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In this work we present an analytical and numerical study of rogue and solitary waves in a coupled one-dimensional nonlinear lattice that involves both axial and rotational degrees of freedom. Using a multiple-scale analysis we derive a system of coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger type equations in order to approximate solitary waves and rogue waves of the coupled lattice model. Numerical simulations are found to agree with the analytical approximations. We also consider generic initialization data in the form of a Gaussian profile and observe that they can result in the spontaneous formation of rogue wave-like patterns in the lattice. The solitary and rogue waves in the lattice demonstrate both energy isolation and exchange between the axial and rotational degrees of freedom of the system. This suggests that the studied coupled lattice has the potential to be an efficient energy isolation, transfer, and focusing medium., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures

BackgroundHemorrhagic shock and trauma (HS/T)-induced gut injury may play a critical role in the development of multi-organ failure. Novel therapies that target gut injury and vascular permeability early after HS/T could have substantial impacts on trauma patients. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC EVs) in vivo in HS/T in mice and in vitro in Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells.MethodsIn vivo, using a mouse model of HS/T, vascular permeability to a 10-kDa dextran dye and histopathologic injury in the small intestine and lungs were measured among mice. Groups were (1) sham, (2) HS/T + lactated Ringer's (LR), (3) HS/T + MSCs, and (4) HS/T + MSC EVs. In vitro, Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity was evaluated by an epithelial cell impedance assay. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with control media, MSC conditioned media (CM), or MSC EVs, then challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).ResultsIn vivo, both MSCs and MSC EVs significantly reduced vascular permeability in the small intestine (fluorescence units: sham, 456 ± 88; LR, 1067 ± 295; MSC, 765 ± 258; MSC EV, 715 ± 200) and lung (sham, 297 ± 155; LR, 791 ± 331; MSC, 331 ± 172; MSC EV, 303 ± 88). Histopathologic injury in the small intestine and lung was also attenuated by MSCs and MSC EVs. In vitro, MSC CM but not MSC EVs attenuated the increased permeability among Caco-2 cell monolayers challenged with H2O2.ConclusionMesenchymal stem cell EVs recapitulate the effects of MSCs in reducing vascular permeability and injury in the small intestine and lungs in vivo, suggesting MSC EVs may be a potential cell-free therapy targeting multi-organ dysfunction in HS/T. This is the first study to demonstrate that MSC EVs improve both gut and lung injury in an animal model of HS/T.

Introduction We mainly perform Robotic-Assisted laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RARP) and Heavy Ion Radiotherapy (HIRT) as curative treatment for prostate cancer. Several factors such as cancer control and quality of life after treatment are considered to be important, but there are few reports comparing sexual function changes before and after treatment between RARP and HIRT. Objective We performed retrospective study comparing the evaluation of sexual function after RARP and HIRT cases using the propensity score matching method. Methods 127 patients treated by RARP from 2014 to 2018 and 190 patients treated by HIRT monotherapy from 2010 to 2019 were evaluated. We evaluated Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) score before and after treatment. The EPIC was compared before, 12 months, and 24 months after treatment. Propensity score matching was performed using the age at treatment, PSA value, T stage, and pretreatment EPIC comprehensive score of sexual function as covariates. A cohort of 101 patients in each group was prepared and examined. Results The mean ± standard deviation of each of the RARP and HIRT groups were age; 65.1 ± 5.9, 65.3 ± 6.5 years, PSA value; 6.31 ± 2.07, 6.34 ± 2.46 ng / ml, pretreatment EPIC sexual function overall score; 46.4 ± 15.6, 48.2 ± 16.2. In both groups, T1N0M0 was 16%, T2N0M0 was 83%, and T3N0M0 was 1%. The total EPIC sexual function scores before, 12 months, and 24 months after treatment were 46.4, 27.9, 28.2 in the RARP group, and 48.2, 41.4 in the HIRT group, respectively. In both groups, there was a significant decrease in score after 12 months and 24 months compared to before treatment (p Conclusion In prostate cancer cases adjusted by propensity score matching, the decrease in EPIC sexual function score was significantly smaller in the HIRT group than RARP group. The results of this study seemed to be useful information for decision making with patients. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

It is generally assumed that the internal stress distribution in foods under high pressure processing (HPP) is uniform, which may not be true for solid foods with hard inclusions, like meats with bones or for particulate foods. Our objective was to simulate the internal stress distribution during HPP of a model heterogeneous solid food made with a gel and a wood inclusion and determine how mechanical properties affect the internal stress distribution. It was determined that hydrostatic pressure decreased and shear stress was generated at the interface between the soft solid and the hard inclusion. The differences in pressure and shear stresses increased as the shear modulus of the soft solid increased. Our studies suggest that a better understanding of the mechanical properties that affect the development of the internal stress field is needed, since they could affect the achieved microbial inactivation levels at different locations in HPP solid foods.

