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Objective: To investigate the application value of thrombelastogram (TEG) in the detection of platelet inhibition rate for antiplatelet therapy for acute non-cardiogenic stroke. Methods: A total of 100 patients with ischemic non-cardiogenic stroke were selected for this study from September 2020 to October 2021. Patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 50 cases for each group. Before and after 1 week of antiplatelet drug treatment, the platelet inhibition rate in the experimental group was measured with arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by TEG; no platelet inhibition rates detection was conducted for the control group. The dose and type of drugs were adjusted for the experimental group according to the platelet functions and medication based on the clinical experience conducted for the control group. The neurological deficits of the discharged patients were scored with NIHSS score, mRS score, stroke recurrence, hemorrhage, and other events were followed up at the 3rd month of discharge. Results: In the experimental group, the inhibition rates of AA and ADP were significantly higher than those before treatment (both P < 0.05). After treatment, the inhibition rates of AA and ADP in dual antiplatelet patients were higher than those of monoclonal antiplatelets (both P < 0.05). The NIHSS score at discharge and the mRS score at the 3rd-month-follow-up in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (both P < 0.05). The incidences of stroke recurrence and hemorrhage events in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of a thrombelastogram in the detection of platelet inhibition rate to guide antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute non-cardiogenic stroke reduces the recurrences of cerebral infarction and the risk of hemorrhage and improves patients’ clinical prognosis.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been characterized by lack of effective adaptive immune responses which are vital for the viral clearance. However, very little is known about the dynamics of adaptive immune responses during the early phase of chronic HBV infection especially in spleen and liver. Here, we used the hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mouse model to kinetically characterize differences in the features of adaptive immunity, including the frequencies, phenotypes and function of antigen-presenting cells and T cells in the spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and liver, of chronic versus acute-resolving HBV replication (AR). We found that mice with AR mice and mice with chronic HBV replication (CH) mice showed early splenomegaly accompanied by T cell expansion in spleen but not in liver after HDI. Interestingly, the early and continuous increase in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells in spleen of CH mice was comparable to that in the AR mice. However, the splenic T cells of CH mice showed no activation phenotype compared with those in AR mice. Besides, increases in activated effector CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and liver at later time points were only observed in AR mice but not CH mice. CH mice also showed insufficient expansion of dendritic cells (DCs) in spleen and increased programmed death-1 expression in DCs of the liver compared to AR mice. The adoptive transfer of total splenocytes or splenic CD8+ T cells of AR mice to CH mice demonstrated that their ability to break HBV tolerance varies at different stages of HBV clearance. Moreover, the adoptive transfer of splenocytes from AR mice induce functional activation of endogenous HBV-specific CD8+ T cells of CH mice. Our results suggest that early T cell priming and expansion initially happens in the periphery after HBV antigen exposure in acute-resolving and chronic replication. The paucity of T cell activation, and subsequent migration and liver infiltration is a key feature of the adaptive immune responses during the early phase of CH, which is probably caused by the dysfunction of DCs.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer and the 5th most common cancer worldwide. The detection rate of GC among Tibetans is significantly higher than that in Han Chinese, probably due to differences in their living habits, dietary structure, and environment. Despite such a high disease burden, the epidemiology of gastric cancer has not been studied in this population. Molecular markers are required to aid the diagnosis and treatment of GC. In this study, we collected gastric tissue samples from patients in Tibet with chronic nonatrophic gastritis (CNAG) (n = 6), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) (n = 7), gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) (n = 4), and GC (n = 5). The proteins in each group were analyzed using coupled label-free mass spectrometry. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and protein interaction networks were used to analyze the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among groups. DEPs were quantified in comparisons of GC versus CNAG (223), GC versus GIN (100), and GIN versus CNAG (341). GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEPs were mainly associated with immunity (GC versus CNAG) and cancer proliferation and metastasis (GC versus GIN, and GIN versus CNAG). Furthermore, the expression levels of cell proliferation and cytoskeleton-related proteins increased consistently during cancer development, such as ITGA4, DDC, and CPT1A; thus, they are potential diagnostic markers. These results obtained by proteomics analysis could improve our understanding of cancer biology in GC and provide a rich resource for data mining and discovering potential immunotherapy targets.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major health problem worldwide and remains hard to be cured. Therapy with interferon (IFN) α is an important method for the clinical treatment of chronic hepatitis B. IFNα exhibits direct antiviral effects as well as immunomodulatory activities, which can induce sustained antiviral responses in part of the treated chronic hepatitis B patients. Numerous IFNα subtypes with high sequence identity between 76-96% exist which are characterized by diverse, non-redundant biological activities. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the clinically approved IFNα2 is not the most effective subtype for the anti-HBV treatment among all IFNα subtypes. So far very little is known about the IFNα subtype expression pattern during early HBV infection and the IFNα subtype-specific susceptibility during persistent HBV infection as well as its related cellular mechanism. Here we determined the Ifna subtype mRNA expression during acute and chronic HBV infection by using the well-established hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mouse model and we revealed a transient but strong expression of a panel of Ifna subtypes in the spleen of HBV persistent replication mice compared to HDI controls. Immunotherapy with distinct IFNα subtypes controlled chronic HBV infection. IFNα subtype-mediated antiviral response and immune activation were comprehensively analyzed in an AAV-HBV persistent infection murine model and murine IFNα2 was identified as the most effective subtype in suppression of HBV replication. Further analysis of the immune response revealed a strong immunomodulatory activity of murine IFNα2 on splenic and intrahepatic NK and T cell activation during persistent HBV infection. Taken together, our data provide IFNα subtype-specific differences in the antiviral and immunomodulatory effector responses and a strong expression of all IFNα subtypes in the spleen during persistent HBV infection in mice. This knowledge will support the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for chronic hepatitis B infection.

