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Uranium mineralization areas may jeopardize public health and surrounding natural life. In the current study for radioactivity and geochemical analyses, 43 soil, 5 rock and 10 beach sand samples were collected in and around Arıklı (Ayvacık, Turkey) uranium mineralization area. Radioactivity levels in the soils (up to Ra-226: 629, Th-232: 240, K-40: 3669 Bq/kg) were found higher than the that of beach sands. Besides, radioactivity of the beach sand samples is found at normal levels (avg: Ra-226: 31, Th-232: 31, K-40: 542 Bq/kg) when compared to worldwide average soil. Dose values indicate that the region have ~three times higher average gamma radioactivity than the corresponding world average although measured gamma doses ranged up to 687 nGy/h. The high measured values are related to uranium mineralization, alteration zones, faults and Arıklı tuff.

In situ indoor gamma dose rate measurements were held in 79 dwellings by NaI(Tl) scintillation probe connected portable dose rate meter. For the building materials and impurities (nodules), spectrometric gamma analysis was applied by a high-resolution HpGe detector. For Ahmetçe and Nusratlı villages in Ayvacik/Çanakkale (Turkey), the measured in situ indoor gamma dose rates and related indoor annual effective dose equivalents (AEDEin) were 3 and 3.3 times, and indoor excess lifetime cancer risks (ELCRin) were 4.25 and 4.68 times higher than those of the world averages, respectively. The used local rocks were mostly ignimbrite and dacitic–rhyolitic tuffaceous (Arıklı tuff), and wall plasters were made of local soil. The highest in situ indoor gamma dose rates of the region belonged to Nusratlı village due to the intense impurities (nodules) and hydrothermal alterations in Arıklı tuff. Spectrometric gamma results revealed that 40K has an important effect on the indoor gamma doses.

Çalışmada, Seyhan nehri ana havzasında yer alan Menteş havzası ve yakın çevresinde bulunan, Attepe- Elmadağ-Menteş–Karaçat demir sahalarında yüzey ve yeraltı suları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. İnceleme alanında Prekambiryen-Ordovisiyen yaş aralığında düşük dereceli metamorfizma geçirmiş metakarbonat ve metakırıntılılar ve bunları açılı uyumsuzlukla örten Miyosen konglomeralar ve güncel alüvyonlar yüzeylenmektedir. Havzanın da içinde yer aldığı bölgede, tektonik hareketlerin etkisiyle aşırı kırık, çatlaklı ve yer yer ileri düzeyde karstik yapı kazanmış olan metakarbonatlar ana akifer olarak belirlenmiştir. Menteş deresi karstik akiferin doğal yeraltısuyu boşalım güzergahını ve aynı zamanda aktif güncel karstlaşmanın erozyon seviyesini oluşturmaktadır. Faylar, havzadaki geçirimsiz olan diğer birimlerin yanal ve düşey konumlarını belirleyerek karstik akiferin sürekliliğini engellemiştir. Alansal olarak yağışlarla, yanı sıra Menteş deresinden büyük miktarda noktasal olarak beslenen yeraltı sularının, sığ dolaşımlı ve akiferle temas süresi kısa, 5-10 yıllık genç sular olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Menteş deresi ortalama debisi doğu alt havzası çıkışında 474 L/sn olarak hesaplanmıştır. Debi ölçümleri Menteş deresinden, kurak ve yağışlı devrelerde sırasıyla yaklaşık 150 ve 1000 L/sn suyun, yeraltı suyuna ilave olduğunu göstermiştir. Yeraltı maden ocağının da yer aldığı Karaçat akiferinin yan havzalardan ziyade Menteş deresinden beslendiği belirlenmiştir. Hidrojeolojik değerlendirmeler ve izotop analiz sonuçları önceki çalışmalarda da belirlenen Attepe gölü ile Karaçat akiferi arasında hidrolik bir ilişkinin olmadığı değerlendirmesi teyit edilmiştir.

This study measured in situ indoor gamma dose rates in Arıklı village situated near a uranium mineralisation region, evaluated the risks of radiological health hazards and established a hypothetical relationship between these values and building materials using statistical tools. Eberline brand portable type ESP-2 model Na (I) scintillation probe connected detector was used for the measurements in 45 dwellings. Statistics revealed two groups. The first group consists of the dwellings made of bricks or mixed materials both plastered by cement, while the second group represented the dwellings made of Arıklı tuff plastered with soil (modified Arıklı tuff) or cement. For the first and second groups, respectively, the medians of the indoor gamma dose rates were 188.79 and 261.87 nGy/h; for indoor Annual Effective Dose Equivalents (AEDEin) they were 0.93 and 1.28 mSv/h; and for Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks (ELCRin) they were 3.69 and 5.12, respectively. All the values were higher than those of the world averages.