This paper describes an investigation of cadmium-free silver brazing filler metals, the ternary Ag–Cu–Sn alloys. The influences of tin content on solidus and liquidus temperatures and gap filling ability of Ag–Cu–Sn alloys on copper were investigated. Microstructures of the joint and the shear strength were examined. Investigation on gap filling ability test procedure was performed according to ISO 5179-1983. The result from differential thermal analysis showed that the solidus and liquidus temperatures of the filler metals decreased with the increment of tin content in Ag–Cu–Sn. The results from the shear test showed that the brazed joint exhibited the highest strength at 10 wt-% tin content in the filler metal. The joint gaps of less than 0·10 mm were proposed when designing the brazed joint for Ag–Cu–Sn filler metals.

The Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) is applied to the parallelized version of the Princeton Ocean Model to estimate the states of Loop Current and eddies in the Gulf of Mexico from April/20 to July/21, 2010 when detailed in situ current measurements were available. Tests are conducted to explore the sensitivity of the LETKF estimates to different parameters, and to systematic additions of different observational datasets which include satellite sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), satellite sea surface temperature (SST), and moored ADCP’s. The results are compared against observations to assess model skills, and also against estimates based on a simpler optimum interpolation (OI) assimilation scheme. With appropriate values of parameters and observational errors, LETKF provides improved estimates of Loop Current and eddy. In particular, the Loop Current in the late spring to summer of 2010 underwent a shedding-reattachment-shedding process. It is shown that such a nonlinear behavior is more accurately captured by LETKF, but not by OI, due to the former’s time-evolving error covariance. Finally, the accuracies of 8-week forecasts initialized from the OI and LETKF analyses and forced by reanalysis winds are compared. This period is particularly challenging to forecast because, instead of a more easily simulated westward propagation at approximately the first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave speed, the newly-shed eddy propagated very slowly, stalled, and finally decayed in the eastern Gulf. Both OI and LETKF beat persistence, but the LETKF significantly improves the eddy’s position and strength throughout the 8-week forecast.

We studied the effects of light conditions and air temperature on the growth of the everbearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. 'HS138') during the vegetative stage in order to optimize the environmental conditions required for plant growth. We conducted 4 treatments with continuous lighting at 2 light intensities (225 and 337.5 μmol·m 2 ·s -1 ) and 2 air temperatures (25 or 20°C) and 2 treatments with a 16-h light period and a light intensity of 337.5 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 (light/dark, 25/25 or 25/20°C, respectively). The daily light integrals (DLIs) of these 6 treatments were classified into 19.4 (low) or 29.2 (high) mol·m -2 ·d -1 . All plants were cultivated hydroponically for 20 days after transplanting. Under the same DLI condition, variations in the light period were not observed to have any effect, and dry matter accumulation in the plants without roots was higher at 25°C than at 20°C. Under the same air temperature condition, dry matter accumulation in the plants was 1.4-1.5 times greater at a high DLI than at a low DLI. In conclusion, within the range of this experiment, the optimum growth condition for the everbearing strawberry during the vegetative stage was a DLI of 29.2 mol·m -2 ·d -1 and a temperature of 25°C.

