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Arabinoxylan (AX) from cereals and millets have garnered attention due to the myriad of their bioactivities. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) bran, an underexplored milling by-product was used to extract AX (PMAX) by optimized alkali-assisted extraction using Response Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design, achieving a yield of 15.96 ± 0.39 % (w/w) under optimal conditions (0.57 M NaOH, 1:17 g/mL solid-to-liquid ratio, 60 °C, 4 h). Structural analysis revealed that PMAX was primarily composed of arabinose, xylose, glucose, galactose, and mannose (molar ratio 45.1:36.1:10.4:7.1:1.8), with a highly substituted (1 → 4)-linked β-D-xylopyranose backbone and a molecular weight of 794.88 kDa. PMAX displayed a significant reducing power of 0.617, metal chelating activity of 51.72 %, and DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities (64.43 and 75.4 %, respectively at 5 mg/mL). It also demonstrated anti-glycation effects by inhibiting fructosamine (52.5 %), protein carbonyl (53.6 %), and total advanced glycation end products (77.0 %) formation, and reduced protein oxidation products such as dityrosine (84.7 %), kynurenine (80.2 %), and N'-formyl-kynurenine (50.0 %) at 5 mg/mL. PMAX induced the growth of Lactobacillus spp. in vitro and modulate gut microbiota in male Wistar rats by increasing Bacteroidetes and decreasing Firmicutes. These results provide a basis for further research on pearl millet arabinoxylan and its possible nutraceutical application., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The high polysaccharide content of Lycii fructus agri-food waste should be reclaimed for value liberation from both environmental and economic perspectives. In this study, waste from L. fructus pigment products was valorized on a bench scale by upcycling into active polysaccharide-rich extracts. The methodological feasibility of polysaccharide recovery from L. fructus waste was evaluated using sequential extraction techniques. Three fractions LFP-30, LFP-100, and LFP-121, were obtained under stepwise increases in temperature and pressure. Highly heterogeneous xyloglucan (XG)-pectin macromolecules composed of linear homogalacturonan (HG) and alternating intra-RG-I-linkers, with topological neutral branches and XG participation, were predominant among the L. fructus polysaccharides (LFPs). Antioxidant activities in LFPs were unaffected by waste resources and severe extraction methodology conditions. Additionally, the direct investment potential of polysaccharide recovery was evaluated for full-scale implementation. This study demonstrated the necessity and feasibility of extracting bioactive polysaccharides with potential applications from L. fructus waste, and provided a sustainable strategy for transforming L. fructus waste disposal problems into value-added products using cost-effective methodologies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work demonstrates that sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) hull, an unexploited food industrial waste, can be used as an efficient source for the extraction of hemicellulose and/or pectin polysaccharides to further obtain functional oligosaccharides. Different polysaccharides extraction methods were surveyed including alkaline and several enzymatic treatments. Based on the enzymatic release of xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galacturonic acid from sesame hull by using different enzymes, Celluclast®1.5 L, Pectinex®Ultra SP-L, and a combination of them were selected for the enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides at 50 °C, pH 5 up to 24 h. Once the polysaccharides were extracted, Ultraflo®L was selected to produce arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) at 40 °C up to 24 h. Apart from oligosaccharides production from extracted polysaccharides, alternative approaches for obtaining oligosaccharides were also explored. These were based on the analysis of the supernatants resulting from the polysaccharide extraction, alongside a sequential hydrolysis performed with Celluclast®1.5 L and Ultraflo®L of the starting raw sesame hull. The different fractions obtained were comprehensively characterized by determining low molecular weight carbohydrates and monomeric compositions, average Mw and dispersity, and oligosaccharide structure by MALDI-TOF-MS. The results indicated that sesame hull can be a useful source for polysaccharides extraction (pectin and hemicellulose) and derived oligosaccharides, especially AXOS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Alpinia oxyphylla is famous for its neuroprotective and memory-improving effects. A crude polysaccharide AO70 from A. oxyphylla remarkably ameliorated neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease mice. This study aimed to explore the bioactive component of AO70 and its mechanism of action. A homogeneous polysaccharide (AOP70-1) rich in arabinose and xylose was purified from AO70, which was consisted of α-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, β-D-Xylp-(1→,→2,4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, →2,3,4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, α-L-Rhap-(1→, α-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-α-D-GlcpA-(1→, β-D-Galp-(1→, →2)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → and →3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1 →. AOP70-1 (2.5, 5, 10 μM) significantly suppressed NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α production in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited the migration of BV2 microglia. AOP70-1 inhibited LPS-mediated activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, AOP70-1 exerted neuroprotection on SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons by reducing neuronal apoptosis (72 %, 44 %), alleviating ROS accumulation (63 %, 55 %), and improving mitochondrial membrane potential (63 %, 77 %). Overall, AOP70-1 is one of the major bioactive components in AO70 from A. oxyphylla, which has great potential in the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hordeum vulgare husk, a cereal grain, is rich in dietary fiber and prebiotics beneficial for the gut microbiota and host organism. This study investigates the effects of barley husk-derived water-soluble xylan (BH-WSX) on gut homeostasis and the microbiome. We enzymatically extracted BH-WSX and evaluated its prebiotic and antioxidant properties. A 40.0 % (w/v) xylan yield was achieved, with the extracted xylan having a molecular mass of 212.0885 and a xylose to glucuronic acid molar ratio of 6:1. Specialized optical rotation research indicated that the isolated xylan is composed of monomeric sugars such as D-xylose, glucose, and arabinose. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the xylan comprises β (1 → 4) linked xylose units, randomly substituted with glucose residues, α-arabinofuranose, and acetyl groups. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the barley husk extract's backbone is substituted with 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid at the O 2 position. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that WSX exhibits a single sharp peak at 266 °C on the Differential Thermal Gravimetry (DTG) curve. Furthermore, a combination of in vitro, in vivo models, and molecular docking analysis elaborated on the anti-adhesion properties of BH-WSX. This study presents a novel approach to utilizing barley husk as an efficient source of functional polysaccharides for food-related industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Deog-Hwan Oh reports financial support was provided by Kangwon National University. DEOG HWAN OH reports a relationship with Kangwon National University that includes: funding grants. Deog Hwan Oh has patent pending to Assignee. No Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are considered a potent source of prebiotics for humans. The global prebiotic market is expanding in size, was valued at USD 6.05 billion in 2021, and is expected to grow at a 14.9% compound annual growth rate between 2022 and 2030, indicating a huge demand. These XOS are non-digestible pentose sugar oligomers comprising mainly xylose. Xylose is naturally present in the lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), fruits and vegetables. Apart from the prebiotic effect, these XOS have been reported to reduce blood cholesterol, possess antioxidant effects, increase calcium absorption, reduce colon cancer risk, and benefit diabetic patients. The primary use of XOS is reported in the feed industry followed by health, medical use, food and drinks. LCB mainly contains glucan, xylan and lignin. After glucan, xylan is the second-highest available sugar on the globe composed of xylose. Therefore, the xylan fraction of LCB has great significance in producing food, feed and energy. Glucan has been exploited for the commercial production of ethanol, xylitol, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural and glucose. As of now, xylan has limited applications. Therefore, xylan can be exploited to convert to XOS. The production of XOS from LCB fraction not only helps to produce these at a very low price, but also helps in the reduction of greenhouse gases. Its use in food and drinks is increasing as it can be derived from the abundantly and cheaply available LCB. The article provides a review on the production, purification and characterization of XOS in view of their use as nutraceuticals. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

Brewer's Spent Grain (BSG) is a by-product of the brewing industry, rich in dietary fibers that offer various health benefits. This review delves into the molecular and structural transformations of BSG and dietary fibers (arabinoxylan, beta-glucan, cellulose etc.) extracted from BSG, triggered by recent advancements in extraction technologies. Through an analysis of current methodologies, such as advanced solubilization methods and emerging technologies like ultrasonication, this paper discusses their significant improvement in yield of BSG-dietary fiber and impact on the structural and functional properties of BSG-dietary fibers (BSG-DF). The review highlights how these technologies enhance fiber solubilization and modify physicochemical properties, thereby improving their functionality in food applications. Furthermore, the review aims to bridge gaps in current research and suggest future directions for optimizing extraction processes to better exploit these fibers in the food industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Also, the research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The xyloglucanase gene (RmXEG12A) from Rhizomucor miehei CAU432 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The highest xyloglucanase activity of 25,700 U mL -1 was secreted using high cell density fermentation. RmXEG12A was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 65 °C, respectively. The xyloglucanase exhibited the highest specific activity towards xyloglucan (7915.5 U mg -1 ). RmXEG12A was subjected to hydrolyze tamarind powder to produce xyloglucan oligosaccharides with the degree of polymerization (DP) 7-9. The hydrolysis ratio of xyloglucan in tamarind powder was 89.8%. Moreover, xyloglucan oligosaccharides (2.0%, w/w) improved the water holding capacity (WHC) of yoghurt by 1.1-fold and promoted the growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles by 2.3 and 1.6-fold, respectively. Therefore, a suitable xyloglucanase for tamarind powder hydrolysis was expressed in P. pastoris at high level and xyloglucan oligosaccharides improved the quality of yoghurt., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to extract polysaccharides from citron and analyze their structures and potential bioactivities. Two novel polysaccharides CM-1 and CM-2 were purified from citron by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Monosaccharide composition, linkage and NMR data were used to infer their sugar chains composition. The anti-breast cancer cells and immunoregulatory activities of CM-1 and CM-2 were investigated. Results indicated that CM-1 (Mw = 21,520 Da), composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 10.78:11.53:1.00:1.70, was arabinoxylan (AX) with (1 → 4)-linked β-d-Xylp skeleton monosubstituted with α-l-Araf units at O-3 position. While CM-2 (Mw = 22,303 Da), composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 25.46:1.45:1.00:6.57, was galactoarabinan (GA) with (1 → 5)-linked α-l-Araf backbone substituted by β-d-Galp units at O-2 and/or O-3 positions. Both polysaccharides exhibited potential inhibiting cancer and immunostimulatory activities in vitro, especially CM-1. These results provide a basis for further research on citron polysaccharides., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

According to the high interest in agro-industrial waste reutilisation, underutilised lignocellulosic materials, such as walnut shell (WS) and pea pod (PP), come in focus. The aim of this paper was to evaluate WS and PP as sources for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Hemicelluloses from WS and PP were recovered by combining varying parameters of delignification and alkaline extraction. At optimal recovery conditions, the fractions were further hydrolysed to XOS using GH11 endo-xylanase, by varying time and enzyme concentration. Xylose was predominant in the monomeric composition of the obtained hemicelluloses, building low-branched (arabino)glucuronoxylan, in WS exclusively, while in PP some xyloglucan as well. Delignification was essential for high recovery of total xylose from the materials, up to at least 70 %. High xylan conversions were obtained for 24 h hydrolysis, resulting in xylobiose and xylotriose when using low enzyme concentration, while in xylose and xylobiose with high enzyme concentration., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Arabinoxylan (AX) is a structural polysaccharide found in wheat, rice and other cereal grains. Diets high in AX-containing fiber may promote gut health in obesity through prebiotic function. Thus, the impact of soluble AX isolated from rice bran fiber on human gut microbiota phylogenetic composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production patterns from normal-weight and overweight/obese subjects was investigated through in vitro fecal fermentation. Results showed that rice bran arabinoxylan modified the microbiota in fecal samples from both weight classes compared to control, significantly increasing Collinsella , Blautia and Bifidobacterium , and decreasing Sutterella , Bilophila and Parabacteroides . Rice bran AX also significantly increased total and individual SCFA contents ( p < 0.05). This study suggests that rice bran AX may beneficially impact gut health in obesity through prebiotic activities.

