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Background Polysaccharides and ethanol extract from Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome were reported to improve high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse obesity. However, the effect and potential mechanism of Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome water extract (PSRwe) on HFD-induced obesity mice remains unclear. The present study was sought to comprehensively elucidate that. An obese mouse model was established by feeding HFD and PSRwe were intragastrically administered once a day for 40 days. Changes in body weight, gut microbiota and their metabolites, plasma and liver metabolomics, colonic and liver transcriptomics were explored. The compounds in PSRwe were also examined.Results Body weight was significantly reduced after two weeks of PSRwe administration. Meanwhile, PSRwe treatment has significantly recovered the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in HFD-caused obesity mice. Specifically, beneficial species including Akkermansia muciniphila and functional pathways including fatty acids biosythesis and elongation, pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and reductive TCA cycle were significantly enriched in PSRwe group compared with oebsity. RNA-seq revealed that the function of the up-regulated DEGs in liver of PSRwe mice were mainly concentrated on lipid and fatty acid oxidation and metabolism, while the down-regulated DEGs were mainly focused on sterols and sterol biosynthesis and metabolism. In colon, however, the function of up-regulated DEGs were primarily JAK-STAT/PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, regulation of GTPase activity, and response to cation while the down-regulated DEGs were centered on glycolysis, fructose/mannose/pyruvate metabolism, fat digestion and absorption, and PPAR signaling pathway. Metabolomics analysis indicated that betaine, an effective component from PSR water extracts, has showed higher levels in both liver and plasma of PSRwe-treated mice, indicating that it was significantly associated with obesity. In addition, correlation analysis showed that the significantly different species enriched in PSRwe group were negatively correlated with colonic DEGs related on PPAR signaling pathway, glycolysis etc. but positively correlated with JAK-STAT signaling pathway etc. Intriguingly, common metabolites in plasma and liver were negatively correlated with liver DEGs related on steroids and sterols biosynthesis and metabolism but positively correlated with fatty acid metabolism.Conclusions Collectively, our study demonstrated that PSRwe could significantly alleviate HFD-induced mouse obesity via either directly affect lipid metabolism through effective betaine or by changing gut microbiota and their metabolites to alter gene expression associated with fatty acid metabolism in liver and colon, suggesting PSRwe might be a promising therapeutic candidate for obesity in clinical.

To investigate the effects of rice on intestinal microflora in rats.Thirty 4-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, rice group and wheat group according to body weight. The control group was fed with AIN-93 diet, the rice group and the wheat group was fed with the AIN-93 diet which the carbohydrate was replaced with rice and wheat, respectively, for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, lipid related biochemical indexes were determined, and the contents of the distal colon(feces) of rats were collected for macro factor detection.From the beginning to the end of feeding, there was no difference in weight gain among the groups. After the end of the experiment, there was no difference among lipid-related indicators and blood glucose. α diversity showed that there was no difference in the diversity of intestinal microbiota between the rice and wheat groups, and the gene abundance analysis of intestinal microbiota in the wheat group showed that the gene abundance of intestinal microbiota was lower. The difference analysis of intestinal microbiota result showed that compared with the rice group, the wheat group was composed of higher proportion of verrucomicrophyla and lower proportion of Bacteroidetes. Lefse analysis showed that the surface group was enriched with Akkermansia Muciniphila, Bifidobacterium animalis, and a variety of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibaculum rodentium and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, while Prevotella copri was rich in the rice group. Glycoside hydrolases 8, glycoside hydrolases 16, glycoside hydrolases 99 and glycosyl transferase family 56.Rice or wheat as different carbohydrate sources have different effects on the composition of intestinal microflora and carbohydrate-related active enzymes in rats.