Background Varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is common. To help reduce its incidence and to identify predictive factors for VZV reactivation after autologous SCT (auto-SCT), we conducted a retrospective analysis in patients with hematologic malignancy at our hospital. Methods We conducted a single-hospital observational trial with a retrospective case-control analysis of post-auto-SCT VZV reactivation in patients with malignant lymphoma (ML) and multiple myeloma (MM) between January 2001 and December 2010, in the Department of Hematology at our hospital. First, we analyzed the cumulative incidence of VZV reactivation during the post-SCT period. Second, we conducted a case-control analysis to identify the risk factors for VZV reactivation within 1 year after SCT. Univariate analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. A multivariable model and logistic regression were used to assess the risk factors for VZV reactivation. Results We included 97 patients in this study. The median duration of follow-up was 1027 days. Forty-two patients experienced VZV reactivation after SCT, while 29 (69.0%) experienced reactivation within 1 year after SCT. The cumulative incidence was 30.7% at 1 year and 51.2% for the total observation period. Multivariate analysis showed that engraftment after day 10 was an independent risk factor for VZV reactivation (P = 0.03). Conclusions Our study showed a high incidence of VZV reactivation in the first year after auto-SCT in ML and MM patients. Patients with delayed engraftment are at high risk for VZV reactivation and should be considered for prolonged VZV prophylaxis.

A 20-day, nonrandomized, open-label, placebo-controlled study was performed to investigate whether concomitant administration of tamsulosin (0.8 mg) affects the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of intravenous digoxin (0.5 mg) in healthy subjects. Ten healthy subjects aged 21-39 years received a single oral dose of placebo on study days 1-8 and tamsulosin on days 9-18. Tamsulosin was initiated at 0.4 mg/day and the dose was increased to 0.8 mg/day from day 11. On days 2 and 15, subjects received a single intravenous dose of digoxin (0.5 mg). Safety monitoring was carried out throughout the study. Following digoxin administration, blood was drawn and urine collected over a 96-h period for pharmacokinetic determinations. Plasma tamsulosin concentrations were measured at regular intervals after dosing on day 15. The digoxin pharmacokinetic parameters with and without concomitant tamsulosin were compared. No significant difference was observed, and no irregularity was found in the plasma tamsulosin concentration data. Six subjects experienced adverse events while receiving placebo and seven while on tamsulosin. The most frequent adverse event was mild dizziness reported by four subjects. Moderate chest pain was reported in two subjects, but this was not considered to be related to the administration of the study medications. Some significant changes in vital signs were observed; however, none was accompanied by symptoms of medical concern. These changes were not temporally related to the administration of study drugs. Thus, concurrent administration of digoxin with tamsulosin did not produce any change in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and the safety profile was acceptable. As reflected in the prescribing information for tamsulosin, no adjustment in tamsulosin dosing is required when it is administered concomitantly with digoxin.

We performed a single-blind, sequential-design study to investigate the effects of concomitant oral tamsulosin 0.8 mg/day on the pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous theophylline 5 mg/kg in healthy subjects. Ten healthy volunteers aged 19–39 years received placebo on study days 0, 1, 2 and 10 and tamsulosin on days 3–9. Theophylline was administered intravenously on days 1 and 9. Theophylline and tamsulosin pharmacokinetic data were determined following administration of the drugs on days 1 and 9 and day 9, respectively. No differences were observed in theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters with and without concomitant tamsulosin, and there were no abnormalites in tamsulosin pharmacokinetic data. Some significant changes in vital signs and a number of mild adverse reactions were reported, but the overall safety profile of tamsulosin and theophylline was acceptable. The results of the study suggest that no dose adjustment in tamsulosin is necessary when it is administered concomitantly with theophylline.

A highly sensitive and broadband method of obtaining thin film permeability without limitations in sample size was developed based on the high-frequency impedance change because of skin effect. A meander-type probe (3.5 mm × 2.5 mm, 2 turns) was placed in proximity of a (Co25Fe75)90B10 film (45 mm × 25 mm, 0.53 μm thick), and the permeability was optimized by Newton-Raphson method. The measured values are in good agreements with theoretical values based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation up to 10.6 GHz. The proposed method shows promise for measuring the permeability of wafer-sized samples in line because it is not restricted by size limitations.

On the surface of various oxide melts under a vertical magnetic field, the rotating spoke pattern appears. In order to provide a first basic view of this phenomenon, a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations of LiNbO3 melt flow in a crucible (47 mmφ × 46 mmH) under a uniform vertical magnetic field were performed. In this model, the oxide melt was assumed to be a dielectric fluid with a uniform electric charge density ce0. The Marangoni effect was also taken into account. The simulations indicated that the spoke pattern is caused by the Marangoni instability and the rotating motion is driven by the Lorentz force caused by the interaction between the vertical magnetic field and the radial motion of charged fluid which is driven by the Rayleigh–Marangoni convection in the crucible. A charge density of 0.1 C/m3 is sufficient to express the experimentally observed rotating spoke patterns on the LiNbO3 melt which were reported by Miyazawa et al. (1996).