Xylan is the major hemicellulose present in sugarcane stem secondary cell walls. Xylan is composed of xylose backbone with a high degree of substitutions, which affects its properties. In the present study, the xylan from sugarcane tops (SCT) was extracted and characterized. Compositional analysis of xylan extracted from SCT (SCTx) displayed the presence of 74% of d-xylose residues, 16% of d-glucuronic acid residues and 10% of l-arabinose. High performance size exclusion chromatographic analysis of SCTx displayed a single peak corresponding to a molecular mass of ∼57 kDa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of SCTx displayed the peaks corresponding to those obtained from commercial xylan. FESEM analysis of SCTx showed the granular and porous surface structure. Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) of SCTx displayed two thermal degradation temperatures (T d ) of 228°C, due to breakdown of the side chains of glucuronic acid and arabinose and 275°C, due to breakdown of xylan back bone. The presence of arabinose and glucuronic acid as a side chains was confirmed by the DTG and thermogravimetric analysis. The CHNS analysis of SCTx showed the presence of only carbon and hydrogen supporting its purity. The recombinant xylanase (CtXyn11A) from Clostridium thermocellum displayed a specific activity of 1394 ± 51 U/mg with SCTx, which was higher than those with commercial xylans. The thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy analyses of CtXyn11A hydrolysed SCTx contained a series of linear xylo-oligosaccharides ranging from degree of polymerization 2-6 and no substituted xylo-oligosaccharides because of the endolytic activity of enzyme. The extracted xylan from SCT can be used as an alternative commercial substrate and for oligo-saccharide production., (Copyright © 2021 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Arabinoxylan (HBAX-60) was fractioned from alkaline-extracted arabinoxylan (HBAX) in the whole grain of hull-less barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f. Poaceae ) by 60% ethanol precipitation, which was studied for physicochemical properties and structure elucidation. Highly purified HBAX-60 mainly composed of arabinose (40.7%) and xylose (59.3%) was created. The methylation and NMR analysis of HBAX-60 indicated that a low-branched β-(1→4)-linked xylan backbone possessed un-substituted (1,4-linked β-Xyl p , 36.2%), mono-substituted (β-1,3,4-linked Xyl p , 5.9%), and di-substituted (1,2,3,4-linked β-Xyl p , 12.1%) xylose units as the main chains, though other residues (α-Ara f -(1→, β-Xyl p -(1→, α-Ara f -(1→3)-α-Ara f -(1→ or β-Xyl p -(1→3)-α-Ara f -(1→) were also determined. Additionally, HBAX-60 exhibited random coil conformation in a 0.1 M NaNO 3 solution. This work provides the properties and structural basis of the hull-less barley-derived arabinoxylan, which facilitates further research for exploring the structure-function relationship and application of arabinoxylan from hull-less barley.

Hydrolysates of arabinoxylan extracted from wheat chaff were prepared using different enzymatic treatments with an emphasis on improvements in their anti-diabetic, antioxidant and functional characteristics. The extracted arabinoxylan was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using individual xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, and feruloyl esterase, and their combinations. In all obtained hydrolysates, peaks corresponding to molecular weight lower than 38 kDa were noticed, while non-hydrolysed arabinoxylan had only peaks corresponding to 580 and 38 kDa. Results indicated that applied enzymes could hydrolyse polymeric arabinoxylan while their synergistic actions successfully modified its structure reflecting in lowered viscosity. Besides, it has been observed that the synergistic actions of enzymes improved the biological activities of arabinoxylan more than twice. Chemometric classification analysis showed that synergistic enzymes' actions were predominantly responsible for the improvement of biological activities. It indicated that they might be a useful tool for diversification and enhancement of biological activities of arabinoxylan from wheat chaff., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study demonstrates the potential of feruloylated arabinoxylan (AX) from wheat bran for the preparation of bioactive barrier films with antioxidant properties. We have comprehensively evaluated the influence of the structural features and chemical acetylation of feruloylated AX extracted by subcritical water on their film properties, in comparison with alkaline extracted AX and a reference wheat endosperm AX. The degree of substitution (DS) of AX had a large influence on film formation, higher DS yielded better thermal and mechanical properties. The barrier properties of AX films were significantly enhanced by external plasticization by sorbitol. Chemical acetylation significantly improved the thermal stability but not the mechanical or barrier properties of the films. The presence of bound ferulic acid in feruloylated AX films resulted in higher antioxidant activity compared to external addition of free ferulic acid, which demonstrates their potential use in active packaging applications for the preservation of oxygen-sensitive foodstuff., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Many native plant biopolymers or derivatives thereof have interesting biological effects and therefore the search for additional biological activities is important to map their overall effects. A low molecular weight (M w  = 7600 g/mol) hemicellulose polymer α-L-arabino(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucurono)-β-D-xylan (AGX) was isolated from the crushed roots of the Rudbeckia fulgida medicinal plant by alkaline extractions and anion-exchange chromatography. Analysis of neutral sugars revealed a predominance of xylose (82.3 wt%) and arabinose (6.8 wt%), while other neutral sugars were found only in small amounts as contaminants. The uronic acid content in Rudbeckia AGX was determined to be 8.8 wt%. Pharmacological tests showed that Rudbeckia AGX effectively suppressed cough and the initial amplitude of histamine/methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in healthy OVA-sensitive guinea pigs. In addition, its effect at a dose of 100 mg/kg was similar to or greater than that of the positive control bronchodilator salbutamol and the antitussive codeine agent. These findings support the fact that Rudbeckia AGX could be a suitable candidate for alternative treatment of allergic asthma., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A cascade process for the sequential recovery of proteins and feruloylated arabinoxylan from wheat bran is proposed, involving a protein isolation step, enzymatic destarching and subcritical water extraction. The protein isolation step combining lactic acid fermentation and cold alkaline extraction reduced the recalcitrance of wheat bran, thus improving the total yields of the subsequent subcritical water extraction. The time evolution of subcritical water extraction of feruloylated arabinoxylan was compared at two temperatures (160 °C and 180 °C). Longer residence times enhanced the purity of target feruloylated arabinoxylans, whereas higher temperatures resulted in faster extraction at the expense of significant molar mass reduction. The radical scavenging activity of the extracted feruloylated arabinoxylans was preserved after the initial protein isolation step. This study opens new possibilities for the cascade valorization of wheat bran into enriched protein and non-starch polysaccharide fractions, which show potential to be used as functional food ingredients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Xylan extracted from neem sawdust gave 22.5%, (w/w) yield. The extracted xylan was composed of xylose and glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 8:1 and with a molecular mass, ~66 kDa. FTIR and NMR analyses indicated a backbone of xylan substituted with 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid at the O-2 position. FESEM analysis showed a highly porous and granular surface structure of xylan. A thermogravimetric study of xylan showed thermal denaturation at 271 °C. The hydrolysis of xylan by recombinant endo-β-1,4-xylanase produced a mixture of xylooligosaccharides ranging from degree of polymerization 2-7. Xylooligosaccharides inhibited cell growth of human colorectal cancer (HT-29) cells but did not affect the mouse fibroblast cells confirming its biocompatibility. Western blotting, DNA laddering and flow cytometric analysis displayed inhibition of HT-29 cells by xylooligosaccharides. FLICA staining and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses confirmed the activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The study amply indicated that the xylooligosaccharides produced from neem xylan could be potentially used as an antiproliferative agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors do not have