Background and AimsLiver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) serve as sentinel cells to detect microbial infection and actively contribute to regulating immune responses for surveillance against intrahepatic pathogens. We recently reported that hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) stimulation could induce LSEC maturation and abrogate LSEC-mediated T cell suppression in a TNF-α and IL27 dependent manner. However, it remains unclear how HBeAg deficiency during HBV infection influences LSEC immunoregulation function and intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses.MethodsThe function of LSECs in regulating effector T cell response, intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses and HBV viremia were characterized in both HBeAg-deficient and -competent HBV hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mouse models.ResultsLSECs isolated from HBeAg-deficient HBV HDI mice showed a reduced capacity to promote T cell immunity in vitro compared with those isolated from wild-type HBV HDI mice. HBeAg expression replenishment in HBeAg-deficient HBV HDI mice restored the HBV-induced LSEC maturation, and resulted in potent intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses and efficient control of HBV replication. Moreover, in vivo TNF-α, but not IL27 blockade in HBV HDI mice impaired HBV-specific CD8 T cell immunity and delayed HBV clearance.ConclusionOur study underlines that HBeAg is indispensable for HBV-induced LSEC maturation to trigger intrahepatic HBV-specific T cell activation, and provides a new mechanism to elucidate the intrahepatic immune microenvironment regulation upon HBV exposure.

The safety issues like immunogenicity and unacceptable cancer risk of viral vectors for DNA/mRNA vaccine delivery necessitate the development of non-viral vectors with no toxicity. Among the non-viral strategies, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been a topic of interest recently because of their ability to cross plasma membranes and facilitate nucleic acids delivery both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the application in the field of gene vaccine and gene therapy, CPPs based nucleic acids delivery have been proved by its potential application like gene editing, RNA-sequencing, and imaging. Here, we focus on summarizing the recent applications and progress of CPPs-mediated nucleic acids delivery and discuss the current problems and solutions in this field.

Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are plant-secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides which are known to play essential roles in plant developmental processes and in several defense mechanisms. So far, RALF polypeptides have not been investigated in the Gossypium genus. In this study, 42, 38, 104 and 120 RALFs were identified from diploid G. arboreum and G. raimondi and tetraploid G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. These were further divided into four groups. Protein characteristics, sequence alignment, gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal location and cis-element identification were comprehensively analyzed. Whole genome duplication (WGD) /segmental duplication may be the reason why the number of RALF genes doubled in tetraploid Gossypium species. Expression patterns analysis showed that GhRALFs had different transcript accumulation patterns in the tested tissues and were differentially expressed in response to various abiotic stresses. Furthermore, GhRALF41–3 over-expressing (OE) plants showed reduction in root length and developed later with short stems and small rosettes than that of the wild type. The GhRALF14–8 and GhRALF27–8 OE plants, especially the latter, showed increase in seed abortion. Both transgenic Arabidopsis and VIGS cotton demonstrate that three GhRALFs are negative regulators in response to salt stress. Our systematic analyses provided insights into the characterization of RALF genes in Gossypium, which forms genetic basis for further exploration in their potential applications in cotton production.

