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openaire: EC/H2020/788489/EU//BioELCell Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Canada Excellence Research Chair Program (CERC‐2018‐00006), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (Project number 38623), and the European Commission Horizon 2020 ERC Advanced program (grant agreement No. 788489 “BioElCell”). The authors would also like to thank the UBC Bioimaging facility (RRID: SCR_021304) for providing confocal microscopy, SEM, and TEM equipment. Y.L. would like to thank Eun Kyoung Lee, Naoji Yubuki, and Derrick Horne at the UBC Bioimaging facility for technical support. The authors are thankful to Ms. Ayako Takagi for the help with illustrations. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Small published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. Non-equilibrium multiphase systems are formed by mixing two immiscible nanoparticle dispersions, leading to bicontinuous emulsions that template cryogels with interconnected, tortuous channels. Herein, a renewable, rod-like biocolloid (chitin nanocrystals, ChNC) is used to kinetically arrest bicontinuous morphologies. Specifically, it is found that ChNC stabilizes intra-phase jammed bicontinuous systems at an ultra-low particle concentration (as low as 0.6 wt.%), leading to tailorable morphologies. The synergistic effects of ChNC high aspect ratio, intrinsic stiffness, and interparticle interactions produce hydrogelation and, upon drying, lead to open channels bearing dual characteristic sizes, suitably integrated into robust bicontinuous ultra-lightweight solids. Overall, it demonstrates the successful formation of ChNC-jammed bicontinuous emulsions and a facile emulsion templating route to synthesize chitin cryogels that form unique super-macroporous networks.

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) is one of the rarest and most highly invasive malignant neoplasms often found in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. SNTCS is often misdiagnosed because of its morphological heterogeneity. Due to its rarity, clinical characteristics and optimal therapy have not been well-established. Here, we present a case of SNTCS with orbital and intracranial extensions. A 48-year-old male patient presented with left-side nasal obstruction for 3 years. He appeared with visual and neurological symptoms 2 months ago. On radiographic examination, a mass was observed in the left paranasal sinuses with orbital and intracranial extension involvement. The mass was surgically resected. In the future, knowledge of this entity may assist in the accurate diagnosis and proper management of SNTCS.

It is yet unknown if the ApneaGraph200 system can replace the Polysomnography system (PSG), which is now the gold standard for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the difference in apnea hypopnea index and lowest oxygen saturation levels between the AG200 system and PSG system.Utilizing PubMed, Elsevier, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), a thorough literature search was carried out. Eligible studies contrasting the AG200 system and the PSG system were found by two separate researchers. Review Manager (version 5.3) was adopted for data synthesis.The meta-analysis A pooled the comparison of AHI between the AG and PSG groups, and included seven studies involving a total of 419 participants, which revealed that there was a significant difference in AHI between the above two diagnostic methods (standard mean difference (SMD) = - 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = - 0.32 to - 0.05, P = 0.008). As a supplementary, meta-analysis B pooled the comparison of lowest oxygen saturation between the AG and PSG groups and included five studies involving a total of 224 participants. It revealed that there was no significant difference between the AG group and the PSG group (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI - 0.24 to 0.43, P = 0.58).The ApneaGraph200 system can be used for the initial screening of OSA patients, but it is not a complete alternative to polysomnography for the diagnosis and severity of the OSA condition.

OBJECTIVE Recent studies have investigated the mechanism by which refluxed gastric materials reach the middle ear, to establish otitis media with effusion (OME) causal relation between them in both children and adults. Therefore, the relationship between OME and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) should be further studied extensively. METHODS To identify eligible original articles, we searched a range of computerized databases, including Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and Web of Science with a systematic searching strategy. Subgroup analysis was performed to analyze heterogeneity and Egger and Begg funnel plot to assess the publication bias of the included articles. RESULTS The meta-analysis had an overall sample size of 1961. We identified a significant relationship between OME and GERD, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 4.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.42-8.44; p

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unclear. Several studies have suggested that CVD may be caused by oxidative stress from chronic intermittent hypoxia and associated vascular endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress in patients with OSA can induce endothelial cell apoptosis, aggravate vascular endothelial damage, and promote the expression of redox-sensitive genes and adhesion molecules. No meta-analysis has explored whether or not OSA is related to nitric oxide (NO). To assess the association between serum/plasma NO levels and OSA, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on the subject to grade the strength of evidence. OSA was significantly related to decreased serum or plasma NO levels (WMD = − 11.66, 95% CI − 17.21 to − 6.11; P