a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was synthesized by AgNO 3 with arabinoxylan, isolated from green stem of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh). The synthesized Ag NPs-arabinoxylan conjugates were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, EDX, and Zeta potential experiments. The Ag NPs formation was established by the surface plasmon resonance band ~410.25 nm. SEM image showed mostly spherical morphology of Ag NPs. The fcc crystalline nature was identified by XRD, SAED and the size were 24.5 and 25 nm from TEM and XRD analysis respectively. The prepared Ag NPs showed dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumonia, Candida albicans and E. coli. The nanoparciles damage 4% hemolysis to human RBCs at 12.5 μg/mL. MTT assay of Ag NPs showed that half of the cell killed at 10 μg/mL and wound healing assay observed effective inhibition cell proliferation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Structurally different polymers were derived from Picea abies foliage by successive extraction with water (PA W ), HCl solution (PA A ) and (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 solution (PA O ). The P. abies foliage was found to contain basically low-methoxyl pectin extractable with an (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 solution. PA W was shown to comprise primarily arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs); PA A was composed of mixed AGPs and pectic polysaccharides, with the latter prevailing; and polysaccharide PA O isolated in the highest yield included chiefly pectic polysaccharides. The major constituents of PA O were low-methoxyl and low-acetylated 1,4-α-d-galacturonan and partially acetylated RG-I. The sugar side chains of RG-I contained chiefly highly branched 1,5-α-l-arabinan and arabinogalactan type I as a minor constituent. RG-I whose side chains had 1,5-α-l-arabinan represented short regions alternating with non-acetylated and unmethylesterified galacturonan regions. In addition to pectins, polysaccharide PA O contained AGPs, xylanes and glucomannans, indicating that these polysaccharides are in an intimate interaction., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Corn cob is an agricultural byproduct that produces an estimated waste burden in the thousands of tons annually, but it is also a good source of xylan, an important bioactive polysaccharide. Silver nanoparticles containing xylan (nanoxylan) were produced using an environmentally friendly synthesis method. To do this, we extracted xylan from corn cobs using an ultrasound technique, which was confirmed by both chemical and NMR analyses. This xylan contained xylose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 50:21:14:9:2.5:2.5, respectively. Nanoxylan synthesis was analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy at kmax = 469 nm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which confirmed the presence of both silver and xylan in the nanoxylan product. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the nanoxylan particles were ~102.0 nm in size and spherical in shape, respectively. DLS also demonstrated that nanoxylan was stable for 12 months and coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) showed that the nanoxylan particles were 19% silver. Nanoxylan reduced Leishmania amazonensis promastigote viability with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 25 μg/mL, while xylan alone showed no effective. Additionally, nanoxylan exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC = 7.5 μg/mL), C. parapsilosis (MIC = 7.5 μg/mL), and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC = 7.5 μg/mL). Taken together, these data suggest that it is possible to synthesize silver nanoparticles using xylan and that these nanoxylan exert improved antileishmanial and antifungal activities when compared to the untreated polysaccharide or silver nitrate used for their synthesis. Thus, nanoxylan may represent a promising new class of antiparasitic agents for use in the treatment of these microorganisms.

Feruloylated arabinoxylans demonstrate great potential in developing natural materials through oxidative crosslinking. However, the common alkaline method to extract arabinoxylans causes heavy losses of feruloyl esters thus hinders the crosslinking activity. Highly feruloylated arabinoxylans were fractionated from wheat bran by an alternative method using subcritical water extraction (SWE) and were compared with water- and alkali-extracted arabinoxylans. Various yields, chemical compositions, and molecular weights were obtained as the SWE conditions changed. Methylation analysis showed that the SWE arabinoxylans had a similar linkage pattern as the water-extracted arabinoxylan. Laccase-induced oxidative crosslinking was investigated through dynamic rheology, finding a broad spectrum of gelling ability for the SWE arabinoxylans. Finally, the optimal condition (160 °C, pH 7 for 10 min) was used in a repeated SWE procedure to maximize the yield and crosslinking properties. The combination of subcritical water and enzymatic crosslinking presents as a promising green approach for preparing hydrogels from herbaceous hemicelluloses., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Feruloylated arabinoxylan (AX) is one of the most predominant dietary fiber in cereal grains. In recent decades, soluble AX has gained interest, as a result of its well-established health benefits. Apart from enzymatic degradation during cereal storage, food processing causes AX degradation. These reactions lead to structural modifications and influence both the AX functionalities and its health promoting effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural modifications and related property changes of health promoting water-extractable (WE) wheat bran AX through grain milling and extrusion. Multi-detector HPSEC revealed a correlation between M w , conformational changes and the related viscosity behaviour depending on the processing type. Processing caused molecular degradation of insoluble high M w AX, which increased the solubility significantly. Moreover, extrusion leaded to a more heterogenic AX fine structure. The detailed characterization of processed dietary fiber may help to facilitate the optimized incorporation of AX in health-promoting foods., Competing Interests: Declarations of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) could effectively improve the cereal food quality, while its regulatory effect on wheat starch properties has yet to be well-understood. This study selected the WEAX with different molecular weight (Mw) but same branched degree, and comparatively investigated their effects on the gelatinization and retrogradation behavior of wheat starch. The decreased degree of swelling power, solubility and peak viscosity suggested that low Mw WEAX (L-WEAX) could hinder starch gelatinization more evidently compared with high Mw WEAX (H-WEAX), due to the pronounced inhibition effect on amylose leaching and amylose-lipid complex formation. L-WEAX suppressed the recrystallization of amylose and thus the short-term retrogradation. However, H-WEAX mainly retarded the recrystallization of amylopectin, exerting a more significant inhibition effect on the long-term retrogradation. This study could provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the quality and extending the shelf life of starchy foods by selecting the optimum structure of WEAX., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The plant cell wall provides each cell with structural support and mechanical strength, and thus, it plays an important role in supporting the plant body against the gravitational force. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the composition of cell wall polysaccharides and on the expression levels of genes involved in cell wall metabolism using rice shoots cultivated under artificial 1 g and microgravity conditions on the International Space Station. The bulk amount of the cell wall obtained from microgravity-grown shoots was comparable with that from 1 g -grown shoots. However, the analysis of sugar constituents of matrix polysaccharides showed that microgravity specifically reduced the amount of glucose (Glc)-containing polysaccharides such as 1,3:1,4-β-glucans, in shoot cell walls. The expression level of a gene for endo-1,3:1,4-β-glucanase, which hydrolyzes 1,3:1,4-β-glucans, largely increased under microgravity conditions. However, the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of 1,3:1,4-β-glucans were almost the same under both gravity conditions. On the contrary, microgravity scarcely affected the level and the metabolism of arabinoxylans. These results suggest that a microgravity environment promotes the breakdown of 1,3:1,4-β-glucans, which, in turn, causes the reduced level of these polysaccharides in growing rice shoots. Changes in 1,3:1,4-β-glucan level may be involved in the modification of mechanical properties of cell walls under microgravity conditions in space.