Background and purpose The Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) working in either forward or reverse mode participates in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) homeostasis, which is essential for determining cell fate. Previously, numerous blockers targeting reverse or forward NCX have been developed and studied in ischaemic tissue injury but barely examined in glioblastoma for the purpose of anti-tumour therapy. We assessed the effect of NCX blockers on glioblastoma growth and whether NCX can become a therapeutic target. Experimental approach Patch-clamp recording, Ca2+ imaging, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used to study the effects of specific and non-specific NCX blockers on cultured glioblastoma cells. In vivo bioluminescent imaging was used to measure effects on grafted glioblastoma. Key results Selectively blocking the reverse NCX with SEA0400, SN-6, and YM-244769 did not affect tumour cell viability. Blocking the forward NCX with bepridil, CB-DMB, or KB-R7943 elevated [Ca2+ ]i and killed glioblastoma cells. Bepridil and CB-DMB caused Ca2+ -dependent cell cycle arrest together with apoptosis, which were all attenuated by a Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Systemic administration of bepridil inhibited growth of brain-grafted glioblastoma. Bepridil did not appear to have a cytotoxic effect on human astrocytes, which have higher functional expression of NCX than glioblastoma cells. Conclusions and implications Low expression of the NCX makes glioblastoma cells sensitive to disturbance of [Ca2+ ]i . Interventions designed to block the forward NCX can cause Ca2+ -mediated injury to glioblastoma thus having therapeutic potential. Bepridil could be a lead compound for developing new anti-tumour drugs.

Excess copper exposure is a risk factor of neurodegeneration related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence indicates that, besides promoting amyloid β aggregation, activation of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress (two key pathophysiological processes of AD) may also play important roles in Cu(II)-induced neuronal injury. Therefore, the copper-chelating strategy has gained attention in search for new anti-AD drugs. We previously reported a novel multifunctional compound N1,N2-bis(3-(S)-meptazinol-propyl) oxalamide (ZLA), a bis-(−)-nor-meptazinol-oxalamide hybrid with properties of dual binding site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and Cu(II)/Zn(II) chelation. The present study was aimed to explore its effect on cognitive deficits caused by intrahippocampal injection of Cu(II) in mice. Results showed that ZLA (2, 5 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment significantly ameliorated the Cu(II)-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, whereas rivastigmine, an AChE inhibitor showing a similar potency of enzyme inhibition to ZLA, had no obvious effect. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that ZLA attenuated the decrease in hippocampal expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, a dendritic marker) in Cu(II)-challenged mice. Further analysis showed that ZLA suppressed the Cu(II)-evoked microglial activation. Moreover, it inhibited the Cu(II)-evoked production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus. The Cu(II)-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress in the hippocampus was also attenuated after ZLA treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that ZLA ameliorates the Cu(II)-caused cognitive deficits. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress, and thus ameliorating neuronal injury, may be the potential mechanism for the anti-amnesic effect of ZLA.