Ameloblastoma (AM) is a rare epithelium-derived odontogenic tumor, mostly involving the mandible and less often the maxilla. Most AMs are benign and characterized by indolence and local invasiveness, with a high recurrence rate. Herein, we present a case of maxillary AM in a 42-year-old female suffering from left nasal congestion and facial swelling for almost one month after endoscopic surgery at a local hospital. The mass was completely resected by a transnasal functional endoscopic sinus surgery based on radiographic examination. Subsequently, postsurgical histopathological examinations were conducted, and she was diagnosed with a plexiform AM pattern. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor was positive for PCK, P63, CK5/6, and CK14 but negative for S100, ER, and Ki67. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with maxillary AM.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as an independent cardiovascular risk factor has been proposed, but the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease is far from being completely elucidated. Leptin, an inflammatory cytokine produced by adipocytes, contributes to the modulation of metabolism, respiratory control, and inflammation, which are factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Serum levels of leptin in children with OSA have shown conflicting results in previous studies.We performed a meta-analysis to clarify the correlation between leptin expression of the OSA patients following the PRISMA. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies, and then independently screened by two researchers, and analyzed the data through STATA version 12.0.In a total of 5 articles including 469 participants, the data analysis showed that serum leptin levels were elevated in children with OSA (MD, 6.36; 95% CI, 0.24-12.49, P .001), compared to the control group. Subgroup analysis were performed based on body mass index. The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated that the serum leptin concentration was correlated with body mass index in children with OSA (MD, 9.70; 95% CI, 0.22-11.18, P .001).The serum leptin levels were elevated in children with OSA, compared to the control group. It could add to our developing understanding of the pathogenesis and potential treatments for children with OSA, and help us to recognize the relevance of OSA in determining cardiovascular issues among children.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive anaplastic plasmacytoma in the sinonasal tract is uncommon. Herein, we present the case of a 40-year-old male patient with a right sinonasal tract filled with a soft tissue mass, as shown on CT. Apart from frequent nosebleeds, he did not report any specific sinonasal symptoms, such as nasal obstruction, discharge, or loss of smell. The patient underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia. The diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-positive anaplastic plasmacytoma was confirmed by lesion biopsy, subsequent immunohistochemical staining, and in situ hybridization.

N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is an efficacious treatment for sensorineural hearing loss in animal models, such as noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), however previous research into the effect of NAC on patients with hearing loss produced contradictory results. In this study, we investigated the effect of NAC treatment on sensorineural hearing loss. PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched in their entirety using the key words: hearing loss, NAC, N-acetylcysteine, and sensorineural hearing loss. Studies which included assessment of hearing loss with pure-tone threshold (PTA) data were selected. Eligible studies regarding the effects of NAC treatment on patients with hearing loss were collected by two independent reviewers. A total of 1197 individuals were included from seven published studies. Two studies reported data for a sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss (SISNHL) group. Three studies reported data for a NIHL group. Other studies reported data for drug-induced hearing loss. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the overall effect of NAC treatment on sensorineural hearing loss was invalid. However, NAC treatment was linked with improved patient outcomes of hearing tests in cases of sudden hearing loss, but did not prevent hearing loss induced by noise or ototoxicity. However, there is a need for better-designed studies with larger samples to further prove the correlation between the effect of NAC and hearing loss.

We introduce a green and facile method to compatibilize hydrophobic polylactide (PLA) with hydrophilic cellulose nanofibers (CNF) by using ionic liquid ([DBNH][OAc]) welding with a cosolvent system (gamma-valerolactone). Such welding affords strong (230 MPa tensile strength), flexible (13% elongation at break), transparent (90%) and defect-free CNF/PLA films. The films are biodegradable in marine environments (70% degradation in 7 weeks), facilitating the otherwise slow PLA decomposition. Physical, chemical and structural features of the films before and after welding are compared and factored in the trends observed for degradation in seawater. The results point to the possibility of PLA-based films forming a co-continuous system with nanocellulose to achieve an improved performance. The role of film morphology, hydrophobicity, and crystallinity is discussed to add to the prospects for packaging materials that simultaneously display accelerated degradability in marine environments.

