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The inter-satellite laser ranging heterodyne interferometer is vital for future gravity missions to achieve high ranging accuracy. This paper proposes a novel off-axis optical bench design which integrates merits of the off-axis optical bench design of GRACE Follow-On mission and other on-axis designs. This design makes use of lens systems subtly to restrict the tilt-to-length coupling noise and takes advantage of the DWS feedback loop to maintain the transmitting beam and receiving beam anti-parallel. The critical parameters of the optical components are determined and the carrier-to-noise ratio for a single channel of the photoreceiver is calculated to be more than 100 dB-Hz for the high case. The off-axis optical bench design is a potential candidate for China’s future gravity missions.

Purpose The CellSearch® system has been used to identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to diagnose leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) in patients with epithelial cancers. Using this system, we prospectively explored sequential CSF CTC enumeration in patients with LM from HER2+ cancers receiving intrathecal (IT) trastuzumab to capture dynamic changes in CSF CTC enumeration. Methods CSF from patients enrolled in an IRB-approved phase I/II dose escalation trial of IT trastuzumab for LM in HER2+ cancer (NCT01325207) was obtained on day 1 of each cycle and was evaluated by the CellSearch® platform for CTC enumeration. The results were correlated with CSF cytology from the same sample, along with clinical and radiographic response. Results Fifteen out of 34 patients with HER2+ LM were enrolled in CSF CTC analysis; 14 were women. Radiographic LM was documented in 14 (93%) patients; CSF cytology was positive in 6 (40%) and CSF CTCs were identified in 13 (87%). Median CSF CTC was 22 CTCs (range 0–200 +) per 3 ml. HER2/neu expression analysis of CTCs was performed in 8 patients; 75% had confirmed expression of HER2/neu positivity in CSF and HER2/neu expression was absent in 25%. Four of 10 patients received 7 or more cycles of IT trastuzumab; in 3 of these patients, increase in CSF CTCs enumeration from baseline was detected 2–3 months prior to changes seen on MRI, and while CSF cytology remained negative. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that enumeration of CSF CTCs may provide dynamic, quantitative assessment of tumor burden in the central nervous system compartment during treatment for LM and prior to changes on MRI or CSF cytology. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01325207; registered March 29th, 2011.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) presenting with atypical radiological findings often leads to delayed diagnosis. We aim to characterize the radiological features and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of PCNSL with atypical neuroimaging presentation in our local population. We retrospectively reviewed all patients with histological diagnosis of CNS lymphoma at our tertiary center from 2005 to 2016. We screened all initial pre-treatment MRIs and excluded cases with typical imaging findings of contrast-enhancing lesions without intra-lesional susceptibility and central non-enhancement. Additional exclusion criteria included (i) relapsed PCNSL, (ii) secondary CNS lymphoma, and (iii) positive HIV status. Two independent raters scored MRI and CT scans at presentation. We computed ADC values in the tumors by 2 methods: single region of interest (ROI1) and multiple ROI (ROI2). Sixteen (25.4%) of 63 patients with CNS lymphoma met inclusion criteria. There were 8 men; median age was 61 (range 22–81) years. Histological diagnoses were diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n = 14) and intravascular lymphoma (n = 2). Fifteen (93%) patients had enhancing lesions (5 solitary; 10 multifocal); most enhancing lesions had T1 hypointense (67%) and T2 mixed (53%) signals, and 6 (40%) had central non-enhancing regions. Nine (56%) patients had lesions with susceptibility. Using the ROI methods, median values for minimum ADC and mean ADC ranged 0.65–0.71 × 10–3 mm2/s and 0.79–0.84 × 10–3 mm2/s respectively. PCNSL with atypical radiological features represented one-fourth of our histologically diagnosed lymphoma cases; low ADC values in atypical lesions should prompt clinicians to consider early biopsy for definitive diagnosis.

Airborne laser bathymetric system has great advantages in shallow sea bathymetric mapping due to its no blind area, high accuracy and high density data. By using Monte Carlo method and radiation-transport equation, the spatial distribution of the signal spot on the sea surface is calculated respectively. The results show that the spatial distribution of the signal spot returned to the sea surface is more extensive with the increase of the depth, and the power attenuation of the center of the spot is more serious. In this paper, signal to noise ratio (SNR) is used as the performance evaluation criterion of laser bathymetry system, and the requirements of field of view for signal detection under different depth are analyzed. The analytic results will provide support for the design and optimization of the laser bathymetric system.