Adaptation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to CD8 + T cell selection pressure is well described; however, it is unclear if HCV differentially adapts in different populations. Here, we studied HLA class I-associated viral sequence polymorphisms in HCV 1b isolates in a Chinese population and compared viral substitution patterns between Chinese and German populations. We identified three HLA class I-restricted epitopes in HCV NS3 with statistical support for selection pressure and found evidence for differential escape pathways between isolates from China and Germany depending on the HLA class I molecule. The substitution patterns particularly differed in the epitope VTLTHPITK 1635-1643 , which was presented by HLA-A*03 as well as HLA-A*11, two alleles with highly different frequencies in the two populations. In Germany, a substitution in position seven of the epitope was the most frequent substitution in the presence of HLA-A*03, functionally associated with immune escape and nearly absent in Chinese isolates. In contrast, the most frequent substitution in China was located at position two of the epitope and became the predominant consensus residue. Moreover, substitutions in position one of the epitope were significantly enriched in HLA-A*11-positive individuals in China and associated with different patterns of CD8 + T cell reactivity. Our study confirms the differential escape pathways selected by HCV that depended on different HLA class I alleles in Chinese and German populations, indicating that HCV differentially adapts to distinct HLA class I alleles in these populations. This result has important implications for vaccine design against highly variable and globally distributed pathogens, which may require matching antigen sequences to geographic regions for T cell-based vaccine strategies. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Viral Hepatitis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines show promising effects against chronic infections in nonhuman primates. Therefore, we examined the potential of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines based on mouse CMV (MCMV) vectors expressing the small HBsAg. Immunological consequences of vaccine virus attenuation were addressed by either replacing the dispensable gene m157 ("MCMV-HBsȍ) or the gene M27 ("ΔM27-HBs"), the latter encodes a potent IFN antagonist targeting the transcription factor STAT2. M27 was chosen, since human CMV encodes an analogous gene product, which also induced proteasomal STAT2 degradation by exploiting Cullin RING ubiquitin ligases. Vaccinated mice were challenged with HBV through hydrodynamic injection. MCMV-HBs and ΔM27-HBs vaccination achieved accelerated HBV clearance in serum and liver as well as robust HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. When we explored the therapeutic potential of MCMV-based vaccines, especially the combination of ΔM27-HBs prime and DNA boost vaccination resulted in increased intrahepatic HBs-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and HBV clearance in persistently infected mice. Our results demonstrated that vaccines based on a replication competent MCMV attenuated through the deletion of an IFN antagonist targeting STAT2 elicit robust anti-HBV immune responses and mediate HBV clearance in mice in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization regimes.

An unaddressed key question in the currentcoronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic is the duration of immunity for which specific T cell responses against thesevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) are an indispensable element. Being situated in Wuhan where the pandemic initiated enables us to conduct the longest analyses of memory T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 convalescent individuals (CIs). Magnitude and breadth of SARS-CoV-2 memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were heterogeneous between patients but robust responses could be detected up to 9 months post disease onset in most CIs. Loss of memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were observed in only 16.13% and 25.81% of CIs, respectively. Thus, the overall magnitude and breadth of memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were quite stable and not inversely correlated with the time from disease onset. Interestingly, the only significant decrease in the response was found for memory CD4 T cells in the first 6-month post COVID-19 disease onset. Longitudinal analyses revealed that the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were quite heterogenous between patients. Loss of memory CD4 T cell responses was observed more frequently in asymptomatic cases than after symptomatic COVID-19. Interestingly, the few CIs in which SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses disappeared showed more durable memory CD4 T cell responses than CIs who remained IgG-positive for month. Collectively, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of the long-term memory T cell response in CIs, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is long-lasting in the majority of individuals.

Thecoronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic caused by thesevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) affects millions of people and killed hundred-thousands of individuals. While acute and intermediate interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system have been studied extensively, long-term impacts on the cellular immune system remained to be analyzed. Here, we comprehensively characterized immunological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 49 COVID-19 convalescent individuals (CI) in comparison to 27 matched SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals (UI). Despite recovery from the disease for more than 2 months, CI showed significant decreases in frequencies of invariant NKT and NKT-like cells compared to UI. Concomitant with the decrease in NKT-like cells, an increase in the percentage of Annexin V and 7-AAD double positive NKT-like cells was detected, suggesting that the reduction in NKT-like cells results from cell death months after recovery. Significant increases in regulatory T cell frequencies, TIM-3 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells, as well as PD-L1 expression on B cells were also observed in CI, while the cytotoxic potential of T cells and NKT-like cells, defined by GzmB expression, was significantly diminished. However, both CD4 and CD8 T cells of CI showed increased Ki67 expression and were fully capable to proliferate and produce effector cytokines upon TCR stimulation. Collectively, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of immune signatures in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that the cellular immune system of COVID-19 patients is still under a sustained influence even months after the recovery from disease.