Background: The association between obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and plasma/serum ghrelin levels remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the difference in plasma/serum ghrelin levels between OSAHS patients and controls. Methods: Database of PubMed, SCI, and Elsevier were searched entirely. Two independents identified eligible studies of ghrelin levels in OSAHS patients. ReviewManager (version 5.3) was adopted for data synthesis. Results: The meta-analysis A pooled the comparison of ghrelin concentrations in OSAHS patients and controls, which included 7 studies and involving 446 participants. The result of the meta-analysis A indicated that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between the OSAHS group and the control group (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.12 to 0.28, P = .43). As a supplementary, meta-analysis B pooled the comparison of plasma/serum ghrelin levels in OSAHS patients before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which included 155 participants from 4 studies, it revealed that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between before and after CPAP therapy (SMD = 0.12, 95%CI = −0.07 to 0.31, P = .22). Conclusion: The meta-analysis A demonstrated that plasma/serum ghrelin levels were no significant differences between the OSAHS group and the control group. The meta-analysis B showed plasma/serum ghrelin levels have no significant changes after CPAP therapy in OSAHS patients.

Background An increasing number of COVID‐19 patients worldwide will probably need tracheostomy in an emergency or at the recovering stage of COVID‐19. We explored the safe and effective management of tracheostomy in COVID‐19 patients, to benefit patients and protect health care workers at the same time. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 11 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients undergoing tracheostomy. Clinical features of patients, ventilator withdrawal after tracheostomy, surgical complications, and nosocomial infection of the health care workers associated with the tracheostomy were analyzed. Results The tracheostomy of all the 11 cases (100%) was performed successfully, including percutaneous tracheostomy of 6 cases (54.5%) and conventional open tracheostomy of 5 cases (45.5%). No severe postoperative complications occurred, and no health care workers associated with the tracheostomy are confirmed to be infected by SARS‐CoV‐2. Conclusion Comprehensive evaluation before tracheostomy, optimized procedures during tracheostomy, and special care after tracheostomy can make the tracheostomy safe and beneficial in COVID‐19 patients.

Objective Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, various digestive symptoms have been frequently reported in patients infected with the virus. In this study, we aimed to further investigate the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms. Methods In this descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study, we enrolled confirmed patients with COVID-19 who presented to 3 hospitals from January 18, 2020, to February 28, 2020. All patients were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and were analyzed for clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and treatment. Data were followed up until March 18, 2020. Results In the present study, 204 patients with COVID-19 and full laboratory, imaging, and historical data were analyzed. The average age was 52.9 years (SD ± 16), including 107 men and 97 women. Although most patients presented to the hospital with fever or respiratory symptoms, we found that 103 patients (50.5%) reported a digestive symptom, including lack of appetite (81 [78.6%] cases), diarrhea (35 [34%] cases), vomiting (4 [3.9%] cases), and abdominal pain (2 [1.9%] cases). If lack of appetite is excluded from the analysis (because it is less specific for the gastrointestinal tract), there were 38 total cases (18.6%) where patients presented with a gastrointestinal-specific symptom, including diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. Patients with digestive symptoms had a significantly longer time from onset to admission than patients without digestive symptoms (9.0 days vs 7.3 days). In 6 cases, there were digestive symptoms, but no respiratory symptoms. As the severity of the disease increased, digestive symptoms became more pronounced. Patients with digestive symptoms had higher mean liver enzyme levels, lower monocyte count, longer prothrombin time, and received more antimicrobial treatment than those without digestive symptoms. Discussion We found that digestive symptoms are common in patients with COVID-19. Moreover, these patients have a longer time from onset to admission, evidence of longer coagulation, and higher liver enzyme levels. Clinicians should recognize that digestive symptoms, such as diarrhea, are commonly among the presenting features of COVID-19 and that the index of suspicion may need to be raised earlier in at-risk patients presenting with digestive symptoms. However, further large sample studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignant tumor of the head and neck. Although it one of the most prevalent heterogeneous diseases, the role of tumor-related immune cells in HNSCC is not well understood, particularly in the current immunotherapy. Method: We explored TME, TMB in HNSCC to evaluate 22 subsets of TIICs, using GEO and TCGA database, to deduce the relationship of immune subpopulation, survival of patients, function and expression difference to reveal potential targets and biomarkers for immunotherapy. Results: GSE6631 database containing 22 HNSCC samples and 22 normal samples and TCGA database containing 111 HNSCC and 12 normal tissues were downloaded. M0 macrophages and resting memory CD4 +T cells were differentially expressed between tumor and normal cells, and therefore may plays an important role in regulating progression of cancer (PT. There were on average 78 Variation per HNSCC tumor. Top 10 mutated genes related to TMB were TP53, TTN, FAT1, MUC16, CDKN2A, CSMD3, SYNE1, LRP1B, NOTCH1 and PIK3CA. Conclusion: There is an intricate connection between TIIC, TMB and genomic alterations. Our findings offer the basis for future research on enhanced tumor immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate the possible activity of the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway (MMAP) in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). MATERIAL AND METHODS A control group, a mild OSAHS group, a moderate OSAHS group, and a severe OSAHS group were included. Masson staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed to assess collagen fiber hyperplasia, pathological morphology, and cell apoptosis, respectively, in muscle samples. RESULTS In the OSAHS groups, the palatopharyngeal muscle fibers were larger, with apparent hypertrophy and increased elastic fiber content. The proportions of type I fibers were markedly higher in the control group than in the moderate and severe OSAHS groups (P0.05). Moreover, apoptosis was significantly enhanced in the muscle cells of the OSAHS groups. The Bax expression levels gradually increased across the 4 groups (lowest in the control group and highest in the severe OSAHS group) (P0.05); conversely, the p38 and p62 expression levels did not significantly differ among groups (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS A decrease in the proportion of the different fiber types can result in collapse of the upper airway. The pathogenesis of OSAHS appears to involve muscle cell apoptosis via MMAP.