Background Improvements in detection and molecular characterization of leptomeningeal metastasis from lung cancer (LC-LM) coupled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-penetrating targeted therapies have altered disease management. A barrier to formal study of these therapies in LM is quantification of disease burden. Also, outcomes of patients with targetable mutations in LC-LM are not well defined. This study employs molecular and radiographic measures of LM disease burden and correlates these with outcome. Methods We reviewed charts of 171 patients with LC-LM treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering. A subset had MRI and CSF studies available. Radiographic involvement (n = 76) was scored by number of gadolinium-enhancing sites in 8 locations. CSF studies included cytopathology, circulating tumor cell (CTC) quantification (n = 16), and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis (n = 21). Clinical outcomes were compared with Kaplan–Meier log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards methodologies. Results Median overall survival was 4.2 months (95% CI: 3.6–4.9); 84 patients (49%) harbored targetable mutations. Among bevacizumab-naïve patients with MRI and CSF cytology at time of LC-LM diagnosis, extent of radiographic involvement correlated with risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02–1.33; P = 0.03), as did CSF CTC (HR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.01–11.37; P = 0.048) and CSF cfDNA concentration (HR: 2.58; 95% CI: 0.94–7.05; P = 0.06). Those without a targetable mutation were almost 50% more likely to die (HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.06–2.11; P = 0.02). Conclusions Extent of radiographic involvement and quantification of CSF CTC and cfDNA show promise as prognostic indicators. These findings support molecular characterization and staging for clinical management, prognostication, and clinical trial stratification of LC-LM.

Imaging spectropolarimetry has been explored as a technology which can meet our demand for more and more information in civilian and military applications. Spectrometry can distinguish target spectra from background spectra. The polarimetric has the ability to identify false targets and can improve the accuracy of detection for the objects. A experimental device has been developed which is operated in the visible wavelength to display the potential of this technique for future space-based systems. The experiment setup and some experimental results are presented in this paper.

A remote eavesdropping system based on the laser feedback interferometry is proposed. The diffuse objects neighboring the speaker can work as inconspicuous sensors. The modulated incident beam is scattered back to the laser cavity by the objects, forming the self-mixing interference. The huge amplification caused by the self-mixing interference provides the system with ultra-high sensitivity, even the feedback light whose intensity is -104dB lower than the laser output can still be sensed. The comprehensible voice reconstruction of the object at the distance of 200 m can be realized, although only 0.91 photon in each interference modulation cycle is scattered back into the laser cavity. Additionally, the range of the incident angle of the beam can be up to ±45 deg, and the optimal one is ±30 deg. This system can meet various requirements of acoustic signals detection and be potentially applied in fields as disaster relief and remote surveillance.

Background While atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important risk factor for ischemic strokes and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Alzheimer's disease, the association between AF and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), and the factors mediating this association, is unclear. Objective To investigate the role of AF in PSCI, especially in relation to other markers of cerebrovascular disease. Methods 445 subjects with mild ischemic stroke without pre-stroke cognitive decline were assessed 3-6 months post-stroke for cognitive deficits. MRIs were reviewed by trained raters for acute infarct characteristics, global cortical atrophy, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, and intracranial stenosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with PSCI. Subjects were also categorized according to paroxysmal (pAF) or persistent/chronic AF (p/cAF), and presence or absence of AF or large cortical infarcts (LCI) to study cognitive trends. Results 80 (18.0%) subjects had AF. 76.3% of AF subjects and 42.7% of subjects without AF had PSCI. The odds ratio (OR) of AF in developing PSCI was 2.31 (95% CI: 1.12-4.75; p = 0.035), after correcting for other risk factors. pAF subjects and AF subjects with LCIs had higher ORs for PSCI. AF subjects performed worse in neuropsychological tasks associated with global cognition, episodic memory, and executive function. Conclusion AF is a significant risk factor for PSCI, even after correcting for AF-related infarcts. Other mechanisms, such as hypoperfusion, microhemorrhages, and neuroinflammation, may be at play. All stroke patients with AF, regardless of the type of infarction, should be closely monitored for PSCI.

Background Diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) remains challenging due to low sensitivity of CSF cytology and infrequent unequivocal MRI findings. In a previous pilot study, we showed that rare cell capture technology (RCCT) could be used to detect circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the CSF of patients with LM from epithelial tumors. To establish the diagnostic accuracy of CSF-CTC in the diagnosis of LM, we applied this technique in a distinct, larger cohort of patients. Methods In this institutional review board-approved prospective study, patients with epithelial tumors and clinical suspicion of LM underwent CSF-CTC evaluation and standard MRI and CSF cytology examination. CSF-CTC enumeration was performed through an FDA-approved epithelial cell adhesion molecule-based RCCT immunomagnetic platform. LM was defined by either positive CSF cytology or imaging positive for LM. ROC analysis was utilized to define an optimal cutoff for CSF-CTC enumeration. Results Ninety-five patients were enrolled (36 breast, 31 lung, 28 others). LM was diagnosed in 30 patients (32%) based on CSF cytology (n = 12), MRI findings (n = 2), or both (n = 16). CSF-CTC were detected in 43/95 samples (median 19.3 CSF-CTC/mL, range 0.3 to 66.7). Based on ROC analysis, 1 CSF-CTC/mL provided the best threshold to diagnose LM, achieving a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value 90%, and negative predictive value 97%. Conclusions We defined ≥1 CSF-CTC/mL as the optimal cutoff for diagnosis of LM. CSF-CTC enumeration through RCCT is a robust tool to diagnose LM and should be considered in the routine LM workup in solid tumor patients.

BackgroundIntraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is a relative contraindication to bevacizumab therapy, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. However, in patients with symptomatic enhancing tumors and poor functional status, bevacizumab may be the only beneficial therapeutic option.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients with high-grade glioma who were treated between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014 with bevacizumab despite prior IPH.ResultsEighteen patients met our study criteria. There were 12 women and 6 men with a median age of 56 years. Tumor types were glioblastoma (n = 15), anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 2), and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (n = 1). Seventeen patients had prior spontaneous intratumoral bleed (13 grade 1–2; 4 grade 3–4); the 1 remaining patient had a grade 3 bleed due to cerebral venous thrombosis. Among them, identifiable risk factors for hemorrhage were anti-VEGF therapy, anticoagulation use, thrombocytopenia, and hypertension; seven had no identifiable risk factors. The median duration from IPH to (re-)initiation of bevacizumab was 113 days (range 13–1367). Brain imaging performed prior to bevacizumab treatment showed persistent or evolving hemorrhage in 8 patients and complete resolution in 10 patients. With a median follow-up duration of 137 days after bevacizumab re-initiation, only 1 (6%) of the 18 patients re-bled; this patient had an anaplastic oligodendroglioma and developed a grade 2 intratumoral bleed after 3 doses of bevacizumab.ConclusionsThe incidence of re-bleed is rare. Bevacizumab use was safe in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma following IPH for whom no other meaningful treatment options existed.

AIM Early-onset dementia (EOD) (defined as dementia onset before age 65) presents specific challenges and issues, adding to the negative impact of dementia on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of both patients and their caregivers. However, very few published studies have specifically compared the HRQOL of caregivers of people with EOD and late-onset dementia (LOD). This information is critical in allocating and prioritizing scarce health-care resources. We aimed to assess the HRQOL of primary informal caregivers of community-dwelling individuals with EOD in Singapore and compare it with that of caregivers of individuals with LOD. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of consecutive patient-caregiver dyads from a tertiary dementia clinic. RESULTS No significant differences in disease severity were found between the 111 EOD and 235 LOD patient-caregiver dyads. The mean Mental Component Summary score of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey version 2 was significantly worse in caregivers of EOD patients than in LOD caregivers (mean: 41.42 vs 45.12, P = 0.001), although the mean Physical Component Summary scores were comparable (49.71 vs 49.53, P = 0.934). However, the impact of dementia early onset on caregivers' mental health diminished immediately after adjustment for the disease severity indicators, of which the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire distress score was the only significant clinical factor (regression coefficient β = -0.29, P

In this paper, we demonstrate the generation and observation of watt-level, coherent tunable terahertz radiation from relativistic femtosecond electron beam. Spectral content of the coherent terahertz emission from the undulator and dipole magnet is measured, and high quality terahertz imaging experimental is carried utilizing methodology of super-resolution reconstruction.

THz imaging plays an important role in astronomy, atmospheric remote sensing and biological identification. Improvement of imaging quality is of great significance to the application of terahertz imaging system. In this paper, on the basis of quantum probability statistics, an image enhancement method for improving terahertz imaging quality is proposed. Experimental results show that this method takes account of both global and local image information, and improves the quality of terahertz image effectively.

Targeted therapies are part of biomarker-driven strategies that exploit actionable molecular targets and have gained traction following survival benefits demonstrated in various systemic malignancies. In glioblastoma, where therapeutic options remain scarce and prognosis poor, targeted therapies offer an attractive treatment alternative and are actively examined in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the targeted therapies, including traditional small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies as well as immunotherapeutic approaches that are examined in clinical trials, and discuss the challenges of using them for the treatment of glioblastoma. Despite initial speculations, phase II/III trials of targeted therapies in adult patients with glioblastoma have largely failed. Recent trials have focused on improving patient stratification, drug-tissue penetration, and target and compensatory pathway inhibition to optimize treatment response. In contrast to traditional small molecule and monoclonal antibody therapies, cancer immunotherapy may target specific molecular or immune checkpoint target(s) to trigger immune responses against glioblastoma. Early phase clinical trials of immunotherapy have shown encouraging results, and larger randomized trials are ongoing. Targeted therapies are being actively studied in clinical trials. Patients with glioblastoma should be prioritized for clinical trial participation.

