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Objectives: The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be crucial for determining the immunopathology of gingivitis (G) and periodontitis. This study aimed to analyse interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), IL-11 and IL-12 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with G and chronic periodontitis (CP). Material and Methods: Fourty subjects including 12 CP, 14 G and 14 controls (C) were enrolled. GCF samples were collected from six maxillary sites per patient and analysed for IL-1 β, IL-11 and IL-12 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Significantly lower concentrations of IL-11 were detected in CP compared with both G and C groups ( p<0.05). The CP group had a significantly higher total amount of IL-12 and IL-1 β compared with the C group ( p<0.05). The IL-11:IL-1 β cytokine ratio was higher in both G and C groups compared with the CP group. The IL-11:IL-1 β ratio became progressively lower with increasing probing depth ( p<0.01). Conclusions: Our data showed that IL-11 levels are significantly decreased in GCF from sites with periodontitis compared with G and healthy sites. Because of the possible preventive effect of IL-11 on inflammation, IL-11 may be an important factor in the therapeutic modulation of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in oral cancer is widely accepted. Yet, the existence of CSC in dysplastic tissue and the molecular pathways of progression from dysplasia to malignancy remain to be explored. Our retrospective study aimed to analyze the presence of CSC in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) concerning two epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers: Snail and E-cadherin. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), OSCC, and oral epithelial hyperplasia (OEH) were used. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-qPCR detected the expression of Snail and CD133, whereas CD44 and E-cadherin were evaluated solely immunohistochemically. OSCC cases showed significantly higher CD133 immunoreactivity and inflammation scores and significantly decreased E-cadherin expression compared to OED and OEH groups. Snail mRNA up-regulation was seen in 100% of the OSCC cases followed by 85% for OED cases and 82.5% OEH cases among those that displayed positive mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. The Snail upregulation in all OSCC cases proves that Snail plays a significant role in oral cancer. Our results also suggest that CD133 and E-cadherin may be potential diagnostic markers in oral cancer progression.