Although mixed sleep apnea (MSA) is one of the three types of sleep apnea, it is not considered a separate disease entity. It is generally seen as a part of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), but its implications are often ignored. In this study, we examined its features and the potential impact on OSAHS patients. Subjects diagnosed with OSAHS by polysomnography (PSG) were enrolled. All participants underwent physical checkups and tests of blood biochemistry. They were anthropometrically, clinically, and polysomnographically studied. MSA events were common in patients with severe OSAHS patients. There were significant differences between the pure OSAHS group and its mixed counterpart in apnea-hypopnea indices during REM (AHIREM) and non-REM (AHINREM) and in percentages of N2 or N3 sleep. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjustment of other parameters, patients with MSA events were mostly male, had higher body mass index (BMI), higher scores on Epworth Sleepiness Scales (ESS), higher triglyceride (TG) levels, and higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). The combined predictive probability of the aforementioned variables was 0.766 (95% CI = 0.725~0.806; sensitivity 61.6%, specificity 82.1%). Our study suggested that MSA was related to the stability of the ventilatory control in OSAHS patients. MSA events occur more frequently in patients with severe OSAHS, and male gender, obesity, daytime sleepiness, and elevated TG levels were risk factors for the mixed OSAHS.

An energy-efficient method has been developed to prepare 3-5 nm-wide carboxyl-functionalized cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from pulp fiber by a simple one-pot swelling followed by esterification process. Tetrabutylammonium acetate (TBAA)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) binary solvent is used as the swelling agent and the esterification medium admixed with maleic anhydride. All steps are performed at room temperature and no post-mechanical treatment is needed. The highly efficient defibrillation of pulp fiber to CNFs is thought to be due to two factors: 1) swelling in TBAA/DMSO effectively loosens the structure of cellulose supermolecules by breaking the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains; and 2) the carboxyl groups grafted onto the cellulose molecules by esterification prohibit the reformulation of hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains and therefore stabilize the disperse CNFs with uniform diameter in solution. Other than acid anhydride, no catalyst is added for the esterification, which facilitates the recycling and reuse of the binary solvent. This energy-efficient one-pot method could facilitate the large-scale manufacture of bio-based nanomaterials.

Objective This meta-analysis was performed to assess the difference in the serum level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) between patients with obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and controls. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Elsevier, SCI, Wanfang, Weipu, and China National Knowledge Internet. Eligible studies that reported the serum AGE level in patients with OSAHS were identified by two reviewers. Review Manager version 5.2 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) and R version 3.10 ( www.r-project.org ) were employed for data synthesis. Results Five studies involving 670 subjects were identified. The meta-analysis showed that the mean serum AGE level in the OSAHS group was 0.98 mmol/L higher than those in the control group (95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.27). Conclusions This meta-analysis showed that the serum AGE level was elevated in patients with OSAHS. This finding suggests that AGEs may play an important role in insulin resistance in OSAHS and serve as a biomarker for patients with OSAHS with a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) means apnea and hypopnea caused by partial or complete obstruction of upper airway collapse during sleep. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is believed to be associated with various manifestations in the otorhinolaryngology and has been found to be an additional risk factor for OSAHS. Aim A meta-analysis was performed to identify the association between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Methods To identify eligible original articles, we searched a series of computerized databases, including Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CNKI with a systematic searching strategy. The characteristics of each article and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and subgroup analysis was performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Results A total of 2699 patients from seven articles were included in the meta-analysis. We identified a significant relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease, with a pooled OR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.18–2.59, P