Hemicellulose-rich substrates produced in the lignocellulose biorefinery context can yield macromolecular xylan structures with assorted application in the chemical industry. Xylan presents natural affinity to cellulose and its incorporation onto fibers increases the physical processability of pulp; however, current studies diverge on how molar mass affects xylan interaction with cellulose. In the current work, xylans with varied structural characteristics were prepared from alkaline-sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse with aid of an alkaline-active xylanase and selective precipitations using different ethanol concentrations. Prepared xylan fractions, containing low levels of lignin contamination (4-9%) and molar masses ranging from 2.3 kDa to 34 kDa, were incorporated onto eucalyptus pulp fibers up to 4.7 g xylan/100 g pulp. The efficiency of xylan incorporation onto cellulosic fibers was dependent on the xylan structures, where low molar mass and low substitution degree favored high incorporation levels., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world and one of the most lethal. MGN-3/Biobran is a natural product derived from rice bran hemicelluloses and has been reported to possess a potent anticancer effect in a clinical study of patients with HCC. The current study examines the mechanisms by which Biobran protects against chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. The chemical carcinogen used in this study is N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) plus carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ). Rats were treated with this carcinogen, and the animals were pretreated or posttreated with Biobran via intraperitoneal injections until the end of the experiment. Treatment with Biobran resulted in: 1) significant alleviation of liver preneoplastic lesions towards normal hepatocellular architecture in association with inhibition of collagen fiber deposition; 2) arrest of cancer cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle; 3) increased DNA fragmentation in cancer cells; 4) down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-3; and 5) protection against carcinogen-induced suppression of IkappaB-alpha (IκB-α) mRNA expression and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB/p65) expression. Additionally, the effect of Biobran treatment was found to be more significant when supplemented prior to carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis as compared to posttreatment. We conclude that Biobran inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by mechanisms that include induction of apoptosis, inhibition of inflammation, and suppression of cancer cell proliferation. Biobran may be a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for liver carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Partial support was provided by Daiwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Interactions between gluten proteins and water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) during the heating stage are crucial for the organoleptic quality of high-fiber cereal products. To reveal the molecular mechanism of WEAX on gluten characteristic upon heating, the current study comparatively investigated the effects of WEAX with different molecular weights ( M w ) on the heat-evoked conformational variation and polymerization behavior of gluten. Results showed that WEAX, especially low M w WEAX (L-WEAX), facilitated the polymerization ability of α-/γ-gliadins into glutenins, whereas high M w WEAX (H-WEAX) reduced the polymerizing temperature of glutenin and gliadin. L-WEAX could develop more hydrogen bonds with tyrosine of gluten and stabilize the secondary structure more evidently than H-WEAX upon heating. Compared with disulfide bridge formation, hydrophobic interactions were not the driving force involved in the heat-induced polymerization behavior affected by WEAX. WEAX evoked the reinforced glutenin network and heterogeneous distribution of gliadin, with a more uniform molecular surface developed for gluten.

This study evaluated the structural and performance differences between arabinoglucuronoxylan micro-hydrogels that were enzymatically produced from alkaline-extracted wheat bran arabinoglucuronoxylans using recombinant α-L-arabinofuranosidase (AbfB) that selectively removes arabinose side chains, and chemically through coacervation process, as delivery devices for bioactive substances. The encapsulations of model bioactive substance, gallic acid (GA), in the hydrogels, were done either in-situ or ex-situ to identify the most effective encapsulation and delivery method. The hydrogels particle size distribution, polydispersity index, GA encapsulation efficiency, retention and release of functional GA (based on antioxidant activity) were assessed. The hydrogels formed in both coacervation and enzymatic processes had particle size ranges of 469-678 nm, which classify them as micro-hydrogels. However, the latter were monodispersed with polydispersity index (PdI) < 0.4 compared to the former with PdI > 0.7. In addition, enzymatically produced hydrogels attained higher zeta potential (-8.8 mV) and retained and released GA with higher anti-oxidant capacity (91%) than chemically formed micro-hydrogels (zeta potential = - 3.3 mV and antioxidant capacity = 80%). However, GA encapsulation efficiencies (72% in-situ and 68% ex-situ) were higher in chemically formed micro-hydrogels than enzymatically produced micro-hydrogels (59% in-situ and 52% ex-situ). The in-situ encapsulated GA experienced less initial burst during sustained release of 8 h compared to ex-situ encapsulation. Overall, enzymatic modification process and in-situ encapsulation were the most effective methods for production of arabinoglucuronoxylan micro-hydrogels delivery devices and for encapsulation of the GA, respectively, because of maintaining functional GA upon release and having the potential to customize the structural and functional properties of the micro-hydrogels.