Objectives: To provide scientific and practical criteria for Nutrient Profiles (NP) in China in order to evaluate the overall nutritional quality of solid pre-packaged food according to their nutrient composition. Methods: Based on data obtained from a survey of experts’ grading of foods available in China, a NP model was established, which covered scope of application, choice and balance of nutrients, choice of benchmarks and algorithm used. Results: A NP model for solid foods was established as a scoring model, the reference amount was 100 g. The recommended intake standards were Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) in labeling regulation. Nutrients taken into account included qualifying nutrients (dietary fiber, vitamin C) and disqualifying nutrients (total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), sodium). A total score was calculated as (score of dietary fiber + score of vitamin C) – (score of total fat + score of SFA + score of sodium). Foods with a total score ≤-5were qualified as "less healthy", a score of -4 ≤ total score ≤ 2 was "intermediate" and a total score ≥3 indicated "healthier". Conclusion: A NP model for pre-packaged foods in China was established that can be used to assess and compare the impact of different foods on diet, and help decide which pre-packaged foods are qualified to carry nutrition and health claims.

To research the effect of sodium alginate intervention on the nutritional intake of healthy young men.Recruited 20 healthy university students as research subjects. The experiment was divided into two periods: the dietary balance period and the sodium alginate intervening period, and each period was expected to be 28 days. During the dietary balance period, all meals in every day of experiment are provided by the research team; during the sodium alginate intervening period, based on the diet during the balanced diet period, sodium alginate was added to the staple food steamed buns(10 g sodium alginate per person per day). The experiment compares the food intake types, main nutrient intake levels and serum amino acid changes of subjects before and after intervention.Adding sodium alginate can significantly reduce the intake of energy(-242.4 kcal), protein(-11 g)and carbohydrates(-47.3 g, Plt;0.05)in healthy subjects, but there was no significant effect on the intake of fat(-2.9 g, P=0.496)and cholesterol(-14.9 mg, P=0.070), and because of the addition of alginate, the whole dietary fibers obtained a significant increase(+7.8 g, Plt;0.05). After the intervention of sodium alginate, there was no significant change in the intake of rice, soy products, poultry products and vegetable oil, while the intake of wheat products(-49.6 g), egg foods(-2.6 g), dark-colored vegetables(-29.1 g), light-colored vegetables(-63.8 g)and fruits(-37 g)decreased significantly(Plt;0.05). Most of the essential amino acids in the subjectsapos; serum increased significantly after the intervention, especially the valine in serum rise from 226.9 μmol/L to 466.4 μmol/L(Plt;0.05).Sodium alginate can play a dietary fiber-like effect, produce satiety, reduce nutrient intake of subjects, especially carbohydrates, so sodium alginate has the potential to limit energy intake and control postprandial blood sugar. And sodium alginate also has a potential positive effect on the metabolism of amino acids in healthy people, especially the metabolism of essential amino acids.

To investigate the effects of whole grain rice on blood sugar, blood lipid and metabonomics compared with ordinary feed and refined rice.According to the initial body weight and fasting blood glucose, 36 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, RG-rice group and WG-rice group, fed with AIN-93 G feed, feeds prepared with refined rice flour or brown rice flour, respectively, for 18 weeks. Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, abdominal aortic blood was taken to measure blood glucose and blood lipids, and untargeted metabolomics was performed.During the experiment, the body weight growth and food intake of rats in each group were basically the same. Fasting blood glucose(FBG) in RG-rice group were(10.12±1.51)mmol/L, which were significantly higher than those in other groups, hepatic glycogen in RG-rice group were(0.90±0.33)mg/g, which were significantly higher than those in WG-rice group. TC and LDL in RG-rice group were(1.85±0.21)mmol/L and(0.84±0.10)mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in control group and RG-rice group(Plt; 0.05). The non-targeted metabolomics result were compared in pairs. A total of 30 metabolic differences were found between the control and RG-rice groups, involving 8 potential pathways, 12 metabolic differences were found between the control and WG-rice groups, involving 2 potential pathways, 18 metabolic differences were found between the RG-rice and WG-rice groups, involving 4 potential pathways. Pathway enrichment was performed again according to the correlation analysis of differential metabolites with blood glucose and blood lipids. The result showed that the FBG-related pathways include glycerophospholipid metabolism and glutathione metabolism. TG-related pathways include glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. TC-related pathways include D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. LDL-related pathway include glycerophospholipid metabolism.Eating more refined rice may increase blood sugar, brown rice helps to maintain a relatively low blood lipid level. Glycerol phospholipid metabolism is a common pathway that rice affects blood glucose and blood lipid metabolism in normal rats.