Background : Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a basic malignant tumor of the head and neck distinct. As a famous heterogeneous disease, the jobs of immune cells inside the tumor-related as yet missing for HNSCC, particularly in current immunotherapy. Method: We explored the TME, TMB and evaluate the 22 TIICs subsets of immune response based on GEO and TCGA database of HNSCC to explore its relationship with atomic subpopulation, survival, function and expression difference and reveal potential targets and biomarkers for immunotherapy. Results: Observing the download of GSE6631 database contained 22 HNSCC samples and 22 normal samples and TCGA database contained 111 HNSCC and 12 normal tissues. The results suggested that the expression of macrophages M0 and T cells CD4 memory resting was significant difference and may plays an important role in regulate cancer progression ( P T, the variants per sample median was 78 in HNSCC patients. Top 10 mutated genes that related to TMB was TP53, TTN, FAT1, MUC16, CDKN2A, CSMD3, SYNE1, LRP1B, NOTCH1 and PIK3CA. We portrayed the immune scene in detail, uncovering the awesome immune infiltration styles of various subtypes in HNSCC. Conclusion: The intricate connection between TIIC, TMB and genomic alterations was additionally set up. Our paintings advance the information of immune response and offers significant assets for research to enhance immunotherapy.

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unclear. Several studies have suggested that CVD may be caused by oxidative stress from chronic intermittent hypoxia and associated vascular endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress in patients with OSA can induce endothelial cell apoptosis, aggravate vascular endothelial damage, and promote the expression of redox-sensitive genes and adhesion molecules. No meta-analysis has explored whether or not OSA is related to nitric oxide (NO).To assess the association between serum/plasma NO levels and OSA, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on the subject to grade the strength of evidence.OSA was significantly related to decreased serum or plasma NO levels (WMD = - 11.66, 95% CI - 17.21 to - 6.11; P 0.01). Among the studies analyzed, there was high degree of heterogeneity (IThis meta-analysis suggests a strong correlation between OSA and serum or plasma NO levels which may explain the link between intermittent hypoxia of OSA and risk of CVD. The strength of this finding may spur further basic and clinical research into vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with OSA.

Inhibin subunit beta A(INHBA) encodes an individual from the TGF-β superfamily of proteins and the ligand could be further homo-dimerized to shape activin A or hetero-dimerized to frame inhibin with inhibin beta B. We studied INHBA expression, mutations, regulation, function networks and immune infiltrates in data from patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on different open databases by utilizing multi-dimensional investigation techniques. This study gives staggered evidence for the significance of INHBA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its potential role as a novel biomarker. Our outcomes propose that INHBA overexpression in HNSCC has profound impacts in the center hub of post-transcriptional regulation, which is firmly identified with protein translation. Meanwhile, we also examine the function of the identified miRNAs that were related to INHBA and molecular function of these miRNAs were mainly enhanced in transcription factor activity, transcription regulator activity. In addition, B cells of immune infiltrates affecting the prognosis and might have a prognostic significance related to INHBA in HNSCC. Our outcomes show that data mining efficiently uncovers information about INHBA expression in HNSCC and more importance establishing a foundation for further investigation of the role of INHBA in carcinogenesis.

openaire: EC/H2020/788489/EU//BioELCell Alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are of great significance not only from the point of view of their scientific and practical impact but to reduce the environmental footprint. Inspired by the composition and structure of wood's cell walls, we used phenolic acids to endow cellulosic fibers with new properties. The fiber dissolution and homogeneous modification were performed with a recyclable ionic liquid (IL) (tetrabutylammonium acetate ([N 4444 ][OAc]):dimethyl sulfoxide) to attain different levels of reaction activity for three phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid). The successful autocatalytic Fischer esterification reaction was thoroughly investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 13 C CP-MAS, diffusion-edited 1 H NMR and multiplicity-edited heteronuclear single quantum coherence). Control of the properties of cellulose in the dispersed state, welding, and IL plasticization were achieved during casting and recrystallization to the cellulose II crystalline allomorph. Films of cellulose carrying grafted acids were characterized with respect to properties relevant to packaging materials. Most notably, despite the low degree of esterification (DS < 0.25), the films displayed a remarkable strength (3.5 GPa), flexibility (strains up to 35%), optical transparency (>90%), and water resistance (WCA ∼90°). Moreover, the measured water vapor barrier was found to be similar to that of poly(lactic acid) composite films. Overall, the results contribute to the development of the next-generation green, renewable, and biodegradable films for packaging applications.