We obtained four soluble acid xylan fractions AGP-III-A, AGP-III-B, AGP-III-C and AGP-III-D from the insoluble Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch gum (ASKG) polysaccharide by weak alkali treatment combined with H 2 O 2 -Vc oxidative degradation. Activity studies showed that the degradation components could reduce the cell viability of several cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner, especially 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan AGP-III-C with specific molecular weight and branching degree significantly reduced cancer cells viability and induced HepG2 apoptosis, also caused mitochondrial membrane dysfunction upregulated ROS levels, and induced G0/G1 arrest in HepG2 cells by cell cycle assay. Further, AGP-III-C mediates apoptosis in HepG2 cells by upregulating MAPK phosphorylation. The structure of AGP-III-C was characterized by uronic acid reduction, permethylation with GC-MS, and 2D-NMR analysis. The structure of AGP-III-C had a linear (1→4)-linked β-Xylf residue backbone with one branched 4-O-Me-α-GlcAp attached to the main chain by a (1→2)-glycosidic bond at every two β-(1→4)-Xylf units., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The study was aimed to evaluate the yield and sugar composition of water-extractable (WE) and alkali extractable (AE) Hemi-A, Hemi-B and oligosaccharides (Oligo) fractions isolated from bran of four wheat varieties and their relationship with dough rheology. Wheat bran from all varieties were rich in protein content (12.45-16.97%). The yield of WE-Hemi-A, WE-Hemi-B and WE-Oligo were lower than the yield of AE-Hemi-A, AE-Hemi-B and AE-Oligo, for all varieties. Sugar composition of fractions determined by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD), showed sugars: rhamnose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid, in addition to the typical arabinoxylan containing arabinose and xylose are present in all wheat bran varieties. HD-3086 and HD-2947 wheat varieties which yielded a viscoelastic dough with high G' and G" values (indicative of good dough-making characteristics), had a higher percent of AE-Hemi-B and both WE-Oligo and AE-Oligo than C-306 and HS-490 wheat varieties., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Guavira is a plant that belongs to Myrtaceae family, being widespread in the Brazilian Cerrado. In this study, pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides from guavira pomace, an agroindustry residue from pulp production, were structurally characterized using GPC, monosaccharide composition, methylation and NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of monosaccharides and the nature of uronic acids were attributed according to numerous data on the composition of related plant arabinogalactans and hemicelluloses present in the literature. An arabinan was purified, presenting Ara (85.0%), Rha (3.3%), Gal (7.7%) and GalA (4.0%). Mono and bidimensional NMR analyses of this arabinan demonstrated the presence of terminal β-L-Araf units, whose occurrence has been scarcely reported in the literature. Hemicellulosic fraction contained a glucuronoxylan, with α-D-GlcpA/4-O-methyl-α-D-GlcpA group linked to O-2 of a (1 → 4)-β-D-xylan, presenting one uronic acid residue for every six xylose units. These findings about guavira pomace polysaccharides could contribute to develop future nutraceutical and technological uses for this industrial waste., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Soluble flaxseed gum (SFG) extracted at different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 °C) was analyzed in relation to the yield, polysaccharides and phenolics composition, surface charge, color, and rheological properties. The yield of SFG extract increased as the extraction temperature increased. The SFG xylan was the main component regardless the extraction temperature, but a reduction of substituents on the xylose chain was observed when increasing the extraction temperature. The phenolic compounds were also affected by the extraction temperature, influencing the antioxidant capacity of the gum. For all the extraction temperatures, SFG aqueous solutions showed a shear time-independent and shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, oscillatory measurements showed a prevailing viscous character, but the decrease of the extraction temperature resulted in an increase of both G' and G". Therefore, SFG extracted at low extraction temperatures showed higher viscous and elastic properties, while high extraction temperatures increased the antioxidant activity., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A water soluble arabinoxylan (APPS), with a molecular weight ∼1.49 × 10 5 Da was isolated from the green stem of Andrographis paniculata. The APPS contained D-xylose, 2-methoxy D-xylose and L- arabinose in molar ratio of 3:1:1. The structure of the repeating unit in the polysaccharide was determined through several chemical (acid hydrolysis, Methylation analysis and periodate oxidation) and spectroscopic analysis (1D/2D NMR experiments) as: In vitro antioxidant assay, APPS was found to possess ferrous ion chelating activity (EC 50  = 283 μg/ml), superoxide radical scavenging activity (EC 50  = 470 μg/ml), and hydroxide radical scavenging activity (EC 50  = 193 μg/ml). Thus, APPS could be used as a natural antioxidant agent for food and pharmaceutical industries., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study, Ultrasonic-Microwave assisted alkali (UMAA) was applied to extract water-unextractable arabinoxylan (WUAX) from the corn bran. The various factors including ultrasonic power, concentration of sodium hydroxide, solvent-to-material ratio and ultrasonic-microwave synergetic time were optimized by response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) on basis of the results of single factor experiments. The results showed that the maximum WUAX yield of 27.78 ± 0.17% was obtained with ultrasonic power 500 W, concentration of sodium hydroxide 0.30 mol/L, solvent-to-material ratio 30 mL/g, ultrasonic-microwave synergetic time 25 min. FT-IR analysis processed the characteristic peaks of polysaccharide. Chemical composition analysis indicted WUAX was mainly composed of xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, at a ratio of 38.3:28.2:22.3:5.1:2.5:0.7:1.5:1.4, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity assay in vitro showed that WUAX processed strong Fe 2+ chelating activity and good scavenging effect on DPPH radical. These results clearly indicated the UMAA is an effective method for extraction of antioxidant WUAX from corn bran and the polysaccharides could be exhibited broad development and application prospects., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Current research work was conducted to synthesize Thiol modified arabinoxylan and its application in fabrication of hydrogel. Thioglycolic acid was esterified with arabinoxylan to prepare Thiolatedarabinoxylan. Appearance of peak at 2533.34 cm -1 in FTIR and thiol content showed successful thiolation. The pH-dependent Thiolatedarabinoxylan/acrylic acid (TAX/AA) hydrogels of perindopril erbumine were prepared via free-radical co-polymerization. Perindopril erbumine (PE) was employed as model drug. Different batches with different feed ratio of TAX, AA, and MBA were prepared and their influence on swelling, solvent penetration, and consequent drug release was investigated. Swelling coefficients increased with increase in pH. TAX/AA hydrogels were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal Analysis (TA), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dissolution studies were performed at pH 1.2 and 7.4 in which drug release showed direct correlation with TAX and AA ratio. In vivo studies showed that C max of TAX-co-AA based hydrogel was 81.57 ± 0.35 ng/ml which was maintained for a longer time after its administration. All the results of in vivo studies were significant and TAX-co-AA based hydrogel enhances the bioavailability of perindopril erbumine.

The molecular solubility of softwood arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) has been thoroughly investigated, and it has been shown that the chemical and physical structures of the extracted hemicellulose are not significantly influenced by different purification steps, but a transient molecular solubility of AGX was observed in aqueous media at low concentrations (1 g/L) when the dissolved macromolecules had a hydrodynamic diameter of up to 10 nm. A phase separation was detected when the concentration was increased to 15 g/L leading to an association of the smaller molecules into fractal structures with a considerably larger diameter, even though the dispersions were still transparent to ocular inspection. Dynamic Light Scattering and Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy showed dimensions in the range of 1000 nm. The phase separation of the sample was further characterized by estimating the χ-interaction parameter of AGX in water using the Flory-Huggins theory, and the results supported that water is a poor solvent for AGX. This behavior is crucial when films and hydrogels based on these biopolymers are made, since the association will dramatically affect barrier and mechanical properties of films made from these materials.

We have successfully conjugated mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) with xylan, a biopolymer isolated from pineapple stem waste, to form xylan-5-ASA conjugate. The biopolymer was used to provide colon-targeting properties for 5-ASA, a golden standard anti-inflammatory agent commonly used for ulcerative colitis treatment. A series of data from FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and HPLC confirmed the xylan-5-ASA conjugate formation. To ensure successful colon targeting properties, in vitro and in vivo drug release studies after oral administration of xylan-5-ASA conjugate to Wistar rats were performed. Xylan-5-ASA conjugate was able to retain 5-ASA release in the upper gastrointestinal tract fluid simulation but rapidly released 5-ASA in the rat colon fluid simulation. In vivo release profile shows a very low peak plasma concentration, reached at 6 h after xylan-5-ASA conjugate administration. The delayed release and the lower bioavailability of 5-ASA from xylan-5-ASA conjugate administration compared to free 5-ASA administration confirmed the successful local colon delivery of 5-ASA using xylan-5-ASA conjugate. The administration of xylan-5-ASA conjugate also exhibited greater efficacy in recovering 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colon ulcer compared to free 5-ASA administration. Taken together, xylan isolated from pineapple stem waste is promising to obtain colon targeting property for 5-ASA.