To investigate the relationship between vitamin D binding protein gene rs2282679 A/C polymorphism with blood vitamin D levels.A total of 286 eligible subjects were selected from one university in Hebei Province. Serum 25-hydroxylated vitamin D levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gene chip was used for genotyping of rs2282679 locus. Statistical analysis was performed using R software.A total of 285 participants in the study completed the experiment, and result indicated that the distribution of the rs2282679 locus A/C polymorphism in the participants was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genotype of rs2282679 was significantly associated with serum vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency(P=0. 031). Allele A was a risk factor for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. The OR value of allele C relative to A was 0. 65, and the genetic pattern of allele C relative to A was dominant(P=0. 03).The vitamin D-binding protein gene rs2282679 was significantly associated with serum vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in college students, and A-allele is a risk factor accounting for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in college students.

To investigate the effects of whole grains(WG) and refined grains(RG) on blood glucose, blood lipid and inflammatory factors in normal rats, and the common effects of different whole grains.2×2 factorial experiments were designed according to grain sources(riceamp; wheat) and processing precision(whole grainamp; refined grain). According to the initial body weight and fasting blood glucose, 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: RG rice group, WG rice group, RG wheat group and WG wheat group. They were fed with 45% refined rice, whole grain rice, refined wheat and whole grain wheat respectively for 18 weeks. The formula was in accordance with AIN-93 G. Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. Fasting blood glucose, lipid, inflammatory factors and organ pathology were detected at the end of the experiment.During the experiment, the body weight growth and food intake of rats in each group were basically the same. At the end of the experiment, fatty liver appeared in varying degrees, while the kidney of rats in RG rice group and RG wheat group showed epithelial steatosis. Biochemical indexes showed that blood urea nitrogen(UN), fasting blood glucose(FBG), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein(LDL)and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)in RG wheat group were significantly higher than those in WG wheat group(Plt;0. 05), while high density lipoprotein(HDL)level in RG wheat group was significantly lower than that in WG wheat group(Plt;0. 05), and there was no significant difference in other indexes. The result of factorial analysis showed that the differences of FBG, serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and C-reactive protein(CRP)caused by different grain processing degree were significant, but there was no significant difference between rice and wheat varieties(Pgt;0. 05).Studies have shown that long-term feeding of refined grains can lead to fasting blood glucose, blood lipid abnormality and renal pathological changes in rats, and proper feeding of whole grains can delay the development of adverse symptoms.

To investigate the effects of methionine on the activity of cystathionine-β-synthase.A total of 56 male rats of the Wistar were randomly divided into 7 groups: 10% casein(10 C) group, 40% casein(40 C) group, 10 C+0.75% L-methionine(10 CM) group, 10 C+amino acid mixture(10 CAA) group, 10 CAA-methionine(10 CAA-Met) group, 10 C+ essential amino acid(10 C+EAA) group, and 10 C+ non-essential amino acid(10 C+NEAA) group, with 8 rats in each group for 10 days.The plasma homocysteine concentration significantly increased from(17.1±0.3)μmol/L to(50.7±4.8)μmol/L and(40.5±3.9)μmol/L in rats fed 10 CM and 10 C+EAA diets(P0.01). Supplementation with methionine induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Compared to 10 C, the activity of hepatic cystathionine-β-synthase(CBS) were significantly increased in the experimental group except for 10 CM(P0.05). The activity of hepatic CBS was the largest increases in diets with 40 C and the smallest increases in 10 C+NEAA. The activity of hepatic betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase(BHMT) were increased in the experimental group except for 10 CAA-Met and 10 C+NEAA(P0.05).The increased CBS activity induced by high protein diets is determined by high amino acid intake rather than methionine supplemention.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS ) method was developed for the determination of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine in plasma and urinary excretion.Plasma and urinary excretion samples were centrifugated with high speed at 3000 x g for 10 minutes, and the MCX solid phase extraction column was used to filter and purify the liquid samples. The following procedures were elution, wash-out, redissolve, detection. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.7 microm), with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in water-methanol with gradient elution. Analyte quantification was performed in the positive electrospray ionization mode and multiple monitoring. The quantification and qualification were performed using the internal standard of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine, then the evaluation for accuracy and precision were followed.The linear range of 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine were 0.1-20.0 microg/L in the plasma and 5.0-200 microg/L in urine, with both the linear correlation coefficient above 0. 99. Moreover, in three standard levels, rate of recovery in plasma and urine ranged from 78.6% to 115.6%. The RSD of six parallel determination for the 3HIA-carnitine in plasma and urine were 4.80% and 5.70% respectively. The detection and quantification limits for plasma and urine were 0.04 microg/L, 0.1 microg/L and 0.03 microg/L, 0.08 microg/L, respectively.The sample preparation method is simple and fast, and the method can be used to analyze 3-hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine in plasma and urinary excretion efficiently and sensitively.