In order to understand the well-known surface pattern of oxide melt flow in a Czochralski crucible, a set of three-dimensional numerical simulations of LiNbO 3 melt flow in a crucible (47 mm φ ×46 mm h ) with a rotating disc (23.5 φ mm, rotating at Ω ) was conducted using the finite-difference method. The crucible bottom was assumed to be adiabatic and the side wall was heated by a constant heat flux. Several case studies with a constant temperature of the side wall were considered for comparison. The heat loss from the melt surface caused by radiation to the ambient at a constant temperature was taken into account. The disc/melt interface was assumed to be flat and at melting- point temperature. To investigate the role of surface tension in the melt flow, numerical simulations including and neglecting the Marangoni effect were conducted at each disc-rotation rate. When neglecting the Marangoni effect, the interaction between the buoyancy and the disc rotation produces a wavy ring-like pattern on the melt surface only at approximately Ω=40 rpm. However, if the Marangoni effect is taken into account, a spoke pattern appears on the surface over a wide range of disc-rotation rate (0 rpm ⩽ Ω ⩽45 rpm). At higher disc-rotation rates, the spoke pattern disappears. The flow in the bulk can be classified into three different types according to the disc-rotation rate, i.e., (1) thermally driven axisymmetric flow with no reverse flow at low rotation rates (0–20 rpm), (2) thermally driven axisymmetric flow with reverse flow beneath the disc at moderate rotation rates (20–30 rpm) and (3) nonaxisymmetric unsteady flow at higher rotation rates (⩾40 rpm). The investigation of the effect of the thermal boundary condition indicated that these flow patterns are sensitive to the thermal boundary condition of the crucible side wall.

We studied the high-level resistant to cefotaxime (CTX, MICor = 512 micrograms/ml) clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Teikyo University Hospital. The CTX-resistance could be transferred to E. coli K-12 chi 1037 or ML4903 strains from 30 of the 33 isolates by conjugation at a frequency of 10(-4). When the hydrolysis rate of benzylpenicillin was 100%, the beta-lactamases which were extracted from the transconjugants hydrolyzed CTX, CAZ and AZT at the rate of 38-95%, 0-8.6% and 0-56%, respectively. These results demonstrate that these enzymes should be categorized into ESBL. The nucleotide sequence of CTX-resistant gene was identified to that of the CTX-M2 gene which was first described in Argentina. It was found to have 99.9% homology to Toho-1 gene in Japan and 99.6% homology to CMY-2 gene. Using a PCR methods for the detection of one of ESBL gene such as CTX-M2, Toho-1 or CMY-2, the DNA was amplified from all strains (11 isolates of E. coli and 21 isolates of K. pneumoniae).

A new type of variable-frequency radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac has been constructed as a new preinjector for the RIKEN heavy-ion linac (RILAC). The RFQ resonator, based on a folded-coaxial structure with a movable shorting plate, is compact even in a low frequency region below 20 MHz. It accelerates ions with mass-to-charge ratios of 5.3 to 26.4 in the energy range up to 450 keV per charge, by varying its resonant frequency from 17.4 to 39.0 MHz. Moreover, the power loss is small in the low frequency region; the rf power consumption in cw mode is 7 kW at 17.4 MHz, and it increases to 30 kW at 39.0 MHz at the maximum intervane voltage of 36.8 kV. We initiated this project in 1991, and installed the new preinjector consisting of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source of 18 GHz and this RFQ in 1996. Since the installation, the beam intensity has become larger by more than 1 order of magnitude than that formerly obtained with the Cockcroft–Walton preinjector. Recently, the maximum power of the beam extracted from the RILAC and that from the ring cyclotron has reached 560 W and 2 kW, respectively.