Ginsenoside Rh2 is a primary bioactive compound obtained from ginseng that indicated anticancer activities against several malignant tumors. However, previous studies have reported little about the inhibitory effect of Rh2 on osteosarcoma (OS). This study aims to explore whether Rh2 could exert anticancer effects in OS cells and further investigate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis mechanisms induced by Rh2 in human OS U20S cell line. The viability of U20S cells was obtained by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Cell migration property was analyzed by wound-healing assay. Apoptosis was visualized using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Relative protein expressed was confirmed through Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by JC-1 staining. In this study, we used broad-spectrum anticancer drug cisplatin (CP) as a positive control. The results indicated that Rh2 remarkably inhibited cell viability of U20S cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and suppressed migration. TUNEL, DAPI, annexin V/PI, and JC-1 assay suggested that Rh2 could induce cellular apoptosis. Rh2 could reduce the levels of Bcl-2, caspase 3, and caspase 9, and promote the expression level of Bax in U20S cells. Moreover, Rh2 could induce apoptosis by promoting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in U20S cells. These findings indicated that Rh2 has an anticancer effect on U20S cells by regulating MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines show promising effects against chronic infections in non-human primates. Therefore, we examined the potential of HBV vaccines based on mouse CMV (MCMV) vectors expressing the small HBsAg. Immunological consequences of vaccine virus attenuation were addressed by either replacing the dispensable genem157(‘MCMV-HBs’) or the geneM27(‘ΔM27-HBs’), the latter encodes a potent interferon antagonist targeting the transcription factor STAT2.M27was chosen, since human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes an analogous gene product, which also induced proteasomal STAT2 degradation by exploiting Cullin RING ubiquitin ligases. Vaccinated mice were challenged with HBV through hydrodynamic injection. MCMV-HBs and ΔM27-HBs vaccination achieved accelerated HBV clearance in serum and liver as well as robust HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. When we explored the therapeutic potential of MCMV-based vaccines, especially the combination of ΔM27-HBs prime and DNA boost vaccination resulted in increased intrahepatic HBs-specific CD8+ T cell responses and HBV clearance in persistently infected mice. Our results demonstrated that vaccines based on a replication competent MCMV attenuated through the deletion of an interferon antagonist targeting STAT2 elicit robust anti-HBV immune responses and mediate HBV clearance in mice in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization regimes.

A new formaldehyde-free reagent based on acrylamide and glyoxal was synthesized to improve the elasticity, stiffness, and weight gain of silk fabric. The finishing process could be completed rapidly in 20 seconds. The results showed that the elasticity, stiffness, and weight gain of silk fabric were efficiently improved. The stiffness was improved from 0.03 to 0.88 N·m, the delayed crease recovery angle was increased from 240° to 288.6°, and the weight gain could reach 18.1%. The finished silk fabrics were durable. The breaking strength and tear strength were substantially increased, and the whiteness of the silk was well maintained. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface of the finished silk remained smooth. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis indicated the finishing reagent reacted on the silk, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that a new crystalline phase formed during the finishing process.

The present study evaluated associations between the percentages of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim3)-positive T cells and related cytokines and multiple sclerosis (MS). We collected peripheral blood samples from 30 MS patients and 30 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportions of CD3+Tim3+, CD4+Tim3+, and CD4+CD25+Tim3+ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and related cell subsets. The serum concentrations of galectin-9, IL-17, and IFN-γ also were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The percentages of Tim3-positive T cells in CD4+ and CD4+CD25+ T cell subsets were significantly lower among MS patients than among controls. This difference was particularly evident in the CD4+CD25(high) T cell subset. The proportions of CD4+Tim3+ and CD4+CD25+Tim3+ cells in PBMCs were significantly lower in the MS group than in the control group, whereas no significant differences were detected regarding the percentages of CD3+Tim3+ in PBMCs and T cell subsets. The serum concentrations of galectin-9, IL-17, and IFN-γ all were increased in MS patients compared with healthy controls. Our results support that Tim3 and related cytokines may be involved in the onset of MS.