To assess the effects of fructose on the blood triglycerides, particularly examining treatment dose, duration, and control of food in individuals with diabetes.A systematic review and Meta-analysis of experimental clinical trials were conducted to investigate the effect of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate on triglycerides, total cholesterol. MedLine, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CMBdisc, CNKI (1970-2014), and some related journals were searched. Heterogeneity was assessed by 2 tests and quantified by I2. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3.15 reports (21 trials) met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate raised triglycerides under specific conditions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A triglyceride-raising effect without heterogeneity was seen only in type 2 diabetes when the dose was ≥ 100 g fructose/d (WMD 0.17, 95% CI0.08 - 0.25, P0.0001). A triglyceride-raising effect with heterogeneity was seen in type 2 diabetes when the reference carbohydrate was starch (WMD 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.23 , P = 0.02).Effect of fructose on the level of TG in type 2 diabetes patients is more sensitive than that in type 1 diabetes. The effect on triglycerides is dose dependent and depends on what kinds of carbohydrate is being exchanged with fructose.

To explore the effect of biotin on blood glucose regulation in rats and its possible mechanism.According to initial body weight and blood glucose, we randomly divided the 90 Wistar rats into 5 groups: the normal control group, model group, biotin low-dose group (0. 6mg/kg BW), biotin medium-dose group (3. 0 mg/kg BW) and biotin high-dose group (6. 0 mg/kg BW). After 2 months, the rats with HFS feed were injected with STZ (25 mg/kg BW) to manufacture diabetic rat model. After the OGTT experiment at 10th week, the blood glucose, insulin, liver/muscle glycogen and other biochemical indexes were detected. The GCK, PCK1 mRNA expression were measured with RT-PCR method.Biotin has a certain improvement on postprandial glucose in diabetic rats. Compared with the model group, the AUC and the 30min postprandial blood glucose of biotin high-dose group were significantly decreased (P0. 05). Biotin can affect some key enzyme gene in glucose metabolism, such as GCK, PCK1.The possible mechanism of the decreasing biotin blood sugar in diabetic rats may by promoting the synthesis of glycogenand reducing gluconeogenesis.

To evaluate the roles of fat and sugar in inducing pre-diabetes rats and their effect factors, and analyze the relationship between the indicators.Two batches of Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 and 5 groups. The groups were control groups fed by maintain feed and groups fed by different proportions of high fat and sugar feed (HFS). After dietary intervention for eight weeks, body weight, blood glucose and lipid levels of the rats were measured. The effect of different fat and sugar levels in the feed on pre-diabetic rats were compared using multi-factor analysis.Compared with the control group, the body weight of Wistar rats fed by HFS feed increased significantly, and so did the blood glucose and blood lipids. The extent of increase was negatively correlated with rat age (P0.05). Using multivariate analysis, it is found that fat was a major factor in causing rats' weight gain, abnormal blood glucose and lipid (P0.05). High sugar feed mainly played an auxiliary role in increasing blood glucose, while it could significantly increase the level of TG (P0.05). As the sucrose levels of dietary increased the TG rose significantly.When the pre-diabetes rat model was built, younger rats should be chose. The diet with 20% fat content had the greatest effect on the blood glucose of the rats and the diet with 20% sucrose increased the blood triglyceride concentrations of the rats significantly.