The above article was published with incorrect list of authors. We have added Seyed Ehasan Saffari and his affiliation as the addition of the new author to the author list was requested at revision stage.

BACKGROUND: The validated CellSearch system (Janssen Diagnostics, LLC), utilizing an immunomagnetic CTC selection method based on EPCAM antibody conjugated ferroparticles, is an FDA-approved methodology for enumerating CTC from blood in pts with breast, prostate and colon cancers. The CellSearch system has been used to evaluate CSF CTC of pts with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) and has demonstrated potential as a diagnostic marker and response to cancer treatment. We explored the use of CSF CTC enumeration in the follow-up of pts with LM from HER2+ cancers receiving intrathecal (IT) therapy, aimed at characterizing changes over time as a potential biomarker of treatment response. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CSF from pts participating in an IRB-approved phase I/II dose escalation trial of IT trastuzumab for LM in HER2+ cancer (NCT01325207) was evaluated by CellSearch system. 3 ml CSF from a ventricular reservoir was collected for CSF CTC enumeration at pre-treatment Day 1 of each cycle and correlated with CSF cytology from the same sample, and with clinical and radiographic response. LM progression was defined as clinical or radiographic worsening. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with HER2+ LM (14 breast, 1 colon) were enrolled; 14 were women. Six patients had baseline positive CSF cytology; the remaining were diagnosed by MRI. Of the 15 patients, 10 had greater than 1 cycle of treatment to be evaluable; 5 patients progressed during cycle 1. Median CSF CTC at baseline was 22 per 3ml (range 0–200); 2 patients had no detectable CSF CTCs. A decrease in CSF CTC was observed in 5 patients after cycle 1 and remained low (mean =9.5, range 0–92) in 2 patients while disease was stable. 3 patients had a rise in CSF CTCs roughly 1 month prior to progression. In the 10 patients with HER2 analysis, number of CTCs correlated with HER 2 expression. CONCLUSION: CSF CTC HER2 expression provided further affirmation that CTCs are malignant. Changes in CSF CTC enumeration allow quantitative surveillance of treatment response and should be further investigated.

In this paper, we present a portable, video rate, low-cost and high imaging quality terahertz imager which is suitable for manned spacecraft on-orbit nondestructive examination and security inspection, the imager can hand-held by astronaut or space station's robot arm, and some components test results are given.

PURPOSE: Prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is important for optimization of treatment planning. Quantitative imaging biomarkers for PCNSL have not yet been established. This study evaluated the prognostic value of pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging for progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with PCNSL. METHODS: Pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging were retrospectively analyzed in 18 immunocompetent patients with PCNSL. Volumes of interest encompassing the tumors were assessed for measurements of blood plasma volume (Vp), volume transfer constant (K(trans)), and apparent diffusion coefficient. Patients were divided into short and long PFS groups based on median PFS. Imaging and clinical variables were correlated with PFS. RESULTS: Median PFS was 19.6 months. Lower Vp(mean) and K(trans)(mean) values increased risk for rapid progression (< 19.6 months). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated an optimal Vp(mean) cutoff value of 2.29 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.74, sensitivity and specificity = 0.78, p = 0.023) for separating patients with short and long PFS. The optimal K(trans)(mean) cutoff was 0.08 (AUC = 0.74, sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.78, p = 0.025). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log-rank test demonstrated significantly (p = 0.015) increased risk of rapid progression for patients with Vp(mean) < 2.29. Vp(mean) was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with PFS on univariate Cox analysis. Apparent diffusion coefficient values and clinical factors did not influence PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment Vp and K(trans) derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI may be novel prognostic quantitative imaging biomarkers of progression-free survival in patients with PCNSL. These data should be prospectively validated in larger patient cohorts.