The brewers' spent grain is a by-product generated during brewery process and is a potential source for arabinoxylans (AX) extraction. In the present work, the extraction and characterization of an arabinoxylan-rich fraction from brewers' spent grain (BSG-AX) were performed, and BSG-AX was evaluated as release matrix for caffeine. The BSG-AX showed an AX content of 72% (w/w), a ferulic acid content of 3.52 μg/mg BSG-AX, an Ara/Xyl ratio of 0.89, an intrinsic viscosity of 41.18 mL g -1 , and a molecular weight of 43.80 kDa. The studied BSG-AX showed a good antioxidant capacity compared with other polysaccharide gums and was estimated by DPPH (114.41 μM Trolox equivalent/g BSG-AX) and FRAP (49.01 μmol Fe 2+ /g BSG-AX) assays. The partial specific volume (0.63 cm 3  g -1 ), loss on drying (10.68%), swelling (10.87%), solubility (80.93%) and electrostatic interactions (by zeta potential, -3.44 to -9.17 mV) were determined and used to evaluate the application of the BSG-AX as release matrix. A film containing the BSG-AX, glycerol (as plasticizer) and caffeine (target drug) was prepared as release matrix. Glycerol promoted an increase in the extensibility and the surface smoothness of the BSG-AX-caffeine film. The drug was released (≈98%) in about 7 h. These results are promising to concern the design and use of BSG-AX based biofilms for the controlled release of bioactive compounds., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Arabinoxylans (AXs) are major dietary fibers. They are composed of backbone chains of β-(1-4)-linked xylose residues to which α-l-arabinose are linked in the second and/or third carbon positions. Recently, AXs have attracted a great deal of attention because of their biological activities such as their immunomodulatory potential. Extraction of AXs has some difficulties; therefore, various methods have been used to increase the extractability of AXs with varying degrees of success, such as alkaline, enzymatic, mechanical extraction. However, some of these treatments have been reported to be either expensive, such as enzymatic treatments, or produce hazardous wastes and are non-environmentally friendly, such as alkaline treatments. On the other hand, mechanical assisted extraction, especially extrusion cooking, is an innovative pre-treatment that has been used to increase the solubility of AXs. The aim of the current review article is to point out the health-related effects and to discuss the current research on the extraction methods of AXs., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work contributes to the development of integrated lignocellulosic-based biorefineries by the pioneering exploitation of hardwood xylans by solubilization and extraction in deep eutectic solvents (DES). DES formed by choline chloride and urea or acetic acid were initially evaluated as solvents for commercial xylan as a model compound. The effects of temperature, molar ratio, and concentration of the DES aqueous solutions were evaluated and optimized by using a response surface methodology. The results obtained demonstrated the potential of these solvents, with 328.23 g L -1 of xylan solubilization using 66.7 wt % DES in water at 80 °C. Furthermore, xylans could be recovered by precipitation from the DES aqueous media in yields above 90 %. The detailed characterization of the xylans recovered after solubilization in aqueous DES demonstrated that 4-O-methyl groups were eliminated from the 4-O-methylglucuronic acids moieties and uronic acids (15 %) were cleaved from the xylan backbone during this process. The similar M w values of both pristine and recovered xylans confirmed the success of the reported procedure. DES recovery in four additional extraction cycles was also demonstrated. Finally, the successful extraction of xylans from Eucalyptus globulus wood by using aqueous solutions of DES was demonstrated., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) accounts for around 85% of the solid by-products from beer production. BSG was first extracted to obtain water-soluble arabinoxylan (AX). Using subsequent alkali extraction (0.5 M KOH) it was possible to dissolve additional AX. In total, about 57% of the AX in BSG was extracted with the purity of 45-55%. After comparison of nine xylanases, Pentopan mono BG, a GH11 enzyme, was selected for hydrolysis of the extracts to oligosaccharides with minimal formation of monosaccharides. Growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (ATCC 15703) was promoted by the enzymatic hydrolysis to arabinoxylooligosaccharides, while Lactobacillus brevis (DSMZ 1264) utilized only unsubstituted xylooligosaccharides. Furthermore, utilization of the hydrolysates by human gut microbiota was also assessed in a batch human fecal fermentation model. Results revealed that the rates of fermentation of the BSG hydrolysates by human gut microbiota were similar to that of commercial prebiotic fructooligosaccharides, while inulin was fermented at a slower rate. In summary, a sustainable process to valorize BSG to functional food ingredients has been proposed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, arabinoxylan extracted from barley husks was reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various molecular weights to introduce an internal plasticizer into the polymer matrix. A successful PEGylation reaction was identified using FTIR and elemental analysis. Thermal and mechanical properties were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, which revealed that the attachment of PEG chains reduced the glass transition temperature by up to 25°C. Foaming experiments were conducted under different test conditions in a batch foaming process with supercritical CO 2 in a thermoregulated and pressurized cylinder. The foams were evaluated using SEM by studying the morphology of the samples foamed at different temperatures. The unmodified arabinoxylan sample was found to produce the best foam morphology, though the PEGylated samples could be produced at lower temperatures than could the unmodified arabinoxylan. This was interpreted as due to the decrease in the glass transition temperature., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Enzymatic hydrolysis was proposed for the first time to purify the sub-fraction of water-extracted cassia polysaccharide (CP-40), and a homogeneous polysaccharide CP-40-M was obtained with relatively high yield. The structural features of CP-40-M were characterized using size-exclusion chromatography equipped with multiple detectors (SEC-MALLS), high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), methylation and gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS), as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The weight-average molecular weight for CP-40-M was determined to be 0.29×10 5 Da, and the molar ratio of xylose to glucuronic acid was 4.62. The structure of CP-40-M was elucidated to be glucuronoxylan, with glucopyranosyluronic acid group terminally attached to O-2 of the →4)-β-Xylp-(1→ backbone. It was the first time to obtain this type of xylan from the water extract of Cassia obtusifolia seeds. The structure elucidation of CP-40-M was meaningful for better understanding the natural characteristics of cassia polysaccharide and important for their potential use in food industry and folk medicine., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Enzymatic conversion of arabinoxylan requires α-L-arabinofuranosidases able to remove α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues (α-L-Araf) from both mono- and double-substituted D-xylopyranosyl residues (Xylp) in xylan (i.e., AXH-m and AXH-d activity). Herein, SthAbf62A (a family GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase with AXH-m activity) and BadAbf43A (a family GH43 α-L-arabinofuranosidase with AXH-d3 activity), were fused to create SthAbf62A&#95;BadAbf43A and BadAbf43A&#95;SthAbf62A. Both fusion enzymes displayed dual AXH-m,d and synergistic activity toward native, highly branched wheat arabinoxylan (WAX). When using a customized arabinoxylan substrate comprising mainly α-(1 → 3)-L-Araf and α-(1 → 2)-L-Araf substituents attached to disubstituted Xylp (d-2,3-WAX), the specific activity of the fusion enzymes was twice that of enzymes added as separate proteins. Moreover, the SthAbf62A&#95;BadAbf43A fusion removed 83% of all α-L-Araf from WAX after a 20 hr treatment. 1 H NMR analyses further revealed differences in SthAbf62A&#95;BadAbf43 rate of removal of specific α-L-Araf substituents from WAX, where 9.4 times higher activity was observed toward d-α-(1 → 3)-L-Araf compared to m-α-(1 → 3)-L-Araf positions., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Sulfated derivatives of xylan (isolated from Bétula pubéscens wood) with average molecular weight ~34 kDa, sulfur content of 11.3-17.5%, a degree of substitution of 0.74-1.64 are anticoagulants of direct type of action. Antithrombin and antifactor Xa activities in three tested xylan samples did not differ and reached 30.8-31.8 and 13.5-14.3 U/mg, respectively.