Çalışmada Menteş havzası içinde yeralan demir yataklarının yeraltısularına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Seyhan nehri ana havzasında yer alan Menteş havzasında yıllık ortalama yağış 460 mm, havza alanı ise yaklaşık 43 km'dir. Çalışma alanında tanımlanmış başlıca birimler Prekambriyen yaşlı metakırıntılılar, Alt Kambriyen yaşlı kuvarsitler, Orta Kambriyen yaşlı rekristalize kireçtaşları, Ordovisyen yaşlı metakırıntılılar, Miyosen konglomeralar ve güncel alüvyonlardan oluşmaktadır. Rekristalize kireçtaşı ve dolomitler çalışma alanındaki ana akiferler olarak belirlenmiştir. Seçilen 15 adet su noktasında yağışlı ve kurak dönemde su örnekleri alınarak anyon, katyon ve iz elementler açısından içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Suların sıcaklık (T), pH, EC değerleri yerinde ölçülmüştür. Her iki dönem için suların sıcaklık değerlerinin 7 - 19 derece arasında pH değerlerinin 7,26 – 8,7 arasında ve EC değerlerinin 47,3 µS/cm – 642 µS/cm arasında değiştiği ortayakonmuştur. Piper diyagramında karbonat sertliği %50’den fazla olan Ca oranı yüksek Ca-Mg Na+K-HCOtipi sular sınıfında yer aldığı ortaya çıkan sular, rCa> rMg > rNa > rK ve rHCO3> rSObir katyon-anyon trendi sergilemiş olup, bu dağılım, kireçtaşı-dolomit gibi karbonatlı akiferlerden gelensuları temsil etmektedir. Oksijen-18 (δO) (‰-10,93 – ‰-8,27) ve Döteryum (δH) (‰-64,18 -‰-54,58)değerleri suların meteorik kökenli olduğunu göstermektedir. Örneklerin ana anyon, ana katyon ve yerindeölçülen T, pH, EC değerleri içme suyu standartlarında (TS266 ve WHO) verilen limit değerlerin altındakalmıştır. İz element analizleri kapsamında 66 parametre ICP-MS yöntemiyle incelenmiş olup, Hg, Cd, Thve Ag gibi toksik etkisi yüksek elementlerin de içinde olduğu 30 dan fazla element dedeksiyon limitlerialtında kalmıştır. As, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, U, V, W, Zn, Se ve diğer elementlerin değerleriise içme suyu standartlarına (TS266 ve WHO) göre ihmal edilebilecek kadar düşüktür. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar göstermiştir ki, Menteş havzasında yer alan demir maden sahaları ve yakın çevresindeki yeraltısuları, incelenen inorganik parametreler açısından TS266 içme suyu standartlarına uygundur.

This study is mainly concerned with sulfur isotope (δ34S) values of inorganic sulfur species associated with the North Thrace Basin's coals (Saray and Pinarhisar coalfields). Sulfur isotope analyses were performed on pyritic sulfur, native sulfur, sulfate sulfur (rozenite) and the precipitated sulfate (P-BaSO4) (leached sulfate from the coal). The δ34S values of pyritic sulfur, rozenite, native sulfur and P-BaSO4 samples in Saray coals ranging from −6.9‰ to −37.3‰ are comparable to the δ34S values of Pinarhisar coals which change from −1.1‰ to −59.3‰. A wide range of strong negative δ34S values in both coalfields, particularly in Pinarhisar site, indicate that bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and subsequent pyrite formation were the key processes in the peat depositional environments. As in the δ34S values of both coalfield sites, comparable Sr/Ba and Th/U ratios and pyrite forms (cleat filling and partly massive) of the coals imply that besides marine sulfate hydrothermal solutions, originated from volcanism being active during peat accumulation in the basin, also contributed to the sulfur pools in the coal depositional environments. Overall, the δ34S values of inorganic sulfur species, and the largest sulfur isotope fractionation between δ34S P-BaSO4 and the δ34Spyrite, obtained for the first time for the Thrace Coal Basin, suggest that bacterial reduction of sulfate, possibly marine and hydrothermally derived, and subsequent pyrite formation and its fast burial may have been contributed to sulfur budget in the basin.

The first combined mineralogical and geochemical investigation of coal ashes from the Northwest Thrace Coal Basin, Turkey, was performed as a case study. The coal ash samples were obtained at 525 degrees C (group I), 750 degrees C (group II), and 1000 degrees C (group III) ashing temperatures from coal samples from the basin and were studied in terms of their mineralogical and geochemical composition using XRD and ICP-MS methods. The determination of the mineralogical composition was done for all of the groups; the geochemical analysis was carried out only for group II. In accordance with the high SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, and SO3 content of the ash, quartz (SiO2), hematite (Fe2O3), and anhydrite (CaSO4) are the major crystalline phases for all of the ash groups. The other minerals are muscovite, thenardite, tridymite, calcite, wollastonite, anorthite, cristobalite, gibbsite, ternesite, mullite, nahcolite, and nacrite. High-temperature phases such as mullite, wollastonite, and anorthite were observed at 750 and 1000 degrees C. According to the (Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+K2O+Na2O)/(SiO2+Al2O3+TiO2) ratios varying from 0.19 to 5.65, the ashes are highly prone to slagging. Compared to average values of low-rank coal ashes, the contents of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cs, W, and U of the ash are higher, whereas the total content of rare earth elements (REEs) (Sigma 163.7 ppm) are lower. Based on upper continental crust normalization, As, Se, Th, and U are enriched in all of the samples. The higher trace element contents in the ashes might be considered as a possible health hazard. The correlation analyses indicated that Ca is associated with anhydrite and As with hematite. The correlation analyses also showed that newly formed Al and Ca silicates may contain the elements such as Ti, K, Na, Cr, Sn, and Pb.