Purpose Carboxyamidotriazole orotate (CTO) is a novel oral inhibitor of non–voltage-dependent calcium channels with modulatory effects in multiple cell-signaling pathways and synergistic effects with temozolomide (TMZ) in glioblastoma (GBM) models. We conducted a phase IB study combining CTO with two standard TMZ schedules in GBM. Methods In cohort 1, patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas or GBM received escalating doses of CTO (219 to 812.5 mg/m2 once daily or 600 mg fixed once-daily dose) combined with TMZ (150 mg/m2 5 days during each 28-day cycle). In cohort 2, patients with newly diagnosed GBM received escalating doses of CTO (219 to 481 mg/m2/d once daily) with radiotherapy and TMZ 75 mg/m2/d, followed by TMZ 150 mg to 200 mg/m2 5 days during each 28-day cycle. Results Forty-seven patients were enrolled. Treatment was well tolerated; toxicities included fatigue, constipation, nausea, and hypophosphatemia. Pharmacokinetics showed that CTO did not alter TMZ levels; therapeutic concentrations were achieved in tumor and brain. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed; the recommended phase II dose was 600 mg/d flat dose. Signals of activity in cohort 1 (n = 27) included partial (n = 6) and complete (n = 1) response, including in O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase unmethylated and bevacizumab-refractory tumors. In cohort 2 (n = 15), median progression-free survival was 15 months and median overall survival was not reached (median follow-up, 28 months; 2-year overall survival, 62%). Gene sequencing disclosed a high rate of responses among EGFR-amplified tumors ( P = .005), with mechanisms of acquired resistance possibly involving mutations in mismatch-repair genes and/or downstream components TSC2, NF1, NF2, PTEN, and PIK3CA. Conclusion CTO can be combined safely with TMZ or chemoradiation in GBM and anaplastic gliomas, displaying favorable brain penetration and promising signals of activity in this difficult-to-treat population.

Based on the requirements of project assignment, the paper firstly introduces the needs for principle prototype, and its overall technical solutions, assignment analysis and requirement index. Then it elaborates key technical solutions, prototype technical plan, as well as project design and production of its components, besides, we also developed testing device for debugging and testing needs, when the components design is completed, we conducted components alignment and testing, overall testing, obtaining noise squeezing degree （dB）of quantum squeezed field by principle prototype ≥ 6.4 dB, and the resolution higher than 0.2 mm @ 0.5m. We met the index requirements of principle prototype and realized high resolution imaging, providing significant basis for the following relative projects and for the development of new remote sensing technology with high performance.

The mechanism and characteristics of spectral polarization imaging technique are presented. The present research and developing trend of spectral polarization remote sensing are introduced. A novel method of spectral polarization imaging technique is discussed, which is based on static intensity modulation adding with double refraction crystal spectrometer. The static intensity modulation consists of two retarders and one polarizer. The double refraction crystal is used to generate interference image. The spectral and four Stokes vectors information can be obtained only by one measurement. The method of static intensity modulation is deduced in detail and is simulated by computer. The spectropolarimeter experimental system is also established in the laboratory. The basic concept of the technique is verified.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) warrants early detection and management. We sought to develop a risk score for screening patients at bedside for risk of delayed PSCI. Ischemic stroke survivors with PSCI and no cognitive impairments (NCI) 3–6 months post-stroke were studied to identify candidate variables predictive of PSCI. These variables were used to develop a risk score using regression models. The score, and the best identified clinical cutoff point, underwent development, stability testing, and internal and external validation in three independent cohorts from Singapore and Hong Kong. Across 1,088 subjects, the risk score, dubbed CHANGE, had areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) from 0.74 to 0.82 in detecting significant risk for PSCI, and had predicted values following actual prevalence. In validation data 3–6 and 12–18 months post-stroke, subjects with low, medium, and high scores had PSCI prevalence of 7–23%, 25–58%, and 67–82%. CHANGE was effective in screening ischemic stroke survivors for significant risk of developing PSCI up to 18 months post-stroke. CHANGE used readily available and reliable clinical data, and may be useful in identifying at-risk patients for PSCI.

According to the development and application needs of Remote Sensing Science and technology, Prof. Siwen Bi proposed quantum remote sensing. Firstly, the paper gives a brief introduction of the background of quantum remote sensing, the research status and related researches at home and abroad on the theory, information mechanism and imaging experiments of quantum remote sensing and the production of principle prototype.Then, the quantization of pure remote sensing radiation field, the state function and squeezing effect of quantum remote sensing radiation field are emphasized. It also describes the squeezing optical operator of quantum light field in active imaging information transmission experiment and imaging experiments, achieving 2-3 times higher resolution than that of coherent light detection imaging and completing the production of quantum remote sensing imaging prototype. The application of quantum remote sensing technology can significantly improve both the signal-to-noise ratio of information transmission imaging and the spatial resolution of quantum remote sensing .On the above basis, Prof.Bi proposed the technical solution of active imaging information transmission technology of satellite borne quantum remote sensing, launched researches on its system composition and operation principle and on quantum noiseless amplifying devices, providing solutions and technical basis for implementing active imaging information technology of satellite borne Quantum Remote Sensing.