We placed an axially movable electrode into the plasma chamber of the 18 GHz RIKEN ECR ion source in order to produce higher intensity of multiply charged ions and to study how the electrode effects the highly charged ion (HCI) production. We found that the effect of the electrode strongly depends on the local plasma parameters, mainly on the electrode initial floating potential. At lower floating potential, we need to increase the plasma density by means of biasing the electrode and injecting electrons into the plasma. The electrode operates as an electron source (Electron Donor or ED mode). At higher floating potential, the electrode works by changing the plasma potential. The best result is obtained when the electrode remains at floating potential (Plasma Tuner or PT mode). These two modes were checked and successfully found both in the continuous and in the pulsed mode operation. In both (ED and PT) modes, we generated higher HCI currents than without the electrode. In the PT mode, we successfully obtained 300 eμA of Ar11+ at 15 kV extraction voltage.

In order to reveal the mechanism of the well-known surface spoke patterns, three-dimensional numerical simulations of LiNbO 3 melt flow in an open crucible (47 mm φ ×46 mm h ) were performed by means of the finite difference method. The crucible side wall was heated at constant heat flux and the bottom was assumed to be adiabatic. Radiation heat loss from the melt surface to the ambient was at a temperature of T a . It was found that the Rayleigh effect alone could not reproduce the spoke pattern. However, if the Marangoni effect is taken into account, the numerical results could semi-quantitatively explain the spoke pattern. A series of simulations with various values of the temperature coefficient of surface tension suggests that the spoke patterns are caused by the Marangoni instability in the thin thermal boundary layer near the melt surface. Incipience of the spoke pattern is approximately predicted by a critical Marangoni number value Ma c = γ T Δ Tδ / μα =57.6, which corresponds to the critical Marangoni number for the incipience of the Marangoni instability in an adiabatic horizontal layer with a free slip bottom at a constant temperature, where γ T =−∂ γ /∂ T is the temperature coefficient of surface tension, δ the depth of the thermal boundary layer beneath the melt surface, Δ T the temperature drop in the boundary layer, μ the viscosity and α the thermal diffusion coefficient of the melt, respectively. A series of simulations suggests that a constant temperature boundary condition at the crucible side wall stabilizes the melt surface and the spoke pattern becomes very difficult to appear.

Understanding of freak wave generation mechanism has advanced and the community has reached to a consensus that spectral geometry plays an important role. Numerous marine accident cases were studied and revealed that the narrowing of the directional spectrum is a good indicator of dangerous sea. However, the estimation of the directional spectrum depends on the performance of the third generation wave model. In this work, a well-studied marine accident case in Japan in 1980 (Onomichi–Maru incident) is revisited and the sea states are hind-casted using both the DIA and SRIAM nonlinear source terms. The result indicates that the temporal evolution of the basic parameters (directional spreading and frequency bandwidth) agree reasonably well between the two schemes and therefore most commonly used DIA method is qualitatively sufficient to predict freakish sea state. The analyses revealed that in the case of Onomichi–Maru, a moving gale system caused the spectrum to grow in energy with limited down-shifting at the accident site. This conclusion contradicts the marine inquiry report speculating that the two swell systems crossed at the accident site. The unimodal wave system grew under strong influence of local wind with a peculiar energy transfer.

NK cells, non-T non-B immune effector lymphocytes, are localized in many organs, including liver, as well as in the circulation. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of killing apparatus in hepatic NK cells, we established IL-2-dependent NK cell clones from liver lymphocytes of BALB/c nude mice. To generate the NK cell clones, we incubated liver lymphocytes with a high dose of IL-2 in the presence of irradiated Kupffer cells, as feeder cells and as the source of IL-12, originally identified as NK cell stimulatory factor. Unless liver lymphocytes were incubated with both IL-2 and Kupffer cells, no cell growth was observed. Hepatic NK cell clones were established from this cell line by limiting dilution. The surface phenotypes of cloned NK cells were IL-2R beta-chain+ CD16+ CD3- IgM-. The clones did not express NK2.1, which is expressed by a half of NK-enriched spleen cells of BALB/c mice. Although the cells contained dense granules reactive to mAb against perforin, they exerted no conventional cytolytic activity against YAC-1. They constitutively expressed Fas ligand (FasL) and specifically killed Fas-positive target cells by fragmenting DNA. This Fas-FasL-mediated killing activity was enhanced by IFN-gamma-inducing factor, a recently identified novel cytokine produced by activated Kupffer cells, but was not affected by other Kupffer cell-produced cytokines, such as IL-12, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha. Taken together, these findings suggest that hepatic NK cells participate in the immune response as effector cells through the Fas-FasL system in collaboration with cytokines from Kupffer cells.