In this study, concentration and origin of trace elements of the Kesan coals in Edirne, Thrace Basin, have been investigated in order to determine possible environmental impacts on water pollution. The coal, ground and surface waters, and clay samples were taken from the coal mining area. The concentration of trace elements in 14 coal ashes, 15 water samples, and seven clays was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Additionally 11 of these coal samples were studied by proximate and seven coal samples were also studied by X-ray diffraction analyses. The mineralogical composition of the studied coal samples is made up mainly of quartz, clay minerals, feldspar group minerals, pyrite and amorphous matter. The Kesan coal ash samples have higher average concentrations of Cr (180 ppm), Ni (192 ppm), Rb (91 ppm), and Sr (1701 ppm); average values of other trace elements are lower than the world average of brown coal ashes. The sulfur content of the Kesan coals ranges from 0.4 to 3.90% (2.02% on average). The pH values of the waters vary between 6.55 and 8.36 in coal fields, 7.21 and 7.54 in springs. The F, Cl, NO3−, SO4=, Ca, Mg, Na and K values of the waters vary between 0.11 and 0.25 mg/l, 33.49 and 52.90 mg/l, 0.05 and 59.27 mg/l, 85 and 2829 mg/l, 66 and 349 mg/l, 64 and 222 mg/l, 41 and 1187 mg/l, 2 and 13 mg/l, respectively in coal fields. Some elements are anomalous in concentrations in some water samples (e.g., Cr up to 49.6 ppb; Mn up to 1185 ppb; Fe up to 10,352 ppb; Ni up to 55.8 ppb; As up to 9.7 ppb ppb). It has been interpreted that the lower trace element concentrations in the water samples may be due to clay intercalated with coal. The clays are smectite type and they are enriched in Cr, Co, Ni, As, Sr, and Th (e.g., up to 394 ppm Cr, up to 305 ppm Ni, and up to 35.5 ppm As).

This study investigates the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of coals from the Saray and Pinarhisar coalfields in the Northwest Thrace Basin, using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Saray and Pinarhisar coals were deposited in a limnic environment. The sulfur content of the coals ranges from 03 to 15.3% and high sulfur contents may originate from both seawater and volcanism. Pyritic and organic sulfur are the dominant sulfur forms (12% and 2.7% on average, respectively). The mineral matter of the coals consists mainly of pyrite, barite, gypsum, muscovite and kaolinite, with minor amounts of quartz, butlerite, tamarugite and rozenite. The coals are enriched in trace elements, including V (61 ppm on average), Co (5.85 ppm on average), Ni (79 ppm on average), As (39.2 ppm on average), Th (3.6 ppm on average) and U (6.7 ppm on average). Based on Pearson correlation coefficients, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Se, Rb, Au, Hg, Pb and Th have mainly inorganic affinities (r(ash-elements) > +0.5) in the Pinarhisar coals; Fe, As and Au also have inorganic affinities (r(ash-elements) >= +0.5) in the Saray coals. The element contents and correlation coefficients indicate that the Strandja Massif, the Tethyan ophiolite belt and the oldest basement sediments were included in the sediment source region for both coalfields, while the Strandja Massif was the prevailing sediment source region for Pinarhisar coalfield. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Arapucan Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag deposit occurs as hydrothermal veins in diabase and altered Triassic metasandstones adjacent to calc-alkaline intrusive igneous rocks. The deposit is an important commercial source of base metal in northwestern Turkey. Potential by-products are silver and gold. The geology of the area includes a Paleozoic metamorphic basement, Triassic sedimentary rocks with carbonate blocks, Tertiary granitoids and Neogene volcanics. The mineral assemblage includes galena, quartz, calcite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite as well as minor bismuthinite, tetrahedrite, pyrolusite, hematite, scheelite, malachite, magnetite, limonite and rutile. Silver is associated with tetrahedrite. Early hydrothermal activity was responsible for the formation of three hypogene alteration types of decreasing intensity: silicification, sericitization and argillic alteration. These alteration styles show a rough spatial zonation. The ore stage clearly postdates hydrothermal alteration, as indicated by the occurrence of ore minerals in vuggy cavities and fractures in silica bodies. The deposit contains evidence of at least two periods of hypogene mineralization separated by a period of faulting. In addition to Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag and Au, the ores contain substantial quantities of W, Bi, Sb and Te. Average δ34S values for galena and pyrite are −3.95 and −2.24‰, respectively, suggesting an igneous source for both the sulphur and metals. However, geological and geochemical interpretations suggest that at least some of the metals were leached from the metasandstones and diabases. Fluid inclusions in main-stage sphalerite homogenize at 229–384 °C with salinities ranging from 1.7 to 18.5 eq.wt% NaCl. The deposits formed as the result of the interaction of two aqueous fluids: a higher-salinity fluid (probably magmatic) and a dilute meteoric fluid. The narrow range of δ34S (galena and pyrite) values (−5.2 to −1.2‰ CDT) suggests that the sulphur source of the hydrothermal fluids was the same during deposition of the metals.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the waste-rock dump (WRD) of the underground polymetallic Balya Mine on the Kocacay River and eventually on Lake Manyas in Turkey. Data presented in this paper include geochemical characteristics of various kinds of water (mine, surface and groundwater) and of suspended-particle samples in the vicinity of Balya. The more polluted mine waters have low pH and high conductivity, while high concentrations of Zn, Cd, Mn tend to be found in the dry and wet seasons. High concentrations of Pb, As, Cr, Cu and S appear only in the wet season. The sources of the heavy metal concentration within the Kocacay River are leached waste, surface run off, and overflow from the spillway of the WRD. To minimize the formation of acids and dissolved metal, and for the remediation of the harmful effects of extreme contamination conditions, it is recommended that lime or alkali materials and organic carbon be added to simulate the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria.