Terahertz technology is one of emerging technologies that has a potential to change our life. There is considerable interest in using electromagnetic terahertz pulses for imaging purposes. In this paper we presented initial results for improving the resolution of terahertz pulsed imaging system utilizing methodology of super-resolution reconstruction. We attempt to reconstruct an super-resolution(SR) reconstruction terahertz image from four subpixel-shifted low resolution(LR) terahertz images acquired under the same experimental condition via the THz-TDS system. The experimental results are analyzed and discussed. It was shown in laboratory experiments that SR has good effect of reconstructing a SR terahertz image from multi-frame LR.

Squeezed state light field can surpass the shot noise limit and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensor measurement. In this paper, based on optical parametric amplification (OPA), we present employed a semi-monolithic cavity and miniaturization design of optical parametric amplifier (OPA) to improve system stability. The infrared spectrum 1064nm quadrature squeezed state field of noise squeezing degree 6.75dB is obtained by pumped the PPKTP crystal via 532nm laser. This work provides a practical light source for quantum sensing detection.

Background:There are limited data to guide clinicians in differentiating tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TMS) from CNS neoplasms. Identifying distinguishing features will inform diagnosis and management and avoid unnecessary diagnostic biopsy. Our study aimed to determine the clinical and radiologic features that differentiate TMS from glioma and CNS lymphoma (CNSL) in patients who present with tumefactive lesions.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed all patients with tumefactive lesions and histologically proven or clinically diagnosed TMS, glioma, or CNSL at our tertiary center from 1999 to 2012. Two independent blinded neuroradiologists rated MRI brain scans at presentation. We correlated patients' demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data to final diagnosis.Results:A total of 133 patients (10 TMS, 85 glioma, 38 CNSL) were analyzed. Patients with TMS were younger and a greater proportion were women. Presenting symptoms did not distinguish between diagnoses. TMS lesions were smaller compared to glioma and CNSL, had no or mild mass effect, and were always associated with contrast enhancement. Radiologic features that were more frequent in TMS lesions were incomplete rim (open-ring) enhancement, incomplete peripheral diffusion restriction, and mixed T2 signal and CT hypoattenuation of MRI-enhancing components (all p < 0.05).Conclusions:Radiologic features but not presenting symptoms are useful in distinguishing TMS from CNS neoplasms.

Long baseline optical interferometry, by combining the lights from widely-distributed telescopes, is shown to afford pronounced improvement in the imaging resolution in comparison with a single telescope. However, the noise and photon loss in the transmission between the telescopes would limit the length of baseline of interferometer to a few hundred meters. Here, we present a scheme for enhancement of long baseline optical interferometer by using quantum resources- noiseless linear amplifier (NLA) and displacement operation at the photon transmission channels. We exhibit this enhancement quantitatively by calculating higher fisher information compared with those of conventional optical interferometer.

The Smith-Purcell radiation is a promising alternative to make Terahertz wave be development and utilization. Measure the spectrum of Terahertz can reflect the source performance and stability indirectly. The design and construction of a simple THz Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is described. The spectrometer is operation at frequencies between 0.1 and 5 THz with a frequency resolution of 3 GHz.

Purpose Cancer spread to the central nervous system (CNS) often is diagnosed late and is unresponsive to therapy. Mechanisms of tumor dissemination and evolution within the CNS are largely unknown because of limited access to tumor tissue. Materials and Methods We sequenced 341 cancer-associated genes in cell-free DNA from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained through routine lumbar puncture in 53 patients with suspected or known CNS involvement by cancer. Results We detected high-confidence somatic alterations in 63% (20 of 32) of patients with CNS metastases of solid tumors, 50% (six of 12) of patients with primary brain tumors, and 0% (zero of nine) of patients without CNS involvement by cancer. Several patients with tumor progression in the CNS during therapy with inhibitors of oncogenic kinases harbored mutations in the kinase target or kinase bypass pathways. In patients with glioma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, examination of cell-free DNA uncovered patterns of tumor evolution, including temozolomide-associated mutations. Conclusion The study shows that CSF harbors clinically relevant genomic alterations in patients with CNS cancers and should be considered for liquid biopsies to monitor tumor evolution in the CNS.

According to remote sensing science and technology development and application requirements, quantum remote sensing is proposed. First on the background of quantum remote sensing, quantum remote sensing theory, information mechanism, imaging experiments and prototype principle prototype research situation, related research at home and abroad are briefly introduced. Then we expounds compress operator of the quantum remote sensing radiation field and the basic principles of single-mode compression operator, quantum quantum light field of remote sensing image compression experiment preparation and optical imaging, the quantum remote sensing imaging principle prototype, Quantum remote sensing spaceborne active imaging technology is brought forward, mainly including quantum remote sensing spaceborne active imaging system composition and working principle, preparation and injection compression light active imaging device and quantum noise amplification device. Finally, the summary of quantum remote sensing research in the past 15 years work and future development are introduced.