To research the effect on fatty acid and oxidation products of corn oil under different temperature and time.Corn oil was heated in 140 degrees C, 200 degrees C, 240 degrees C, after 60 s-300 s, then detected the fatty acid, POV and AV.Corn oil was heated in 240 degrees C, after 138 s, the corn oil started to fire, the contains of SFA rised from 14.18 g/100 g to 20.29 g/100 g, the contains of MUFA rised from 28. 30 g/100 g to 33. 33 g/100 g, the contains of PUFA reduced from 53. 13 g/100 g to 28.98 g/100 g, and tFA, POV, AV, TOV arrived to the highest value, they were 11.29 g/100 g, 108.9, 17.12 mmol/kg, 177.37 mmol/kg respectively.As the cooking time and the cooking temperature increased, the MUFA, tFA and the TV of the corn oil increased, on the contrary the PUFA reduced.

To investigate the effect of L-arabinose on glucose and Organ and islet in type 2 diabetic rats.Male Wistar rats were fed high-sugar and high-fat diet after 8 weeks, then inject streptozotocin intraperitoneally according to 25 mg/kgbw dose to establish animal models of type 2 diabetes, and fed L-arabinose according to a low dose (50 mg/kgbw ), medium dose (150 mg/kgbw) and high dose (500 mg/kgbw) ,the animal be fed acarbose (20 mg/kgbw) as a positive control, the use of L-arabinose and acarbose were prepared in the dextrin (0.36 g/ml) and sucrose (0.04 g/ml) of the suspension, free to eat water. OGTT after 4 weeks, After animal death, rat liver, epididymal fat and cecum were weighed and calculate the ratio of organ weight. Results compared with model group, low, animals with L-arabinose-intervention those blood glucose response had a significant impact, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min blood glucose values and AUC were significantly lower than the model group (P0.05), of which medium dose is most significant (P0.01). L-arabinose intervention increased cecal weight and showed protective effect on beta-cell.L-arabinose long-term intervention can improve glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic rats, this effect may be related to L-arabinose inhibition of digestive enzymes and the protective effect on beta-cell.

To investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the activity of alpha-glucosidase derived from bakers' yeast and small intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats, in order to establish an evaluation system for the activity of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.alpha-glucosidase was prepared from the bakers' yeast and the small intestinal mucosa of Wistar rats. The inhibitory activity of EGCG on alpha-glucosidase was based on the concentration of glucose in the reaction system.EGCG was shown to be an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. IC50 was 0.150 mg/ml and 0.837 mg/ml for alpha-glucosidase derived from bakers' yeast and small intestinal mucosa respectively.The establishment of an in vitro evaluation system for AGI activity is conductive for screening alpha-glucosidase inhibitory substance. The AGI activity of EGCG is strong in vitro.

To investigate the dosage of streptozocin (STZ) in inducing rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Male Wistar rats were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks, then different dosage of STZ (20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Observed the body weight, fasting glucose and 2 h postload glucose for 7 weeks. Insulin (INS), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were tested at the end of the experiment. Serial pancreatic sections were made and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry.The 20 mg/kg of STZ injection group had low successful rate (30%). The 25 mg/kg of STZ injection group had the highest making model success rate of 73.3%, and stable moderate hyperglycemia. Islet structural integrity, but the beta-cell number and cytoplasmic brown granules decreased. The 30 mg/kg of STZ injection group had highest mortality and higher blood glucose, the number of islets decreased obviously, small islets more common, islet structure is not complete.High-fat high-sugar feeding for 8 weeks combined with low-dose STZ (25 mg/kg) can result in rat model more representative of human type 2 diabetes mellitus.