The Kizilcaoren fluorite–barite–Rare Earth Element (REE) deposit occurs as epithermal veins and breccia fillings in altered Triassic metasandstones and Oligocene–Miocene pyroclastics adjacent to alkaline porphyritic trachyte and phonolite. This deposit is the only commercial source of REE and thorium in Turkey. Most of the fluorite–barite–REE mineralisation at Kizilcaoren has been formed by hydrothermal solutions, which are thought to be genetically associated with alkaline volcanism. The occurrence of the ore minerals in vuggy cavities and veins of massive and vuggy silica indicate that the ore stage postdates hydrothermal alteration. The deposit contains evidence of at least three periods of hypogene mineralisation separated by two periods of faulting. The mineral assemblage includes fluorite, barite, quartz, calcite, bastnasite, phlogopite, pyrolusite and hematite as well as minor amounts of plagioclase feldspar, pyrite, psilomelane, braunite, monazite, fluocerite, brockite, goethite, and rutile. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that the barite formed from low salinity (0.4–9.2 equiv. wt% NaCl) fluids at low temperatures, between 105 and 230 °C, but fluorite formed from slightly higher salinity (

Barium- and titanium-bearing biotites from Miocene volcanic rocks of Mezitler area, eastern Balikesir, western Turkey are studied. The chemical composition of volcanic rocks range from andesite to rhyodacite. The iron-enrichment index of micas (average I.E. = 0.40) is intermediate between annite and phlogopite. The biotite phenocrysts contain up to 1.72 wt.% BaO and 5.90 wt.% TiO2, with the average formulae (K0.807Na0.131Ca0.036Ba0.027) (Mg1.404Fe2+0.800 Fe3+0.131 Ti0.303Al0.056Mn0.023) (Si2.832Al1.167)O10[(OH)1.976Cl0.024]. The BaO content of electron-microprobe micas is positively correlated with the Al2O3, TiO2, and FeO contents, and with the I.E., and is negatively correlated with the SiO2, K2O, and MgO contents. Ba- and Ti-rich micas are generally found in potassic igneous rocks, in subalkaline and alkaline gabbroic rocks and in contact metamorphic rocks, whereas Ba- and Ti-bearing micas in this study occur in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks that hosted manganese-oxide and barite deposits. Most of the phenocrysts analyzed have deficiencies in their octahedral and partly interlayer sites. Deficiencies in the octahedral sites may arise from the Ti-vacancy and partly the Ti-tschermakite substitution. On the other hand, deficiencies in the interlayer-site are due to the replacement of K by Ba. The substitution mechanism in the Mezitler micas is characterized by Ba + 2Ti + 3Al = (K + Na + Ca) + 3(Mg + Fe + Mn) + 3Si, with an excellent correlation coefficient. In terms of aluminum and titanium contents, micas from the Mezitler area lie on a similar trend parallel to that for metasomatic phlogopites from Canary Island xenoliths, which overlap the field for micas from the Ilha da Trindade xenolith, South Atlantic. Biotite compositions from the Mezitler area fall between the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) and nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) oxygen fugacity buffers. All these show that Mezitler micas with low to moderate Ba- and Ti-contents may be formed from magmas in a subduction-enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle environment.

Thirty granite samples commonly used in Turkey were surveyed for natural radioactivity. Concentrations of natural radionuclides in all samples were determined by gamma-ray spectroscopy with hyper-pure germanium detector. The activity concentrations measured for (226)Ra and (232)Th ranged from 0.7±0.1 to 186±1 Bq kg(-1), and from 0.5±0.1 to 249±2 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The activity concentrations obtained for (40)K varied from minimum detectable activity (0.4 Bq kg(-1)) to 1935±11 Bq kg(-1). The radium equivalent activity (Ra(eq)), the absorbed dose rate (D), the external hazard index (H(ex)) and the annual effective dose equivalent were also calculated and compared with the international recommended values. Granite samples were also analysed mineralogically. It was observed that the presence of large amount orthoclase and radiogenic accessory minerals are the sources of high activity concentration levels.

Groundwater is often the only water source in semi-arid regions of Turkey. Gunyuzu Basin, located in the Sakarya River basin, SW of EskiAYehir, exhibits semi-arid conditions. The study area is composed of Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Eocene granitic rocks, Neogene sedimentary rocks, and Quaternary alluvium. In the basin, Paleozoic Marbles are the main reservoir rocks for hot and cold water, bordered by impermeable diabases dykes at the sides and by impermeable granites and schists. Neogene-aged limestones, conglomerates and alluvium represent the other significant aquifers. Water samples chosen to exemplify the aquifer characteristics, were collected from springs and wells in both the dry and the wet seasons. The cation and anion permutation of the samples show that carbonates are the dominant lithology in the formation of chemical composition. delta O-18 (-11.2 to -8.9aEuro degrees) and delta H-2 (-79 to -60aEuro degrees) isotopic values show that all waters (thermal and cold) are meteoric in origin. The hydrological, hydrochemical, and isotopic properties of the waters reveal that there exist two main groups of groundwater systems; one of these is deep circulating, while the other one is shallow. Tritium values, 0-4 TU (Tritium Unit) indicate the presence of old, static water in these aquifer systems.

Indoor radon activity level and radon effective dose (ED) rate have been carried out in the rural dwellings of Ezine (Canakkale) during the summer season using Radosys-2000, a complete set suitable to radon concentration measurements with CR-39 plastic alpha track detectors. The range of radon concentration varied between 9 and 300 Bq m −3 , with an average of 67.9 (39.9 SD) Bq m −3 . Assuming an indoor occupancy factor of 0.8 and 0.4 for the equilibrium factor of radon indoors, it has been found that the 222 Rn ED rate in the dwellings studied ranges from 0.4 to 5.2 mSv y −1 , with an average value of 1.7 (1.0) mSv y −1 . There is a possibility that low radon concentrations exist indoors during the summer season in the study area because of relatively high ventilation rates in the dwellings. A winter survey will be needed for future estimation of the annual ED.