The development of a static Fourier-transform spectrometer based on a Wollaston prism, two polarizers, and a CCD detector is described. The elimination of moving parts from the design makes the recorded interferogram inherently stable. The spectrometer operates in the visible region of the spectrum, has a resolution of 81 cm−1, an aperture of 20 mm, and a field of view of ±2.5°. Some experimental results are presented.

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is a leading cause of infection in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Cloxacillin, cefazolin, and vancomycin are the mainstay antimicrobials. Cloxacillin administration leads to frequent drug dosing, longer length of stay (LOS), and higher cost, while resistance and poorer outcomes are associated with vancomycin use. Dosing cefazolin during HD allows for prolonged blood therapeutic levels. We assessed the outcomes and safety of a strategy of treating MSSA bacteremia with 2-3 g cefazolin on HD only. All HD patients with MSSA bacteremia admitted in June-December 2009 at our center and receiving this regime were compared with historical controls who received cloxacillin. Demographic characteristics and outcome measures like mortality, LOS, cost, recrudescence, and adverse drug reactions were assessed. Of 27 consecutive episodes reviewed, 14 and 13 patients received cefazolin and cloxacillin, respectively. Baseline demographics were comparable between the 2 treatment groups. More than one-third of the bacteremia was related to tunneled catheter infection. The 30-day mortality of cloxacillin- and cefazolin-treated patients was 15% and 7%, respectively (P=0.14). Two of the 11 survivors treated with cloxacillin (18%) had recrudescent bacteremia while none was observed in cefazolin-treated survivors. Cefazolin was associated with shorter LOS (10 vs. 20 days, P

2064Background: Recent improvements in detection and molecular characterization of leptomeningeal metastasis from lung cancer (LC-LM) coupled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-penetrating targeted the...

Background: Post stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), an important complication of strokes, has numerous risk factors. A scale adequately classifying risk of cognitive impairment 3–6 months after mild stroke will be useful for clinicians. Objective: To develop a risk score based on clinical and neuroimaging variables that will be useful in identifying mild ischemic stroke patients at high risk for PSCI. Methods: The risk score development cohort comprised of a retrospective dataset of 209 mild stroke patients with MRI confirmed infarcts, without pre-stroke cognitive impairment, and evaluated within 6 months post-stroke for PSCI. Logistic regression identified factors predictive of PSCI and a risk score was developed based on regression coefficients. The risk score was checked for stability using 10-fold cross-validation and validated in an independent prospective cohort of 185 ischemic mild stroke patients. Results: Within 6 months post-stroke, 37.32% developed PSCI in the retrospective dataset. A 15-point risk score based on age, education, acute cortical infarcts, white matter hyperintensity, chronic lacunes, global cortical atrophy, and intracranial large vessel stenosis was highly predictive of PSCI with an AUC of 0.829. 10.11% with low scores, 52.69% with moderate scores, and 74.07% with high scores developed PSCI. In the prospective validation cohort, the model had an AUC of 0.776, and exhibited similar accuracy and stability statistics at both 6 and 12 months. Conclusion: The seven item risk score adequately identified mild stroke patients who are at an increased risk of developing PSCI.

Imaging spectropolarimetry has been explored as a method that increment in our capability to respond to existing requirements, as well as to our insatiable need for more information in remote sensing applications. Spectrometry enables detailed comparison of target and background spectra. The polarimetric state of received radiation contains valuable information about source object surface roughness and orientation, it has the potential to highlight manmade objects despite spectral camouflage. A laboratory breadboard spectropolarimetric system has been design for operation in the visible waveband to demonstrate the potential of this technique for future airborne and spaceborne systems. The experiment setup and some experimental results are presented in this paper.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) and has been associated with clinical improvement and steroid reduction. ICH is a contraindication to bevacizumab therapy. However, in patients with symptomatic enhancing tumors and poor Karnofsky performance status, bevacizumab may be the only beneficial treatment option. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with recurrent malignant glioma who were treated with bevacizumab despite prior ICH at our center. RESULTS: Five patients (3 males; 2 females) with a median age of 51 years (range 20-60 years) were identified. All patients developed intratumoral bleed (three grade 2; two grade 1); one was receiving bevacizumab and two were on anticoagulation for systemic venous thrombosis. The mean volume of ICH was 9.4 cm3 (range 0.2-39.5 cm3). After a median duration of 61 days (range 14-140 days) from the ICH, bevacizumab was started or resumed at the standard dose of 10 mg/kg every two weeks. Brain imaging performed immediately prior to bevacizumab treatment showed persistent or evolving hemorrhage in four patients and complete resolution of ICH in one patient. Following bevacizumab therapy, all patients achieved initial clinical improvement. One patient received bevacizumab while intubated, was successfully extubated but developed other systemic complications, and died 42 days after receiving bevacizumab; post-bevacizumab CT brain scan was stable without ICH progression. The other four patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a median duration of 4 months (range 1.4-22 months) and did not demonstrate any evidence of recurrent or worsening ICH on brain imaging. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, although small, bevacizumab use was safe in patients with recurrent malignant glioma following ICH for which no other meaningful treatment options existed.