Obtaining 3D model based on images by simple devices is convenient and low-cost, meanwhile the model generation is automatic. The paper proposes a method to extract the 3D point cloud of object surface by a sequence of images. To obtain sparse 3D point clouds, a highly precise method of camera self-calibration is proposed. The self-calibration method is based on the bundle adjustment and uses a localglobal hybrid iterative optimization. Meanwhile, we propose a neighboring image matching strategy to solve the problem in the multiple image matching, which can improve the matching speed and preserve the matching accuracy. Then, dense 3D point clouds can be obtained by our improved Patchedbased Multi-View Stereo(PMVS) algorithm. Finally, we adopt 3D mesh construction method based on Possion distribution. The experimental results show that our algorithm increases the number of triangulation patches by 2.5% 27.9%, reduces the operation time by 5.0% 20.7%, and decreases the cross and mismatch of triangular patches in most cases. It is convenient and efficient to print out 3D models with richer details.

This paper presents a new method of linear structured light scanning combining monocular and binocular. The red moving light stripe projected by miniature projector is used to replace the traditional laser, which not only reduces hardware costs but is also easier to use. In order to obtain the light plane equation with high precision, the cylindrical paper tube is scanned in the binocular system, then in the monocular system, the three-dimensional point coordinates of the object are calculated according to the principle of transmission projection geometry. Experimental results show that this method can effectively balance the requirements of accuracy and speed, and has certain practical value.

Registration for tree point cloud presents a high registration error due to the complex structure of trees and serious self-shielding. The paper proposes a registration algorithm based on pseudo feature point. This algorithm includes two steps. In initial registration, we use pseudo feature points to adjust the position of two original point clouds quickly and roughly at first. However, pseudo feature points sometimes can't fully represent the feature of original point cloud owing to the noise, it leads to a high registration error obtained in initial registration, and then need to use the improved sparse iterative closest point algorithm to adjust two original point clouds again. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can register both non-leafy tree and leafy tree. Compared with iterative closest point registration and sparse iterative closest point registration, the method significantly reduces the registration error by 41.1% and 16.8% respectively under the same number of iterations. The method can also register nonplant point cloud.

In this paper, we study the problem of using the similar dimensions in fractal geometry to describe the shape of a 3D point cloud model. We first calculated the K-nearest neighbor of each point in the point cloud, then performed triangulation the obtained K points, and finally calculated the similarity dimension of each point as a shape attribute of the point cloud model. Our main contribution is to extend the application of fractal geometry in point clouds, which redefine the similarity dimension, in order to fit the representation of the point cloud shape attribute. Based on our proposed expression, we introduce a novel approach to extract global features of point cloud models. We demonstrate the ability of our expressions to express shapes, and the effectiveness of our approach to express global features of point cloud models.

Background & Aims CD100 is constitutively expressed on T cells and can be cleaved from the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) to become soluble CD100 (sCD100). Both membrane-bound CD100 (mCD100) and sCD100 have important immune regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. This study investigated the expression and role of mCD100 and sCD100 in regulating antiviral immune responses during HBV infection. Methods mCD100 expression on T cells, sCD100 levels in the serum, and MMP expression in the liver and serum were analysed in patients with chronic HBV (CHB) and in HBV-replicating mice. The ability of sCD100 to mediate antigen-presenting cell maturation, HBV-specific T cell activation, and HBV clearance were analysed in HBV-replicating mice and patients with CHB. Results Patients with CHB had higher mCD100 expression on T cells and lower serum sCD100 levels compared with healthy controls. Therapeutic sCD100 treatment resulted in the activation of DCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, enhanced HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses, and accelerated HBV clearance, whereas blockade of its receptor CD72 attenuated the intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell response. Together with MMP9, MMP2 mediated mCD100 shedding from the T cell surface. Patients with CHB had significantly lower serum MMP2 levels, which positively correlated with serum sCD100 levels, compared with healthy controls. Inhibition of MMP2/9 activity resulted in an attenuated anti-HBV T cell response and delayed HBV clearance in mice. Conclusions MMP2/9-mediated sCD100 release has an important role in regulating intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses, thus mediating subsequent viral clearance during HBV infection. Lay summary Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The clearance of HBV relies largely on an effective T cell immune response, which usually becomes dysregulated in chronic HBV infection. Our study provides a new mechanism to elucidate HBV persistence and a new target for developing immunotherapy strategies in patients chronically infected with HBV.