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Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a group of highly heterogeneous, complicated clinical syndromes. Although kidney biopsy plays an irreplaceable role in evaluating complex AKI, a few studies have focused on the clinicopathology of AKI biopsies. This study analyzed the pathological disease spectrum, causes, and renal outcomes of biopsied AKI patients. Methods: We retrospectively included 2,027 AKI patients who underwent kidney biopsies at a national clinical research center of kidney diseases from 2013 through 2018. To compare the biopsied AKI cases without and with coexisting glomerulopathy, patients were classified into acute tubular/tubulointerstitial nephropathy-associated AKI (ATIN-AKI) and glomerular disease-associated AKI (GD-AKI) groups. Results: Of 2,027 biopsied AKI patients, 65.1% were male, with a median age of 43 years. A total of 1,590 (78.4%) patients had coexisting GD, while only 437 (21.6%) patients had ATIN alone. The AKI patients with GD mainly (53.5%) manifested as stage 1 AKI, while most ATIN-AKI patients (74.8%) had stage 3 AKI. In the ATIN-AKI group, 256 (58.6%) patients had acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), and 77 (17.6%) had acute tubular injury (ATI). ATIN-AKI was mainly caused by drugs in 85.5% of AIN and 63.6% of ATI cases, respectively. In AKI patients with coexisting GD, the leading pathological diagnoses in over 80% of patients were IgA nephropathy (IgAN,22.5%), minimal change disease (MCD,17.5%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS,15.3%), lupus nephritis (LN,11.9%), membranous nephropathy (MN,10.2%), and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV,4.7%). A total of 775 patients followed up within 3 months after renal biopsy; ATIN-AKI patients achieved statistically higher complete renal recovery than the GD-AKI patients (83.5% versus 70.5%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Most biopsied AKI patients have coexisting GD, while ATIN alone is seen less frequently. ATIN-AKI is mainly caused by drugs. In GD-AKI patients, IgAN, MCD, FSGS, LN, MN, and AAV are the leading diagnoses. Compared to AKI patients without GD, patients with GD suffer from worse renal function recovery.

Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs), offering diverse signal processing functions within a single chip, are promising solutions for applications ranging from optical communications to artificial intelligence. While the scale and complexity of programmable PICs are increasing, their characterization, and thus calibration, becomes increasingly challenging. Here we demonstrate a phase retrieval method for programmable PICs using an on-chip fractional-delay reference path. The impulse response of the chip can be uniquely and precisely identified from only the insertion loss using a standard complex Fourier transform. We demonstrate our approach experimentally with a four-tap finite-impulse-response chip. The results match well with expectations and verify our approach as effective for individually determining the taps’ weights without the need for additional ports or photodiodes.

We propose an optical adaptive Least-Mean-Squares equalizer with an optoelectronic feedback loop to determine the updating of an optical Finite-Impulse-Response filter’s weights, enabling dispersion compensation introduced by 30-km fiber based on a photonic integrated circuit.

Interactive medias are the Important mediums to express and disseminate the modern culture and art. The application and performance of Chinese traditional patterns as the important visual figures carrying traditional culture in the environment of interactive medias is the important proposition in the art design of interactive medias. Now, the original scenes for using of Chinese traditional patterns disappeared gradually. The integration of Chinese traditional patterns and interactive medias is the collision of both traditional culture and modern culture. It gives the Chinese traditional patterns the new vitality and expressive force based on the application of digital media technology and the expression of art. However, a lot of considerations and practical explorations are needed for the innovative expression of Chinese traditional patterns in interactive medias. The purpose of this paper is to explore the innovative expression methods based on the traditional Chinese patterns of interactive medias and obtain the new methods of innovative expression of Chinese traditional patterns in interactive medias through the ways of pattern classification, case analysis, making interactive media works, analyzing user feedback and so on.