We developed the fully automatic permeameter which is made of driving plates and shielded loop coil available in 1 MHz–3GHz. We clarified the sensitivity of the permeameter and the sensitivity can be explained by an uncertainty of network analyzer. We evaluate the permeability of striped CoNbZr films (50, 20, 10 μm wide). A reasonable relation between permeability spectrum and domain observations can be demonstrated.

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs (as shown in Fig. 1 (a)) are effective for preventing short-channel effects (SCEs). However, they have inherent problems related to the buried oxide (BOX) layer concerning the suppression of thermal diffusion from the SOI layer, the accumulation of excess carriers in the SOI layer, and the capture of carriers in trap states at the SOI/BOX interface [1], [2]. To release heat and excess carriers out of the SOI region, SOI MOSFETs in which the BOX region under the gate region of the SOI structure is removed and displaced by silicon were proposed [3–5]. For convenience, we rename the transistors silicon between insulators (SBI) MOSFETs, and the SBI structure is illustrated in Fig. 1 (b). We consider that the SBI MOSFET is useful to solve the problem of trap states at the SOI/BOX interface as well as the problems of heat and excess carriers, but the characteristics of the SBI MOSFET in short channel regions have not been examined.

Silicon On Insulator (SOI) MOSFETs have three problems due to Buried Oxide (BOX) layer: (1) suppression of thermal diffusion out of the SOI layer, (2) accumulation of excess carrier in the SOI layer, and (3) capture of carriers at trap states at the SOI/BOX interface. To reduce problems of thermal diffusion and excess carrier, Drain Source On Insulator (DSOI) MOSFETs were proposed. We simulate electrical behavior of DSOI MOSFETs and show those are not suitable for shrinking because of bulk punch through issue. And so, we proposed an advanced DSOI structure which silicon between local BOX region is heavily doped and we show subthreshold slope less than 100[mV/dec.] when gate length is 30[nm]. Also we show difference of thermal distribution between SOI and DSOI causes by structure.

A compact audio switching power supply for a car is needed. Since the output voltage change of an audio amplifier which is a load is large, the power supply voltage is changed largely. Usually, in order to suppress the change, a capacitor with large capacity is used at the output end. If the capacity is made small, the power supply can be compacted. In this paper, it is shown that the capacity can be made small using a robust digital control using an approximate 2DOF. The derived controller is actually implemented on a DSP. It is demonstrated from experiments that the power supply can be compacted by the robust controller.

A computer program named LINOR has been developed that can deal with orbit calculations for a linear accelerator of Wideroe type. This program is applied to the RILAC. Description on LINOR is given as well as comparison between the results of the measurement and the calculations obtained using it.

In order to enhance general reactivity of immune system in the tumor-bearing host, we employed extract of Cordyceps sinensis (CSE) as a biological response modifier. Cordyceps sinensis is an interesting material produced by a kind of mushroom parasitic to larval moths and was used to hasten recovery from exhaustion in ancient China. In this experiment, C57BL/6 mice implanted subcutaneously with syngeneic EL-4 lymphoma cells were employed as the host. Oral administration of the extract leads to a reduction of tumor size and prolongation of the host survival time. As judged by plaque-formin g cells against T- independent (sheep erythrocytes) and T-independent (bacterial lipopolysaccharide) antigens, CSE showed to augment the antibody responses. As for the activities of peritoneal macrophages, chemotaxis was dramatically depressed within a few days after EL-4 transplantation up to the end of life, but treatment with CSE at -14, -7, -4, +4, +7 an +/10 days after the tumor transplantation augmented the activity about four times stronger than that of control. Phagocytic activity of macrophages was also decreased in tumor-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg) 3 and 5 days after tumor transplantation. But administration of CSE restored the activity to more than the normal level. The overall efficacy of CSE was tested with protective activity against systemic infection by Salmonella enteritides. The tumor-bearing mice receiving this medicine lived significantly longer than any other groups without CSE.

We successfully produced intense beams of highly charged metallic ions from various kinds of organic metallic compounds by the metal ions from volatile compounds method and solid materials in RIKEN 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) (e.g., 135 eμA of Fe11+, 80 eμA of Fe13+, 10 eμA of Os29+, and 1 eμA of Os37+). Using this ECRIS the ion confinement time of highly charged ions was determined under the pulsed mode operation.