This paper represents the first reports on the natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in Kestanbol granitic pluton and surrounding rocks, and coastal region of the Ezine town. To assess the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the absorbed dose rate and the external hazard index were calculated, and in situ gamma dose rates were measured. The high-activity concentrations were measured in the pluton and sands, which was originated mainly from the pluton, due to the presence of zircon, allanite, monazite, thorite, uranothorite and apatite. The average activity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K are 174.78, 204.69 and 1171.95 Bq kg −1 for pluton, and 290.36, 532.04 and 1160.75 Bq kg −1 for sands, respectively. 137 Cs in Ezine region ranged from 0–6.57 Bq kg −1 . The average absorbed dose rate for the granitic and sand samples were calculated to be 251.6 and 527.92 nGy h −1 , respectively. The maximum contribution to the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air was due to the 232 Th (52.3% for pluton and 67.1% for sands). The Raeq activities of the pluton and sands are higher than the recommended maximum value of 370 Bq kg −1 criterion limit of Raeq activity for building materials.

The present work investigated the radioactivity level of the granitoid plutons and its effect on the groundwaters in the southeast part of Eskisehir. Fourteen granitic samples from the Kaymaz and Sivrihisar plutons and 11 groundwater samples from the near vicinity of the pluton were analyzed. The activity concentrations measured for (238)U and (232)Th ranged from 43.59+/-2 to 651.80+/-24 Bq/kg, and 51.16+/-3 to 351.94+/-13 Bq/kg, respectively. The activity concentrations obtained for (40)K varied from 418.50+/-17 to 1618.03+/-66 Bq/kg. The absorbed dose rates in air outdoors ranged from 87.14 to 531.81 nGy/h. All the results obtained from the Kaymaz pluton are higher than those from the Sivrihisar. The U (ave. 16.6 ppm) and Th (ave. 49.9 ppm) values of the Kaymaz pluton are higher than the average concentrations of the magmatic rocks of granitic composition. These results are consistent with high dose rates of the pluton. The gross-alpha activities in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.009 to 1.64 Bq/l and the gross-beta activities from 0.006 to 0.89 Bq/l. The highest gross-alpha value was found in the sample taken from near the Kaymaz pluton. The concentrations of (222)Rn varied from 0.060 to 0.557 Bq/l.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2016, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’ne yüksek lisans tezi olarak sunulan bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Safaalan Köyü (Tekirdağ – Saray) ve civarında yer alan terkedilmiş kömür sahalarında meydana gelen göletlerde biriken suların kömür oluşumlarından etkilenip etkilenmediğini yerinde (in situ) ve laboratuarda suların fizikokimyasal parametrelerini inceleyerek, kullanılabilme potansiyellerini ortaya koymaktır. Safaalan Köyü (Tekirdağ – Saray) ve civarında yer alan terkedilmiş kömür sahası, 1992 yılında TKİ tarafından işletilmeye başlanmış ve 2002 yılında üretim faaliyeti bitirilmiştir. Günümüzde mesire / dinlenme yeri olarak kullanılan bu alanda hali hazırda yüzey alanları 0,006 ile 0,04 km2 aralığında değişen 5 adet gölet tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sahası olan Safaalan köyü ve yakın civarında yöre halkı içme ve kullanma (temizlik, pişirme, tarımda sulama suyu vb.) amaçlı su ihtiyacını çoğunlukla yer altı ve gölet sularından karşılamaktadır. İnceleme alanının jeolojik yapısını tanımak ve haritasını hazırlamak amacıyla bölgede öncelikle arazi çalışması yapılmıştır. Bölge stratigrafisinde en altta Üst Eosen – Alt Oligosen yaşlı Soğucak Formasyonu, Orta – Üst Oligosen yaşlı Çakıl Formasyonu, Orta - Üst Miyosen yaşlı Ergene Formasyonu ve Üst Miyosen – Alt Pliyosen yaşlı Kırcasalih Formasyonu sıralanmıştır. Bütün bu birimlerin üstüne Güncel yaşlı Alüvyon çökelleri uyumsuzlukla gelir. Bu çalışmanın ana konusu çalışma alanındaki terk edilmiş kömür sahalarının, yer altı ve yüzey sularına olası etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla yağışlı (Mart 2015) ve kurak (Ağustos 2014) dönemi temsilen toplam 20 örnek alınmıştır. Örnekler göletlerden (5 + 4), çeşmelerden (4 + 3) ve kuyulardan (2 + 2) alınmıştır. Örneklerden 9 adedi yağışlı dönemi, 11 adedi ise kurak dönemi temsil etmektedir. Suların sıcaklık, pH, Eh, iletkenlik (EC), tuzluluk (NaCl), asidite, alkalinite ve çözünmüş oksijen (DO) değerleri arazide; ana anyon, katyon ve iz element içerikleri ACME Laboratuarında ICP-MS ve Hacettepe Laboratuarında IC yöntemi ile analiz ettirilmiştir. Suların içilebilirliği üzerinde önemli etkiye sahip olan pH değeri, örneklenen sularda TS266 ‘da verilen 6,5 – 9,2 aralığı içinde kalmaktadır. Sulardaki toplam iyona karşılık gelen iletkenlik (EC) değeri ise TS266 ‘da maksimum izin verilen 2000 μS/cm limit değerin altında kalmıştır. Kurak dönemde örneklenen göl sularının tümünde ve 2 adet çeşme suyu örneğinde sıcaklık TS266 belirtilen 25 ºC limit değerinin üzerinde ölçülmüştür. Suların ana anyon değerleri (Cl-, SO4=, HCO3-) ve ana katyon değerleri (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) incelenmiş olup; çeşme ve kuyu sularında ölçülen değerlerinin içme suları için verilen limit değerlerini karşıladığı, gölet