Background: Young onset dementia (YOD) presents in individuals who are economically productive and socially active. While the cost related to dementia in the elderly has been widely studied, the cost related to YOD is largely unknown. Objective: To study the economic burden of community dwelling YOD in relation to late onset dementia (LOD) and cost of YOD based on etiology. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study of 255 patients attending a tertiary neurology center, data on economic burden, clinical features, and caregiver burden were collected using structured financial questionnaire, standard cognitive and neuropsychiatric measures, and Zarit caregiver burden scale. Cost components were grouped into those relating to direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and those related to indirect costs. Cost was also categorized based on etiology of YOD. Results: The mean age at symptom onset in the YOD and LOD cohort was 57.0 (SD 5.1) and 75.0 (SD 5.9) years, respectively. The median annual cost for patients with YOD was almost twice that of LOD (USD 15,815 versus USD 8,396). Indirect cost contributed heavily to cost related to YOD. Even when grouped by dementia etiology, YOD patients with Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular dementia had higher cost compared to their elderly counterparts. Young onset FTD had the highest cost. 43.2% of YOD reported loss of employment due to dementia, which was significantly higher than that in LOD (2.4%). Conclusion: Patients with YOD have a high economic burden. Young patients with FTD have the highest cost followed by vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

There has been much recent interest in quantum technology for applications to high resolution imaging and interference measurement. Due to noise and photon loss in the transmission between the telescopes, the current optical interferometers have quite limited baselines to a few hundred meters at most, which limit the resolutions. Here we propose to use noiseless linear amplifier (NLA) to reduce optical loss in the transmission. We also show that NLA can be further improved with local squeezing operator. We envisage that our analysis on this squeezing operator assisted NLA method could help to develop higher resolution interferometers, which would have many applications in stellar observation.

Brain metastases (BMs) occur in 10% to 20% of adult patients with cancer, and with increased surveillance and improved systemic control, the incidence is likely to grow. Despite multimodal treatment, prognosis remains poor. Current evidence supports use of whole-brain radiation therapy when patients present with multiple BMs. However, its associated cognitive impairment is a major deterrent in patients likely to live longer than 6 months. In patients with oligometastases (one to three metastases) and even some with multiple lesions less than 3 to 4 cm, especially if the primary tumor is considered radiotherapy resistant, stereotactic radiosurgery is recommended; if the BMs are greater than 4 cm, surgical resection with or without postoperative whole-brain radiation therapy should be considered. There is increasing evidence that systemic therapy, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, is effective against BM and may be an early choice, especially in patients with sensitive primary tumors. In patients with progressive systemic disease, limited treatment options, and poor performance status, best supportive care may be appropriate. Regardless of treatment goals, use of corticosteroids or antiepileptic medications is helpful in symptomatic patients. In this review, we provide a summary of current therapy, as well as developments in the treatment of BM from solid tumors.

The summary of hyperspectral polarization remote sensing detection is presented, including the characteristics and mechanism of polarization detection, the expression of polarization light and the detection method. The present research of hyperspectral polarization remote sensing is introduced. A novel method of hyperspectral polarization imaging technique is discussed, which is based on static modulation adding with the double refraction crystal. The static modulation is composed of one polarizer and two retarders. The double refraction crystal is used to generate interference image. The four Stokes vectors and spectral information can be detected only by one measurement. The method of static modulation is introduced in detail and is simulated by computer. The experimental system is also established in laboratory. The basic concept of the technique is verified. The simulation error of DOP (polarization degree detection) is about 1%. The experimental error of DOP is less than 5%. The merits of the novel system are no moving parts, compactness and no electrical element.

A quantum-enhanced receiver that uses squeezed vacuum injection (SVI) and phase sensitive amplification (PSA) is in principle capable of obtaining effective signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement in a soft-aperture homodyne-detection LAser Detection And Ranging (LADAR) system over the classical homodyne LADAR to image a far-away target. Here we investigate the performance of quantum-enhanced receiver in Λ-type soft aperture LADAR for target imaging. We also use fast Fourier transform (FFT) Algorithm to simulate LADAR intensity image, and give a comparison of the SNR improvement of soft aperture case and hard aperture case.