and higher staged tumors. This study indicated that cytokeratin-18 does not have any diagnostic value in lower stage bladder cancers.

Objectives. To investigate the effect of sildenafil together with the influence of sodium nitroprusside and acetylcholine and further discuss its mechanism of action in vitro. Methods. Isolated strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were stimulated isometrically with phenylephrine. Graded relaxations were induced using increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and sildenafil alone and in combination. Results. The agents all relaxed the rabbit corpus cavernosal strips in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory potentials of the test agents were ranked (from least inhibitory to most inhibitory) as follows: sildenafil, acetylcholine plus sildenafil, sodium nitroprusside, sodium nitroprusside plus sildenafil, acetylcholine. The presence of sodium nitroprusside in the medium reduced the median effective dose for the sildenafil-induced relaxation of the cavernosal tissue from 3.65 × 10 −5 M to 2.73 × 10 −7 M, and the presence of acetylcholine reduced it to 9.79 × 10 −6 M. Conclusions. Sildenafil enhances the relaxing effect of both sodium nitroprusside and acetylcholine on the phenylephrine-induced contraction of rabbit cavernosal tissue.

The aim of this study was to document the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of cases with a history of severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Ten cases (eight cases with neurologic findings, two normal cases) with a history of severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia were studied. Neurologic findings and MRI results were described and correlated. Seven of eight cases with neurologic findings demonstrated symmetric and uniform increased T2signal changes limited to globus pallidi. MRI scans of two cases without neurologic findings showed no abnormality. Severe neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bilateral symmetric hyperintense signal changes in the globus pallidus on MRI. However, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin concentrations in the neonatal period may not always cause such lesions of globus pallidus on MRI despite the presence of neurologic findings. (J Child Neurol 2001;16:452-455).

We report a patient with Bazex (Bazex-Dupre-Christol) syndrome in association with multifocal basal cell carcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma of the lung, adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and possibly undifferentiated carcinoma of the bladder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with Bazex syndrome that consisted of four tumors, including two genitourinary tumors.