sularında ise bu parametrelerin suların ancak kullanma amaçlı (temizlik, pişirme ve tarımda sulama) kullanılabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır. Sular tarımda kullanılabilirlik açısından Riverside Diyagramına uyarlanmış olup örneklerin ağırlıklı olarak Az Tuzlu Sular sınıfında yer aldığı, sulama amaçlı kullanılan suların sınıflandırılmasında kullanılan Wilcox diyagramında ise suların benzer şekilde Çok İyi - İyi Sular ve İyi Kullanılabilir sular alanında yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Suların kimyasal bileşimlerinin litolojiyle ilişkisini oraya koymak amacıyla su örneklerinin ana katyon (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+) ve ana anyon (HCO3-, SO4= ve Cl-) değerleri yarı - logaritmik Schoeller diyagramına uyarlanmıştır. Sahada en yaygın birim ergene formasyonu olup suların katyon dizilimi rCa+2> rNa++rK+>rMg+2 (%55) ve rNa++rK+ > rCa+2> rMg+2 (%45) şeklindedir. Ergene fomasyonunun litolojik özellikleri ile paralellik göstermiştir. rC1- > rHCO3- > rSO4= (%50), rHCO3- > rC1- > rSO4= (%30) ve rC1- > rSO4= > rHCO3- (%20) şeklindeki anyon dizilimlerinde HCO3- değerinin bazı su örneklerinde Cl- ve SO4- değerinden yüksek olması, Ergene Formasyonunun heterojen litolojik bileşimi ve Safaalan bölgesi genelinde karbonatlı birimlerin varlığı ile uyumdur. Suların SO4- ve Cl- değerlerinin yüksek olması sahadaki killi birimlerin yaygın olması ve killerin absorblama kapasitesi ile açıklanabilir. Alınan su öneklerini ICP-MS yöntemi ile 72 adet iz elementi açısından analiz edilmiş, bu elementler içerisinde literatürde sağlık açısından riskli olduğu kabul edilen Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, değerleri incelenmiş bazı örneklerde Mn, Fe ve Al değerlerinin anomali oluşturduğu ve içme suyu limit değerlerini aştığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen tüm veriler birlikte değerlendiğirildiğinde, Türkiye’nin en önemli kömür havzalarından biri olan Trakya Havzası’nda yer alan Safaalan Köyü ve yakın civarında yöre halkı tarafından kullanılan yeraltı suları Ç5, Ç6 ,Ç7 ve K9 no ‘lu örneklerde tespit edilen yüksek Mn, Fe ve Na değerleri hariç içilebilir niteliktedir. Gölet suları ise SO4- (G13 no ‘lu örnek), Cl- (G13 ve G14 nolu örnek), Mn (G15 no ‘lu örnek), Fe (G13 ve G15 no’lu örnek) ve Al (G13 ve G15 no’lu örnek) açısından içme suyu standartlarının üzerinde kalmıştır. İncelenen tüm su örneklerinin kullanma suyu ve tarımda sulama suyu olarak kullanılmasında herhangi bir sakınca görülmemektedir., This study is submitted to Istanbul Technical University Institute of Science and Technology as a master thesis and covers to research the effects of inactive coal areas on surface and ground waters as the potencial of usability water quality in Safaalan Village (Tekirdağ - Saray) and its surroundings. In 1992, coal mining started by TKI in the study area and its ended in 2002. After the ending of mining, five lakes (Between 0,006 and 0,04 km2) were formed in the area. The main subject of this study is to research the effects of inactive coal areas on lake waters physicochemical parameters which is identified in site and the laboratory. To identify Safalan Villiges and the surrounding ‘s geological structure and to create the geology map of the region, the study was conducted in the area. In the a stratigraphycal sequence of the area, the oldest unit is the Upper Eocene – Lower Oligocene Soğucak Formation, middle – Upper Oligocene Çakıl Formation, Middle – Upper Miocene Ergene Formation, Upper Miocene – Lower Pliocene Kırcasalih Formation, and the youngest unit is the Quaternary aged alluvial deposits. In this study, the main subject of this study is to research the effects of inactive coal areas on surface and ground waters in the study region. With this aim, 20 surface and subsurface waters were sampled in wet season (March 2015) and dry season (August 2014). 9 of these samples represent wet season, 11 of them represent dry season. The samples are taken from lakes (5 + 4), taps (4 +3) and wells (2 + 2). Heat, pH, Eh, conducdivity (EC), salinity (NaCl), acidity, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) values were identified on site; whereas, ingredients of main and trace elements were identified in the laboratory. The value of pH is important for drinkable waters. The sampled waters pH value in the study area in the limit values set by TS266 (6,5 – 9,2). The EC values of the waters which means waters total ion are belowed the limited value by TS266 (2000 μS/cm). The all samples of lake waters and two of taps in dry season are exceeded the heat limit values set by TS266 (25 ºC). The waters main anion (Cl-, SO4=, HCO3-) and main cation (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) values are identified; the tap and wells water samples values are in the limit values, the lake water are determined as usable water (clean, cook and irrigation) because of the values. The waters are adapted to Riverside Diagram for irrigation, and the waters determined as Less Salinity Water. Also Wilcox diagrams are prepated, and the water determined as Very Well – Well Waters and Well Waters. To prove the relationship between waters chemical components and lithology, the semi-logarithmic Schoeller Diagrams are prepated. The cation permutations of waters are rCa+2> rNa++rK+>rMg+2 (%55) and rNa++rK+ > rCa+2> rMg+2 (%45), the results are parallel with the main formation of the area is Ergene Formation. The anion permutations of waters are rC1- > rHCO3- > rSO4= (%50), rHCO3- > rC1- > rSO4= (%30) and rC1- > rSO4= > rHCO3- (%20). HCO3- values are higher than Cl- and SO4- values on some permutations, it is related with Ergene Formations heterogeneous lithological components and Safaalan Regions carbonate units. The waters high SO4- and Cl- values are can explained by widespread clay units and the absorbation capacity of clays. The water samples were analyzed for trace elements by ICP – MS methods for 72 elements. Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb are considered to pose threat to health, Mn, Fe and Al values are determined exceeded the limit values of drinkable waters. As the all data derived are evaluated along, the ground water of Safaalan Villige and its surroundings are located in one of the most important coal areas which is called as Trakya Havzası in Turkey, is determined as drinkable waters without the high value of Ç5, Ç6, Ç7 and K9. The lake waters SO4- (sample G13), Cl- (samples G13 and G14), Mn+2 (sample G15), Fe+2 (samples G13 and G15) and Al (samples G13 and G15) values are exceeded the limits. The all samples are determined as usable water and irrigation waters and the waters of the area are proved not to constitute a negative effect in this respect., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2016, Talk tüm Dünya’da seramik, kimya, boya ve gıda gibi farklı bir çok sanayi kolunda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çok özel mineralojik ve kimyasal yapıya sahip talkın kullanıldığı bir diğer alan ise kozmetik ve farmakolojidir. Talk oluşumu için en uygun alanlar ultramafik kayaçlar ile dolomit ve manyezit içeren karbonatlı sedimanter kayaçların kontakları, fay ve makaslama zonlarıdır. Talk konusunda bilinen en iyi rezervler Avustralya, Avusturya, Brezilya, Çin, Finlandiya, Hindistan, İtalya, Japonya, Kuzey Kore, Rusya Federasyonu ve ABD'de bulunmaktadır. Pazara sunulan talkın miktar olarak küçük bir bölümü farmakoloji ve kozmetik sanayinde kullanılmakla birlikte, bu nitelikteki talkın yüksek kalite ve ekonomik olarak daha değerli olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Türkiye' de bilinen talk yatakları, ya metamorfizma sonucu yada hidrotermal ayrışma ile bazik ve ultrabazik kayaçlarda oluşmuştur. Ülkemizde her kalitede talkın varlığı bilinmekte ancak saf olmayan talklar flotasyon ve benzeri selektif ayrıcı metotlarla temizlenerek yüksek saflık elde edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Ülkemizde bilinen talk yatakları Aydın, Balıkesir, Bolu, Eskişehir, Sakarya ve Sivas illerinde bulunmaktadır. 106.000 tonu görünür olmakla üzere toplam rezerv 1.158.000 ton dur. Günümüzde bu yatakların bir kısmı işletilmekte, elde edilen talklar genelde boya sanayi ve seramik sanayinde kullanılmakta, ekonomik olarak daha değerli olan, kozmetik sanayii ve farmakolojide kullanılacak talklar ihraç edilmektedir. Oysa geçmişte Aydın ilinde üretilen talkın, zenginleştirilerek kozmetik sanayinde kullanılmak üzere iç piyasaya satıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak zenginleştirme maliyetinin yüksek olması nedeni ile ekonomik olmadığı için kozmetik sanayii hammadde ihtiyacını başta Mısır olmak üzere yurtdışından karşılamaktadır. İlaç sanayisi ise talk ihtiyacını ağırlıklı olarak Fransa ve Almaya’dan karşılamaktadır. Kozmetik sanayiinde ve farmakolojide kullanılacak talkın özellikleri uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından belirlenmiştir. Kozmetik sanayiinde CTFA standartları, farmakolojide Avrupa ve ABD Farmakopeleri yanı sıra ulusal standartlar da kullanılmaktadır. Bu standartlarda Performans kriterleri ve sağlık&güvenlik kriterleri yer almaktadır. Performans kriterleri talkın tane boyutu yoğunluğu, rengi, parlaklığı gibi fiziksel özellikleri ile ilgilidir. Bu kriterler tüketicinin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yöneliktir. Sağlık ve güvenlik kriterleri ise kimyasal saflık ve potansiyel zararlı mikroorganizmalar ile ilgilidir ve içerebileceği elementleri ve diğer kimyasal içerikleri belirler Talk üreticilerinin, ürünlerinin bu standartlara uygun performans kriterleri ve sağlık ve güvenlik kriterlerini sağladığını göstermesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de üretilen talkların sağlıkvegüvenlik kriterlerine uygunluğu jeokimyasal özellikleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Talkın solunarak vücuda alınması ile akciğer kanseri ilişkisi, talk pudrasının genital bölgede kullanımı ve over kanseri ilişkisi, ruj ya da katı deodorantlar ya da diğer yarı sıvı ürünlerin insan sağlığına etkileri konusu çok tartışılan ve üzerine çalışmalar yapılan konulardır. Ek olarak ilaçlar ile ya da plörezi tedavisinde direk vücuda alınması söz konusu olduğunda sağlık üzerine etkisi daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Kozmetik sanayii ve farmakolojide kullanılacak talkın kimyasal yapısında bulunabilecek elementlerle ilgili sınırlamalar incelendiğinde As, Pb, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg miktarının ve kızdırma kaybı oranının dikkate alındığı görülmektedir. Kozmetik talkta en az %90 saf talk, kalan kısmın da doğal olarak birlikte bulunabileceği kalsit, klorit, dolomit, kaolen ve manyezit olması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Fibroz