The near future of drug delivery system would lie in the search of a versatile and innocuous material, based mostly on the natural resources. The tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) is a natural neutral hemicellulose and a hydrophilic polysaccharide consisting of a main chain of glucan backbone with xylose and galactose side chains. XG is endowed with idiosyncratic mucoadhesive and in situ gelling properties which rated XG as an attractive, functional polymer for numerous drug delivery applications. In milieu of this, the present review is designed to underline the plausible potential of XG or XG-based systems in drug delivery. The feasibility of surface-tailoring, the flexibility of chemical-modification, and the possibility as ligand-conjugations grant XG an extraordinary consideration in the scientific territory. The authors are hopeful that the versatility of XG would meet the expectations of regulatory authorities and the XG-based products will serve the therapeutic needs of the community in the future, if sufficiently investigated and promising outcomes are obtained in human subjects., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Physicochemical and functional properties of arabinoxylans (AXs) can be significantly influenced by their isolation method. Finding balanced process conditions that allow optimal extraction yields while preserving AXs functionality is a challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different chemical solvents with neutral and alkaline pH on the intrinsic properties and extraction yield of AXs isolated from rye bran. Additionally, the application of xylanases and other cell wall degrading enzymes (Pentopan Mono BG, Deltazym XL-VR, Viscoflow BG) to solubilize bound AXs was investigated. Results show that the use of Ca(OH) 2 for isolation was superior to water and Na 2 CO 3 , as it selectively solubilized AXs and delivered isolates with a purity of up to 43.92% AX and a moderate ferulic acid (FA) content (209.35 ± 16.79 mg FA/100 g AX). Application of xylanases was further able to duplicate these achieved AX yields (7.50 to 9.85g AX/100 g bran). Additionally, isolates displayed highest ferulic acid contents (445.18 to 616.71 mg FA/100 g AX) and lowest impurities in comparison to chemical extracted AXs. Rheological characterization of the isolates showed a pronounced shear thinning behavior which fitted well to the power-law model (R 2 > 0.989). Differences in pseudoplasticity of the isolates suggested that structural and chemical properties might have been responsible for this behavior., (© 2017 The Authors Journal of Food Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

The enzymatic, ecofriendly pretreatment of wheat bran with α-amylase from Bacillus amyloliquifaciens or B. licheniformis at 90°C for 1.5h followed by Neutrase at 50°C for 4h, aqueous liquefaction at 121°C for 15h and ethanol precipitation enabled the production of soluble arabinoxylan (AX) with purity of 70.9% and 68.4% (w/w) respectively. Process alternatives tried, to simplify the process and curtail the cost resulted in AX products with different purities, yields and arabinose to xylose ratio (A/X). Among the two glycoside hydrolase (GH) family endoxylanases evaluated, GH10 family hydrolysed soluble AX more efficiently with xylanase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T-6 (GsXyn10A) producing maximum amount of quantifiable short xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) (53% w/w) followed by the catalytic module of Rhodothermus marinus Xyn10A (RmXyn10A-CM) with 37% (w/w) conversion. The GH11 family endoxylanases, from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Pentopan Mono BG™) and Neocallimastix patriciarum (NpXyn11A) gave conversions of 21% and 22% (w/w) of the soluble AX, respectively (major AXOS products were not quantified). In addition to the XOS formed such as X 2 , X 3 and X 4 , the AXOS products identified were A 3 X and A 2 XX in the case of GsXyn10A and RmXyn10A-CM while Pentopan Mono BG and NpXyn11A produced XA 3 XX as the major AXOS product., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Byproducts from quinoa are not yet well explored sources of hemicellulose or products thereof. In this work, xylan from milled quinoa stalks was retrieved to 66% recovery by akaline extraction using 0.5 M NaOH at 80 °C, followed by ethanol precipitation. The isolated polymer eluted as a single peak in size-exclusion chromatography with a molecular weight of >700 kDa. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with acid hydrolysis to monomers showed that the polymer was built of a backbone of β(1 → 4)-linked xylose residues that were substituted by 4-O-methylglucuronic acids, arabinose, and galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 114:23:5:1. NMR analysis also indicated the presence of α(1 → 5)-linked arabinose substituents in dimeric or oligomeric forms. The main xylooligosaccharides (XOs) produced after hydrolysis of the extracted glucuronoarabinoxylan polymer by thermostable glycoside hydrolases (GHs) from families 10 and 11 were xylobiose and xylotriose, followed by peaks of putative substituted XOs. Quantification of the unsubstituted XOs using standards showed that the highest yield from the soluble glucuronoarabinoxylan fraction was 1.26 g/100 g of xylan fraction, only slightly higher than the yield (1.00 g/100 g of xylan fraction) from the insoluble fraction (p < 0.05). No difference in yield was found between reactions in buffer or water (p > 0.05). This study shows that quinoa stalks represent a novel source of glucuronoarabinoxylan, with a substituent structure that allowed for limited production of XOs by GH10 or GH11 enzymes.