amfibol minerallerini içermemesi gerekmektedir. Buna ek olarak kozmetik talkta en fazla % 6 asid-çözülebilir içerik: en fazla %6 kızdırma kaybı (LOI), en fazla 3 ppm arsenik, en fazla 20 ppm kurşun bulunabilir. İlaçlar için kullanılacak talkın içeriğinde ise en fazla %0,25 demir, %0,2 alüminyum %0,9 kalsiyum, 10 ppm kurşun, %7 kızdırma kaybı (LOI), %17-19,5 arası magnezyum değerlerine ek olarak asbest içermediğinin gösterilmesi gerekmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Türkiye’de halen üretilmekte olan talk cevherinin mineralojik bileşimi ve jeokimyasal karakteristiklerini tanımlayarak kozmetik sanayinde ve farmakolojide kullanılabilme potansiyelini araştırmak için Maden İşleri Genel Müdürlüğün’den (MİGEM) alınan güncel bilgiler doğrultusunda halen talk üretimi yapılan Aydın-Bozdoğan, Kütahya-MerkezveTavşanlı ve Sivas-Hafik’de bulunan madenlerdeki üreticiler ile iletişime geçilmiş, örnekler temin edilmiştir. Yapılan optik mineralojik incelemeler, XRD analizleri ve kimyasal analizlerin sonuçları kozmetik için CTFA ve farmakolojik kullanım için Avrupa Farmakopesi’ne göre değerlendirilmiştir. Örneklerde tanımlanan diğer minerallerden dolomit, kalsit, manyezit, klorit ve benzeri mineraller de zaten talkın yapısında olmasına izin verilen minerallerdir ve optik mikroskopta tanımlanan bu minerallerin toplam miktarları incelenen örneklerde %5’in altındadır. Örneklerin kozmetik sanayiinde kullanım için gereken fibroz amfibol içermemeli koşulunu sağladığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Jeokimyasal değerlendirmede ise Kütahya-Merkez KM1 ve KM2 nolu örnekler hariç diğer örneklerde tespit edilen değerlerin tümü 3 ppm As sınır değerinin altında kalmıştır. Kurşun açısından sonuçlar değerlendirildiği zaman ise Aydın-Bozdoğan, Sivas-Hafik ve Kütahya-Tavşanlı örneklerinde Pb değerlerinin, Talk has a wide range of uses in ceramic, chemistry, paint and food industry. Additionally, because talc has a special mineralogical and chemical structure, it is also used in cosmetic industry and pharmacology. Talc is generally formed in ultramafic rocks and carbonatic sedimentary rocks, which contain dolomite and magnezite, fault and shear zones and this rocks contacts. The talc rezervs in Australia, Austria, Brazil, China, Finland, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, Russia and USA are on the map. The little amount of the talc in the market is used in cosmetic industry and pharmacology. On the other hand the talc which requires the quality standarts of cosmetic industry and pharmacology is economically more valuable. Talc in Turkey was formed in alkaline and ultrabasic rocks in consequence of metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration. Every quality of talc exists in our country. The impure talcs in our contry is being cleaned with flotation and other methods to have high purity. The talc deposits ores in Turkey exist in Aydın , Balıkesir, Bolu, Eskişehir, Sakarya ve Sivas. The total talc reserve is 1.150.000 tons. The 106.000 tons of this reserve is proved reserve. The talc mining in this cities are active and the produced talc is generally used in paint and ceramic industry. The more valuable talcs which used in cosmetic and pharmacology, are imported. Beside, the talc which was produced in Aydın, was used in cosmetic industry after ore dressing in domestic market is known. On the other hand the high ore dressing costs of talc, the cosmetic industry demand is generally acquired from Egypt, the pharmacology demand is aquired from France and Germany. Talcs using standards of cosmetic industry and pharmacology are determined by international organizastions. CTFA Standarts for cosmetic industry and European Pharmacope, US Pharmacope, additionally some national pharmacopes are also used. Product quality assurance criteria separeted in two parts; performance criteria and health and safety criteria. Performance spesifications focus on the physical characteristics of the talc such as particle size, bulk density, color, brightness. These spesifications for customer requirements. Health and safety spesifications focus on the chemical purity and absence of potentially harmful microorganisms. Talc producers have to show that, their products are ensures these criteria. This study focused on talcs geochemical characters in terms of health and safety criteria, in Turkey(?). The relation between inhalation of talc and lung cancer, using talc in genital area and overian cancer, make up, stick deodorands or other semi-liquid products effects on health, these are the most discussed issues about talc. Additionally, directly getting talc in the both with pills or plorezis therapy are also very important issues. The chemical composition spesifications of talc used in cosmetic industry and pharmacology, has delimitations about As, Pb, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg and loss on ignition (LOI) ratios. Cosmetic talc consists of a minimum of 90% hydrated magnesium silicate, with remainder consisting of naturally associated minerals such as calcite, chlorite, dolomite, kaolin, and magnesite; it contains no detectable fibrous, amphibole minerals. Additionally specifications for cosmetic talc include 6.0% maximum (max) acid-soluble substances; 6.0% max LOI, As content must be, Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.